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OF THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL
Tl LOK ¥.

Volume VII, 1895.

NEW YORK:

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES,

1895.

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R. P. WHITFIELD. J. A. ALLEN, ; a ;

; HENRY FAarRriELD Ossorn, WM, BrurEeNM:
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CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII.

PAGE
an eas Sie snag, bo ws, ofn gia AA nd Sos si SOR ILS a Ae ee ele
Goumnittee ot Publicationy.s.. 2020. tes eS -coes Se roa cee pet ear ot ets
1 Ls oo Nees ea eam ao i ae iii.
IPS EMPHMBULLULS LATIONS ost oy sieges rere anarchy e Me, ac d.eiats ears eos d-atajayn See's she's a oat Vs
Dates of Publication of Author’s Separates......... Dua ON AE OEE Vii.
Arr. I.—Fossil Mammals of the Puerco Beds. Collection of 1892.

By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN and CHARLES EARLE. ..... I
II.—Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. Expedition of 1894. By
RNY sATRETETD SOSBORNE pie, «iets. c.sei jee (ole) cise <iattate | ‘he. ts 71
IIll.—On the Species of the Genus: ARetthrodontomys. By J. A
PANTS ISIN Iybr ee sey chee, qe bsreiw pa sve oN aNS Cala Ie STOPS eas larSie Gaede Gua eT pee tore aous 107

IV.—On the Osteology of Agriocharus. By J. L. WORTMAN (Plate I). 145

V.—On the Names of Mammals given by Kerr in his ‘ Animal
Kingdom,’ published in 1792. By J. A. ALLEN. ...... .. 179
VI.—On a Collection of Mammals from Arizona and Mexico, made
by Mr. W. W. Price, with Field Notes by the Collector. By
[lew ¥ala, JEMUILIGS scree OIC ICpaChy eet ee ewes “oie ee ae . 193

VII.—List of Mammals collected in the Black Hills Region of South.
Dakota and in Western Kansas by Mr. Walter W. Granger,
with Field Notes by the Collector. By J. A. ALLEN...... 259

VIII.—Descriptive Catalogue of the Sfhingide found within Fifty
Miles of New York City. By WILLIAM BEUTENMULLER
RE teabes SAN WAM) eerie area cc, ciaesteiets) aap evcieie 6) oes) eivle oct 275

IX.—Further Notes on Trinidad Birds, with a Description of a New
Species of Synallaxis. By FRANK M. CHAPMAN ........ 321

1V. Contents.

X.—Descriptions of New American Mammals. By J. A. ALLEN.. 327

XI.—Notes on Some Specimens of Minerals from Washington Heights,
New York! City, | ByEa ©} HOVE nee eee 341

XII.—Perissodactyls of the Lower Miocene White River Beds. By
HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBOoRN and J. L. WorTMAN. (Plates
VIPETHXD) s,s aiccne 210.3 sieve.) Sikerese iy og eee ee ee 343

Lllustrations. Vv.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Cuts.
PAGE
Diagram, Succession of the North American orders of Mammals......... 4
Polymastodon, Side view of upper and lower jaws and crown view of
superior dentition of P. attenwatus. Crown view of lower jaws of
12), UPS OSS Mel GS SA NC > Aa COIS Oe COS cers Ice Bee ay 70S
Wpnonanmiaarts. Crown, VIEW Of MOlATS: ...:<ui.. oF hse celse cece cseee s 17
S e Rontions,ofthe Skeletone s-.qeceusien = sees clos 2s sic.e cc cies 17
x My Crownrviens Of tpper MOlars- tesa c sted eyes eis isSie © 19
eS of Internal and upper view of lower jaw............... 19
Oxyacodon apiculatus. Portion of left lower jaw....................... 25
Tritsodon biculminatus. Internal and crown view of lower molars....... 28
Dissacus carnifex, Crown view of upper and internal view of lower molars, 31
= os RTA INES eters ete ve sacra apenas ous se) - se ies 33
Dettatherium funmdaminis. Right lower jaw ....-...2.....6..seeseuee 39
“ Pe Crown view of upper molars....... ....... 40
Onychodectes tissonensis. Skull and lower AW ie iora oos outa aay shee arco etiea ho
i TALUS ABTATMENE OF TOWER JAW. 6 c.c2 ors fee eye = sd ose ae oe 42
Pantolambda bathmodon. Crown view of upper molars................. 44
ue ag Skull, lateral, dorsal and ventral views........ 45
A “ Me HELM RUS Piet Na oss, cue et cy toc ue ehck ae io otedone role 46
Mioclenus turgidus. Crown view of upper and lower molars..........-. 50
Hemithleus kowalevskianus. Crown view of upper and lower molars..... 60
Euprotogonia puercensts. Crown view of upper molars................. 65
penVOnadonM Pemlacus.. eft IOWED jaWinwi awit oct sje soe eee esses 68
uo 2 Grown viewiOl Upper molars... ac ease... 69
Microsyops uintensis. Lower jaw, internal and superior view........... 77
Wizarssuiniensis. External view Of jaw . S.45.62+ aes. ee am ee Seo Sab YT
Mirap gad, - WRI TEN IG oi. oF 10 cg UG RGU DOs Ie Dee ae OOOO eS ere sal 6 9s
ER AA AMIE UILE SUS SISASEY Ole SUID 5,2 cie soins noFe) Per8 wei o.cte) Sy vers) oe.) ye, oS ySioyers 80
Paramys uintensis. Crown view of upper and lower molars............ 81
Telmatotherium diploconum. Superior and lateral views of skull........ 86
ai UAlMPER Se Ge Giew OF SKU «Sets... cai «ye mcs Sith ce 88
“ . SUPEMOtaview, OF SKU 55. -.050.0 te ances 89
ss % . i San, Aebifae sss She eae go
= cornutum. Superior and side view of skull............ gI
es % PNOLCHOGRVLE WOU S Ul saiopcuete sia etl) aiatsyse fete 93
PI AUILOGIELILS MUL EWS SW BASE Olas eUUMey. te sivioraatsiete)s «siti nlars slehers Bad !o ee 99
* SupenionvicwrOl SKUIM; sn. 5 as esas cos ae le 100
s ce OCciniigrerees seats ae ccitel oe eee Ah 101
7 a Side view of Skull). 02... : ik eee OPA nee 101
iarnertum urniense. side view Of Skully 2.20. 2 os cece case esc o's 103
“ “

Wipmesuewnotskalle nis oti. isa scien cee tae 104

vi. Lllustrations.

Agriocherus major, Side view of skull. .....--.. esse ee wee eee eee 146

, guyotianus. Top view of atlas...........--..eee eee e eee 149

“ SS SidewwiewyOlpaxiSmontricinae cil eateetchtecia see om 149

= ie Front and side view off cervical’.:--.-....52°; 150

Ly : Front and side view of first dorsal........ se ESO

latifrons. Side view of second lumbar.....-...........--- 151

ES - Second sternal bone ....... BE erste nee eee I5I

os es feadiof humerus soso cre oes oe eee aie 153

ne a Paamentistanee cot aera SS es tr icanae Jie 154

of iF Bis 52a by Neeru phen Gons oe Cece CPO Sonora SEED Ge. 155

= 4 Wilthar eatin dare ne oe orcas Soe Mero 157

s Ore £OOE 25 s-tacye aa retains siete le ee ate ave een sp ons seals 158

. c Wnoualsphalancesien ec eee tantric 164

a guyotianus. Pelvis ........ Seemed Mens hae 6 2 164

* OGY GO MSN Sao a Rebel for ayo) stay etin ya Neh ohge eee cee ctor eee 165

“ IRMyOLLAMUS) ~ MUIDIAY wos oe eicpomec nls ete a op oeslge ee 166

a major. "ind foot; 1rOnt VIEWs.es~- asc =e eae 324 eO8

7 # ser PPE SIME VIEW carts © wien cron eine Seon aia ene 170

WET CIS OLE LOO tert et rier RAF hits CoAONO DIM aA Oe Be 173

Menchocharus. Pore fO0ts,.: ecco mic p\aicieisy aie Nee aceasta betes 173

Oxzodony Ore fOOt warner tet ee eert eee sits. Mee Oe Rr ete i1'7/3:

IDG NTT ae OSC cogdse Sonyssocedasor sip ete’ gee, Ooh 174

SkullSiof 2ihonzomysiceraeus and. Wie feleies well chaise oie ee ee ee 204

Thomomys fulvus. Skulls, showing variation with age................. 208

aa . Skulls, showing individual variation, upper view..... 210

. uP Same; lower Views... arise nie een teats Jaighavs hee Tere 211

Neoroma floizdand, Wower molar Scenes tnt ete aint ieee 223

is ze vy ah SM i ete © hers (at ie aOR: Bee 224

Me sf Left lower molar series........ Ri ee Net fij-c8-c = Ry)!

“ micropus. oa a 7 Se ata ticte, ans cays ror oe ee . eae

‘* cinerea occidentalis. Lower molar series ............. ....- 224

T Clanothervun Tovusiujin Skeleton sere ee ote eee ee soe SAF

- proutiz. = sis wie ge eat ods Sa kia duele sae, =f ae pe eee 348

os robustum. MO | Wap myede cay + sith a.« Aug tet shane eae 351

Mesohippus intermedius, Right hand and,left fore foot............... 355

“ copet. Crown view of second and third right upper premolars. 357

Principal ophiodont Molar Types: 2. sa... - +22 ae sere eeeteeeeteen nee 359
Colodon dakotensis.. Internal and crown views of upper molar and premolar

0 (<1 ae SEO AN ei At AS ars ots Ane sty td Gc «5h OR
Colodon procuspidatus. Internal and crown views of upper molar and pre-

molar series... . die 4,9 a:faligi ¢ kal a/oib Dich s vale abe Gaitalv lene Letet eae eee 3605

Hyrachyus agrarius, Premolar series of left side.... ........2e00: 368

“ 25 Diagram of second left upper molar.......-...... 368

- > Side view and base view of skull... ...... on dane eae 370

Aceratherium occidentale. Crown view of fourth upper premolars ... ... 372

Tllustrations. Vil.

Plates.

Plate I.—Restoration of Agriocherus latifrons.

Plate II-VII. —Illustrations of Sphingidz.

Plate VIII.—Skeleton of 77tanotherium robustum.

Plate [X.—Vertebral column of 77tanotherium robustum.
Plate X.—Skeleton of A/etamynodon planifrons.

Plate XI.—Skeleton of A/etamynodon planifrons.

DATES OF PUBLICATION OF AUTHORS’
SEPARATES.

Art. I, March 8, 1895. Art. II, May 18, 1895. Art. III, May 21, 1895.
Art. IV, June 17, 1895. Art. V, June 20, 1895. Art. VI, June 29, 1895.
Art. VII, Aug. 21, 1895. Art. VIII, Oct. 11, 1895. Art. IX, Oct. 7, 1895.
Art. X, Nov. 8, 1895. Art. XI, Nov. 22, 1895. Art. XII, Dec. 23, 1895.

Besides the authors’ separates, and in addition to the regular edition of the
Bulletin, 100 copies were issued in signatures as printed, each signature bearing
at the bottom of the first page the date of publication.

Se eVE FEN

OF THE

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Volume VII, 1895.

Article I.—FOSSIL MAMMALS OF THE PUERCO BEDS.
COLLECTION OF 1892.

By Henry FAIRFIELD OsBoRN and CHARLES EARLE.

The archaic basal Eocene fauna, discovered by Cope in 1880
and extensively described since, still presents problems of the
greatest difficulty andinterest. What are these peculiar animals?
What are their relations to the Mesozoic and Cenozoic mammals ?
With the double object of completing the historical series and of
further elucidating these problems, the Museum sent an expedi-
tion into the arid Puerco region early in the spring of 1892.

The expedition was under the able direction of Dr. J. L. Wort-
man assisted by Mr. O. A. Peterson, and Mr. Thomas Raffierty in
the field. The explorations were in the San Juan Basin of north-
western New Mexico. The Museum is indebted to Mr. E. T.
Jeffery, President of the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, for
many courtesies.

Dr. Wortman gives the following field notes: “The thickness
of the beds is roughly estimated at 800 to 1ooo feet, and as far
as can be observed they lie conformably upon the Laramie. At
no place examined by us can fossils be said to be abundant, but
on the contrary most of the exposures are entirely barren. For
convenience they are divided into Upper and Lower Beds, but this
[ February, 1895.) [1] Tl

2 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VMI,

scarcely gives an adequate idea of the occurrence of the fossils,
for the reason that it is only the extreme upper and lower strata
that are productive ; the great intermediate part we found to be
singularly barren.

“The lower fossil-bearing strata occur in two layers, the lower-
most of which lies within to or 15 feet of the base of the forma-
tion. ‘This is succeeded after an interval of about 30 feet by a
second stratum in which fossils are found, and this appeared to
be by far the richer of the two. Both of these strata are of red
clay, and at no place did we find them more than a few feet in
thickness.

“The lower horizon we found exposed in two places, viz.: the
head of the Coal Creek or Pina Verta Cafion, and some of the
upper tributaries of the Chaco Cafion. It is especially and sharply
distinguished by the occurrence of the remains of Polymastodon,
which appear to be entirely absent from the upper horizon.

“Fossils are much more abundant in the upper strata, and
wherever a good exposure was found their occurrence could be
more confidently looked for. The genera Chzvox and Panto-
Jambda appear to belong exclusively to the upper beds. Owing
to the widely separated localities and the general scarcity of
fossils, it is at present impossible to say whether it is one or
several layers that produce the fossils from these upper beds. It
is my opinion, however, that there are several layers, and that
their vertical range is somewhat greater than that of the lower
horizon. The principal localities of the upper strata are as
follows: head of Cafon Gallego, Cafion Blanco, Cafion Escavada,
and head of Cafion Chaco.”

The main systematic determination, and the larger part of
the description of this collection is the work of my colleague,
Mr. Earle. The Creodont section is entirely his, as well as
many original suggestions as to the relationships of the Primates
and Condylarths. The following are the principal new featurés :

1. A division of the Eutheria into Mesoplacentalia and Ceno-
placentalia, p. 3.

2. A revision of the Classification, Geological distribution, and
Phylogeny of the Puerco mammals, pp. 7-10.

1895.] Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammats of the Puerco. 3

3. Multituberculata: Description of the complete dentition of
Polymastodon, pp. 11-15.

4. Primates: Description of the skeleton of J/mzdrodon, with
lemuroid characters. The Chriacidz added to this group.
The new genus Oxyacodon, pp. 15-23.

5. Creodonta: C/enedon as an ancestor of the Arctocyonide.
Description of the skeleton of Dyssacus, an ancestor of the
Mesonychide, pp. 26-39.

6. Tillodonta : Description of the skull of Onychodectes, p. 41.

7. Amblypoda: Relationship of Periptychus to this group. De-
scription of a complete skull of Pantolambda, p. 43.

8. Condylarthra: Introduction of /zoclenus to this group. Sys-
tematic revision of the Periptychide. Hap/oconus is shown
to have probably been arboreal in habit. Pyrotogonodon is
shown to be related to 7rigonolestes' and the Artiodactyla.

We are indebted to Professor Scott for criticisms of the MSS.
upon the Creodonta, and to Professor Cope for the loan of type
specimens and for assistance in the determination of species.

Pade ls OF

I—THE PuERCO MAINLY A MegEsozoic FAUNA.

The Placentals should be considered as having exhibited two
great centres of functional radiation, which were successive and
largely independent of each other. The first is represented by
the groups discovered by Cope in the Puerco, and now proved to
have extended back certainly into the Cretaceous, probably into
the older Mesozoic—to these may be applied the term JZesopla-
centalia, or Placentals distinctive of the Mesozoic period. The
second is the group, the earlier members of which are found in
the Puerco, and which developed and radiated in the succeeding
Tertiary ; these may be called the Cenoplacentalia, or distinctively
Tertiary Placentals. The difference between these two groups

1 Professor Cope has récently substituted this term for Paztolestes, which is preoccupied.
2*A division of the Eutherian Mammals into the Mesoplacentalia and Cenoplacentalia.’
Trans. N, Y. Acad. Sc., June 4, 1804.

4 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

consists mainly in the lower state of evolution and apparent
incapacity for higher development exhibited by the Mesoplacen-
tals in contrast with the capacity for rapid development shown by
the Cenoplacentals.

SUCCESSION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ORDERS OF MAMMALS.

Multituberculata’:****""""" S
Proto doutes Oacee ee is
Triconodonta*****""""" 1: rei Marsupialia
Trituberculates............-}-
Insectivora.
Tillodonta.............4++++
Carnivora.
(05 {2Xoyo Koy suit: Mag non en barteabe p-Bed scorns ican
@oryphodontal ie] cedeeersl sores pencee ; Proboscidea.
Dinocerata.....2.-..---40 ee |
Artiodactyla.
Condylarthraisr. «2. 4eet ech eser erate
| Perissodactyla.
Primates:...5......5 sis: Sucot basso:

The first of these terms therefore chiefly serves to express the
fact that the Mesoplacentals evolved and diverged in North
America and undoubtedly in Europe during Mesozoic times in
the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary. Careful studies
show that even the Upper Cretaceous mammals had probably
already diverged into Ungulate and Unguiculate, Carnivorous
and Insectivorous types. ‘This functional divergence reached its
climax in the Puerco, which contains several Laramie reptiles,
and Cope inclines to consider this epoch as Post-Cretaceous
rather than the base of the Eocene. Here the Mesoplacentals
display the greatest variety, and are generally characterized by
plantigrade feet and tritubercular teeth, for even among the Un-
gulata the molar teeth are developed upon the triangular plan,
whether bunodont, selenodont or lophodont. We may consider
the Middle Eocene Dinocerata, Tillodonta and Creodonta as

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fosstl Mammals of the Puerco. 5

spurs of this great Mesoplacental radiation, a few of the Creo-
donts only persisting into the Mid-tertiary.

In opposing Cope’s view’ that this fauna, with the exception of
the Multituberculata, is largely ancestral, it is important to em-
phasize the fact that we have not as yet connected any of the
Mesoplacentals directly by lineal descent with the Cenoplacentals,
excepting Euprotogonia, a supposed ancestor of the Perissodac-
tyla ; and Protogonodon, a supposed ancestor of the Artiodactyla.
A comparison of Tables I and III shows that out of 39 generic
and go specific types existing in the Puerco, only & generic types
are followed by analogous forms in the Wahsatch, and 3 of these
became extinct in the Bridger. But even if more threads of phy-
letic descent are traced by future research the fact remains that
the great group of Mesoplacentals as such became extinct ; that
the first attempt of the mammals at wide functional radiation
failed, and that from some comparatively unspecialized spurs of
this dying group a new functional radiation began which reached
its climax in the Cenoplacentals of the Miocene period, and sub-
sequently declined.

TaBLE I.—SUCCESSIVE, ANALOGOUS, AND RELATED TYPES.

|
LARAMIE. PUERCO. | W AHSATCH.

Multituberculata..| Ptilodus.............|.- x<
| Neoplagiaulax. |
Meniscoéssus........- Polymastodon.
PAiladonirr inca si75..0-)| CLITOX:.
Tillodonta ....... gcics Cute ue iia Psittacotherium.
Hemiganus.
Conoryctes.....| Esthonyx.
Onychodectes. . . | i
Creodonta........ red eae ae Clenodon ... . | Anacodon.
| ? Batodon tenuis...... WDISSACT Sis .c 2a | Pachyzena.
AMES UTIL, AR RL A te er Ste Nh EAR Pantolambda. . ..) Coryphodon.
COLLET, ES ERE RE rT eee Euprotogonia...| Hyracotherium..
Protogonodon...| ? Trigonolestes.
(? Didelphops) comptus.} Ectoconus. |
eee MEMES tee D ofsis\| <°5:5 sya Sy 2S). RSE ee Indrodon ...... | Anaptomorphus.
Mixodectes..... Microsyops.

1* Synopsis of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Puerco Series.’ Am. Phil. Soc., Jan. 20, 1888,
Pp. 300.

6 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

The Mesoplacentals cannot be defined as a homogeneous group ;
they are very heterogeneous. No attempt is therefore made
to define as Cope has defined the Bunctheria (to include the
Creodonta, Mesodonta, Insectivora, Tillodonta and ‘Teenio-
donta). What chiefly unites the Mesoplacentals is the possession
of a large number of very primitive characters, and the apparent
incapacity for progressive evolution. The terms ‘inertia’ and
‘ potential,’ although new in paleontology, seem to express most
perfectly the cardinal difference between the Mesoplacentals and
the Cenoplacentals. The inertia is seen in the inability to shake
off the primitive mammalian characters and assume the modern
mammalian standard. Wherever they came into competition
the Cenoplacentals drove out the surviving Mesoplacental spurs
just as the Placentals will in time supersede the Marsupials of
Australia.

TABLE IJ.—EUTHERIA: PLACENTALIA.

MESOPLACENTALIA. CENOPLACENTALIA,

Amblypoda (Dinocerata, Coryphodon-

(i) Seer tM mo Ns Sane Ae ae Proboscidea.

Condylanthirasecvi 5) beieecrr aete bier Diplarthra : Artiodactyla and Perisso-
dactyla.
Greodonta Ae s.3 sei ae a oR Carnivora.
Taillodontar snes o-ckiscieere se eee Rodentia.
Inséctivora’ 2. . Sacccsateiao oie ros AWE
kemuroideas, 3.3). cas eee eee wa
Anthropoidea.

Incerte sedis; “Edentata, Sirenia,

Cetacea,

Pursuing this hypothetical line of division further, an exception
to this elimination, by * survival of the fittest,’ is seen perhaps in
two great groups still existing which are universally regarded as
extremely primitive ; these are the Insectivora and Lemuroidea ;
both orders are closely paralleled in structure by a number of
Puerco types, although we cannot as yet positively assert that the
latter are either true Insectivora or Lemuroidea, It may be that
we should regard the Insectivora and Lemuroidea as persistent
Mesoplacentals.

1895. | Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. ‘|

The division of the Placental orders upon this physiological
and developmental basis would, according to this hypothesis,
stand as in Table II, in which groups presenting analogous adapta-
tions are connected by dotted lines.

II.—SyYNOPSIS AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF
THE PuERCO FAUNA.

In the following table the classification is to be regarded as
provisional, and subject to extensive modification by future dis-
coveries. The order Insectivora is probably represented, but by
what types is uncertain. The number of forms embraced by
the Lemuroidea is also somewhat doubtful. The Amblypoda
may grow at the expense of the Condylarthra by the inclusion of
the Periptychide.

TapLeE III.—Synopsis OF THE PUERCO FAUNA.’

1. MULTITUBERCULATA.
PLAGIAULACIDA.,
Plagiaulacine.
Ptilodus medizevus Cope.-:........ Ps ee ee ee
es trovessanhianus Cope. 3.2. «ccs c-eee
WNeoplaciaulax americanus, Cope... <2. c1o- < «0: - “aD
Polymastodontinz.
ObyIMASLOMODtADENSISECOAC aus «00% 5 eye) laps = oh4)| ose <
zh SUN ETTERS MGe aol» tte 5 SO peo S Se |e ae x
os HIGSIM ELIS GONEN ES soe, te oe hos S515 [tases = aK
POH ALIS GOP Ge torte oN ave, daha laxeie elm a= 2 0) [lores = x
= [atimrolisvGrpes cts «tere sist ele 3, 22. lara x
- SClEMOGUSIO TCI ie ayo hemes a2 0 <=
BOLODONTIDA,
Chirox molestus Cope.........-. «Sie ec
seme PHCALUS, Copeniiey ies spree aie os) 0s tele. <<.
2. PRIMATES.
ANAPTOMORPHID.
Kadrodon:;malaris Cope. =. 5... =." Set bee OEE oe eee Geers
MIXODECTID&.

Mirxodectes pungens Cope... 22 ec sem. 2'scee
; GRASSIUSCHILUS: Cup papier ene en haat fess

1 The types not marked with X in the table are those in which no local record has been
kept.

8 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

TasLeE I11.—Continued.

Lower. UPPER.

CHRIACIDA.

Chriacus pelvidens Cope ...-2-0.-2025+- o--s05%
a HAbbaLe IRIS CU Paaananacanoasesdvesccac
oe palwinil Copan ety -cmierlaien ieee teteletsenen noc
es SSO OMAM no Gap doabsocdqcgdoDesoDe

Protochriacus priscus) CopZ tra titeteiatste tet etait roi

ri Simplex Gopdare eee ee ee See

Alana ney Obie IFoo ssh esate coco shoe

Epichriacus schlosserianus Cope..........-----.-

Incerte sedis.

Loxolophus ihyattianus (Copan ne eel errr weeicoX
‘Tricentes bucculentns Cope =r. re teeter olla al ea ie ene.
aoe crassicollidense Capea tiene eer
Aka Snies Culoierecomis (OG. 5.550500 050005550
Ellipsodon inzequidens Cope ........ -- Be oie

3. CREODONTA.

ARCTOCYONIDA,
Clzenodon ferox Cope.......-..-
a (KopmMUANAS (O7N2coanocs donne soap Gods
Proto gonoidesnGofe. aria tin-t elie
Tetraclanodon floverianus Cope...

TRIISODONTIDA,
Triisodon quivirensis Cope ......

MOA

biculminatusiGopcme tee rite ene ia Bes) Gua co.
heil printanusnGos esate rete iter eet
Sarcothraustes antiquus Cofe... ............0.. | edie ne ates ie
1 COLY Patsy COP er ersten arte ett to ee eee
CTAaSSICUSPIS Cope yj teehee al ate EPA
bathyonathusmGopeo teeter Aout 4
x

Goniacodon levisanus Cofe.

a. © wo" © fe) 6 2S 0, 0) sie. ele, (9 ae)

gaudryanusCopes.- «ce eee Bebe
rusticus Cope .....
Microcleenodon assurgens Cope

MESONYCHID.
Dissacus navajovius Cope

ee ed

canmifex (Cope We selene
PROVIVERRID.
Deltatherium fundaminis Cope... 0.2. on osm \ecuuuehrse teers eee

MIACID.
Didymictis haydenianus Cope
rf primus Cope

4. TILLODONTA.
Psittacotherium aspasize Cope

S'S) e) 8.440 0) 6\% # a's eles slelm

multifragum Cope......... zis fait le sola emo) wii] Se eee
megalodus Cope
Hemiganus vultuosus Cope

eee eet esse ee ee eee tees

Otarlidens (Coss hr een sist ee eee aS Ries
Conoryctes comma ‘Cape... s<s¢ne ans ss) ee ee eee ene eee sla ea
OE saee tissonensis Cope) ...'s usa ae arene 34
? a Tatus O; Gnd cs ae ane roe ae: x

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammats of the Puerco. 9

TasLe Ill.—Continued.

Lower. UPPER.

|
| =
5. AMBLYPODA.
TALIGRADA.
PANTOLAMBDID&.
Pantolambda Delt DIMOU OWN OO E 41s sn to ior oats or ele gcieelers,s » x
CAAT CHUS* COP ing fe noes, Saar Aare ceope HA Sine. 2 MOREE: x
6. CONDYLARTHRA. |
MI0CLA:NIDA (Incerta sedis).
Miocleenus turgidus Cofe......... secre freien Lal Fate: Soe ate eee x
+ zittelianus Cope ....... BO Po Oro ae ore
3 turgidunculus Cope. 2.2 - ceases es bes, 4
a OpisthaciSeCapee. 6 lop. nor < @ spans setors
PERIPTYCHID.
Periptychine.
Periptychus Thapdodow iGapemase.pictrtdve sa. & = athk Sooo. od ee xX
GOALCIARISH CADE. veletem fats) ahs 5:0 (a 2 sre oh « snes
ine niga TOL (Con cnn So re GNC 4 entre Se Creed eres
EICEOCODUS, CILMI ONUS> GOP Cs. «10% 5 2 15 =. 991-06), Bae, <
Anisonchine.
PRE CIODOULOLACHIS COPE e<cp nie ie 6 'dica 5 6515 hae ante, 5,2
Haploconus | ASSIGN OTRAS ES SA Sete i ee ann ie Sete aoe loicint x
GOnmiculatis: Cope. % aise ~ ne ss oe a
RF AMO UISEUS \COPENE aie sia losis «ale 42st e =
e IPN OCOHMCONL rte oen ee ne ghee iaels
ib (Sel OTHO TES EGP Seine ee mie NOOR in oe.
7 Copnatete Cones asset flere ete t,o oe a
Anisonchus mandibularis Cofe........-......-.. OS RZ Roe ws Repke x
a SEGLOUIM S| CORES sated. ost Ss: 55 Wecet hse «2 120 XK
COMMELNS I CONE co Wicteiis so te ope eyere ae oe
i MM tisn Caparo cites «Pate. ees cts ae
“e ADE RAUMSNCOPEY store os Wels 2 el orstel chon ae »
Hemithleus kowalevskianus Cope ......5........ \eiaeror.4
or Bplewiatus Gapes is Nol sk sth. so
PHENACODONTID.
Euprotogonia puercensis Cofe............5++.05. kaise testa ta aageue K
AUTEN (COLLS SOE Ae Pyaar
~ calceolataniGopensr 8. ee hese clee
iS pliciterarGoperen sets sc sans 5 ss = 2
Protogonodon pentacus; Cope. <5. 22.52 ss os ees mye sh
cs ly dekKkerannstCopA> tat. iis so
7. INCERTZE SEDIS.
Oxyacodon apiculatus Ha7 le sees. 2% 3. 2 +-- Sere
Oxyclzenus cuspidatus Cofe..... OSCE ee,
Paradoxodon rutimeyeranus Cope................ Fonee 4
Carcinodon flholianus (Cope o-0 pees «1-66 <3 = ESE
Mioekenus anterruptis) Cope wees <<. 3 =< --
Sa aybaVban th MO Tse pane OL oe oe Oe
x acolytus Cope ..-.... Mea oc, ete A
HEM PACOMOMMINVERSUS COPA. eisnsiand o'ciee the) fais 2.2 3 5) s

10 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VXI,

This geological distribution, made up from the field notes of
Cope (Baldwin) and Wortman also probably contains many errors
of detail, and is subject to alteration by future discovery. The
following are the most important points in the vertical distribu-
tion :

rt. Among the Multituberculata, the Plagiaulacidz including
Polymastodon are confined to the lower beds, while the Chiro-
gidee are found in the upper beds.

2. Among the Primates three species of Chriacidze occur in the
lower beds, while other Primates are found in the upper beds.

3. Among the Creodonta the following are recorded from the
upper division only: Clenodon, Triisodon (excepting one species),
Dissacus, Deltatherium. Sarcothraustes occurs in both upper and
lower. :

4. Among the Tillodonta, Hemiganus and Onychodectes are
found in the lower and not in the upper beds.

5. Among the Amblypoda, Pantolaméda is found only in the
upper beds.

6. Among the Condylarthra it is remarkable that the highly
specialized Fctoconus occurs in the lowermost portion of the
lower beds associated with remains of Peripiychus. Periptychus,
however, extends also into the upper beds. ‘The specialized
Hemithleus is from the lower beds only, while the more simple
Hlaploconus and Anisonchus have been found both in the upper and
lower beds. Among the Phenacodontide Pyrotogonodon is found

only in the lower beds, Zuprotogonia puercencis only in the upper
beds.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. II

IlI.—SysTEMATIC DESCRIPTION.

1. Order MULTITUBERCULATA Cope.
Family PLAGIAULACIDE Marsh.

Subfamily POLYMASTODONTIN.

The discovery that MWeniscoéssus' of the Laramie is a transition
form between Plagiaulax and Polymastodon removes the latter
genus to the Plagiaulacidz, subfamily Polymastodontine, char-
acterized by reduced fourth premolars.

1. Plagiaulacine. | 2. Polymastodontine.
Early representatives of the Plagiau- Latest representatives of the Plagiau-
lacidee: Premolars, 4-1. Fourth | lacide: Premolars, 1. Fourth pre-
premoiars very large and trenchant. | molar greatly reduced.

Genus Polymastodon Cofc.

Dentition: 17, Cf, Pi, M$. The enlarged anterior pair of incisors verti-
cally striated, enamel wanting on posterior surfaces. Lateral upper incisors
(13) small, conic. First upper molars with three rows of tubercles ; second
ditto, with two rows and a rudimentary third row.

This last survivor of a great Mesozoic order is represented in
the collection by remains of 45 individuals, many of which are
exceptionally perfect. The five species established by Cope seem
to be valid with the exception of P. Zatimolis, which is doubtfully
distinct from P. faoénsis. We can now amplify Cope’s definitions
as follows :

P. foliatus.* P.. taoénsis.*

Of small size. Lower molar tuber- Jaws robust. Lower first molar
cles flattened, block-shaped. Cusp much larger than second. Cusp for-
formula : first molar, 5 outer, 4 inner; mula: first molar, 7-8 outer, 6 inner.
second molar, 4 outer, 2inner. P4-— Incisors broad, with enamel band
M2=22 mm. _ wanting on fang.

1 See Osborn, ‘ Fossil Mammals of the Upper Cretaceous Beds.’ Bull. Am. Mus. Nat.
Hist., Vol. V, 1893, pp. 312-330.
y¥ 2 Am. Nat., 1882, p. 416.

3 Am. Nat., 1882, p. 684.

12 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

P. fissidens.' P. latimolis.*

Of intermediate size. Molar tuber- Jaws robust. Lower first molar
cules conic. Cusp formula: first lower | slightly larger than second. Cusp
molar, 5 outer, 4 inner, 3 additional | formula: 1st molar (?), 5 outer, 6
cusplets. M1, 135 mm. inner.

P. attenuatus.” P. selenodus, sp. nov.

Jaws slender. Molars compressed Laterally compressed. Lower inolar
in mid-region. Cusp formula: first | tubercles crescents, opening back-
molar, g outer, 6-7 inner; second | wards. Cusp formula: first molar,
molar, 5 outer, 4 inner. Incisors | outer 7, inner 6. M1, 2 mm.
narrow, with enamel extending to
base of fang. Upper incisor grooved
laterally.

In general P. foliatus is the most primitive type, distinguished
by small size and very few tubercles. P. fissédens is somewhat
larger, with the same number of full sized conic tubercles, but
with accessory tubercles. P. se/enodus is still larger, with more
numerous crescentic tubercles; /. attenwatus is laterally com-
pressed with long enamel bands on the incisors ; ?. éaoénsis and
P. latimolis are robust, with short enamel bands on the incisors.

Polymastodon attenuatus Cofc.

This species is represented by the dentition of a left mandibu-
lar ramus (No. 967) and by a complete upper dentition (No. 970).
Also by Nos. 730, 720, 743, 734. The lower teeth correspond
in general to the description of Cope;’ the incisor is very long
and slender, with well-defined grooves, multiplying towards the
fang; the enamel band is confined to half the section. The
fourth premolar is narrow, and exhibits three minute apical
cusps, the second and third being separated by a deep notch.
The first molar is long, narrow, and compressed in the middle ;
the second is short and rounded.

The complete upper dentition is of great interest. ‘he large
incisor ( ? 2) is rather slender, sharply grooved, restricted enamel
band and a deep postero-external groove. The lateral incisor
(? 3) is a very small conical tooth, compressed antero-posteriorly,
with its enamel confined to the anterior surface, probably as an
instance of ‘meristic repetition.” The fourth premolar is small,

' Am, Phil. Soc., 1883, p. 322. 3 Am. Nat., 1885, p. 494.
2 Am. Nat., 1885, p. 385. 4 Am. Nat., 1885, p. 404.

1895.] Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 13

Swe
e

Fig. 1. Potymastopon. A, P. attenuatus, composition side view of upper and lower jaws.
B, Superior dentition, crown view. C, P. tavénsis, lower jaws, crown view. Two-thirds natu-
ral size.

conical, with two apical cusps. The first molar is long, rather
narrower than in /. ¢aoénmsis, and somewhat compressed in the
‘middle ; the second is sub-triangular, narrowing posteriorly, and
with only one and one-half cusps in the outer row. (Fig. 1 B.)
The molar cusps are transversely oval, with some tendency to

14 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

exhibit crescents opening forwards in the upper series and_back-
wards in the lower series, as in eniscoéssus. The cusp formula is:

Lower Mo tars. Upper Mo.ars.
Outer. Inner. Outer. Middle. Inner.
7 a> are |
Hirst molar | nO | 6-7 9 9 10
Second molar... 5 4 I-2 4 4-5

Polymastodon taoensis Cofc.

This species includes the robust types, and is represented by
numerous specimens—Nos. 742, 746-8, 750, 753, 721-3, 725-32;
735, 736, 743, 968.

The lower jaws are robust ; the coronoid rises from the outer
side of the third molar and posterior half of the second; the
pterygoid fossa is deeply excavated, and the masseteric fossa is a
broad concavity ; the lower border of the jaw is thus broad and
flat and 1 shaped in section ; the condyle is oval and its long
axis is placed obliquely, not antero-posteriorly as in the Rodents.
The obliquity is greater in some specimens (No. 734) than in
others. When the jaws are spread as in Fig. 1 C, the opposite
molars are exactly parallel with each other, and the condyles are
transverse, but the antero-posterior grooving of the molars is
proof of motion in the same direction. A marked feature of the
jaw is that the coronoid rises on the outer side of the second
molar. The lower incisors are broader than in /. attenuatus and
are readily distinguished by the fact that the enamel terminates
at or above the alveolar border, and does not extend down upon
the fang. The cusp formula of the molars as compared with
Menitscoéssus is :

Lower Movars. Uprer Morars.
Outer. Inner. Outer. Middle. Inner.
|
First molar...} 7-9 6-7 9 g-10 10-12 | | Polymastodon.
Second molar. 4 4 I 4 5 ( taoénsis,
First molar... 5 4 a 7 [eo \ Meniscoéssus
Second molar. 4 2 3 4 4 | conguistus.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 15

Although the lower molars exhibit typically but two rows, we
occasionally observe (No. 725) a postero-external accessory row
upon the first molar, and upon the first and second molars (Nos.
725, 731). The form of the cusps is occasionally subcrescentic.

The comparison with Aenrscoéssus shows an average addition
of two cusps to the first molars in both jaws, and an apparent
degeneration of the outer row in the second upper molar, so that
this tooth is relatively simpler in Polymastodon than in the older
genus Meniscoéssus.

Polymastodon fissidens Coe.

This species is represented by a fragment of the left mandible
(No. 751), containing the base of P4 and the much worn and
fissured crown of the first molar. This tooth is a trifle larger than
that in Cope’s type, and the cusp formula is apparently 6 outer,
5 inner; so that there is some doubt as to this specific reference.

Polymastodon selenodus, sp. nov.

The type (No. 749) lower molar is widely distinct from the
above in the crescentic form of its molar cusps.

The anterior cusps are distinct, the posterior are low and
irregular ; there are 7 in the outer and 6 in the inner row; the
anterior border is convex, the posterior is flattened, giving a sub-
crescentic section, which reminds us strongly of the cusps of
Meniscoéssus conguistus of the Laramie. The fourth premolar is
very small. ie

Fragments of a Polymastodon skull (No. 734), undetermined,
exhibit a broad molar shelf below the orbit. Another skull (No.
721) is still embedded in a very hard matrix.

2. Order PRIMATES.

We find in the Puerco numerous remains of the Primates, and
there is every reason to believe that these animals were both
abundant and highly specialized or modernized. At present,

16 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. VU,

however, there is no satisfactory means of determining as regards
several of these types whether they belong to the Lemuroid or to
the Anthropoid phylum; we refer especially to Zr7centes Cope,
to the related /zdrodon Cope, and to AZixodectes. Of Lndrodon
we have the first remains of the skeleton which have been found
in the Puerco, by far the oldest Primate skeleton known. Appar-
ently related in dentition to modern Lemurs are the Chrzacida, a
family including larger forms which we remove from the Creo-
donts where they have been placed by Cope, and provisionally
refer to the Primates.

1. Chriacide. 2. Anaptomorphide. 3. Mixodectide.
Incisors normal. Pre- Incisors normal, $. A pair of incisors en-
molars, 4. Premolars | Premolars, 3-2. larged. Premolars, 3.

spaced. Pmq4 without
tritocone. Molars tri-
tubercular.

Family ANAPTOMORPHID Cofe.

Genus Indrodon Cofe.'

(?) Dentition : Ii C1, P?, M#®. Premolars spaced and conic. Upper molars
with flattened outer cusps, a rudimentary postero-internal tubercle or hypocone.
This type is distinguished from Anaptomorphus by absence of internal lobe
upon third superior premolar, and by spacing of premolars.

Indrodon malaris Coc.

In Cope’s type, a fragmentary skull, the maxillo-premaxillary
suture cannot be made out; the homologies of the anterior teeth
are therefore uncertain ; they apparently represent two incisors,
and a canine. The second and third upper premolars are small,
conic and widely spaced ; the fourth premolar only has a conic
internal lobe. ‘The true upper molars are low-crowned and sub-
triangular ; the outer cusps are flattened and there is a wide
external cingulum, marked by minute cingules. The intermediate
tubercles are absent or worn off in the type; there is also a faint
postero-internal cingulum, and the hypocene is represented as a

! Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1883, p. 318.

ae ee Oe

1895.] Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 17

cingular cusp upon the first and second molars. The third molar
is somewhat smaller than the others, and there is no such great
inequality in size as we observe in 77icentes bucculentus, or in
T. inequidens. This description refers to Cope’s type.

SKELETON OF INDRODON.—The reference to /udrodon, of the
skeleton No. 823, is somewhat doubtful, because the upper molars
associated with the skeleton are so much worn.

The material consists of fragments from all parts of the skele-
ton, which were collected by Dr. Wortman withthe greatest care,
including: Teeth, superior
P4—M3 inclusive ; inferior P3
and M1; part of the lower jaw,
and isolated M1, and P3. Of
the vertebral column are pre-
served: cervicals, 2; dorsals, Fig. 2. Indrodon malaris. Superior molars,
6; lumbars, 4; sacrals, 1; "4 an inferior true molar. “Twice natural size
caudals, 7; these are mostly
centra with portions of the neural arches. Of the appendages,
portions of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna, metacarpals
and phalanges are preserved. Of the hind limb parts of the
ilium, femur, tibia and fibula and tarsals are preserved.

The animal (No. 823) was about half the size of Lemur varius,
with slender limbs and a long powerful tail; in fact it closely
resembled some of the living Lemurs.
The principal characters are as follows:

Dentition.—Vhe fourth upper premo-
lar has a sharp prominent external pro-
tocone and an internal deuterocone,
with the rudiment of the tritocone.
The molar crowns, although broken, in-
dicate that they were tritubercular,
wider transversely, and more com-
pactly placed than in the Zudrodon type,
although of the same measurements.

The intermediate tubercles are in-
tions of the skeleton: A, Proximal

portion ofrighttibiaand fibula: B, Gistinguishable, owing to excessive

Head of humerus; C, Left tarsus. wear.
Natural size.

Fig. 3. Zudrodon malaris. Por-

[ February, 1895.| 2

18 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Val. VII,

The posterior portion of the lower jaw contains the worn
crowns of the first and second molars.

Fore Limb.—The fore limb characters are the following:
Scapula, with an obtuse coracoid; humerus, with tuberosities
not very prominent, but exhibiting a marked deltoid ridge
extending from the greater tuberosity on the outer side of the
front face of the shaft, and a marked ridge extending from the lesser
tuberosity down the inner side. A similar relation of these ridges
is very characteristic of the Lemurs, and is also seen in some of
the true Monkeys. In most of the Monkeys, however, the deltoid
ridge occupies a median position on the front face of the shaft,
and the lesser ridge is reduced or wanting. Distally the humerus
presents a strong entepicondylar foramen. The head of the
radius is oval, and the ulna has a short olecranon.

Hind Limb.—The ilium has an imperforate acetabulum and a
wide cotyloid notch. The femur exhibits three trochanters, the
third trochanter extending about half-way down the outer side
of the shaft ; the head exhibits a pit with a round ligament ; the
cnemial crest of the tibia is prolonged down the front face of the
shaft. The fibula is well developed. ‘The astragalus exhibits the
astragalar foramen, and a large fibula facet, similar to that in
Lemur varius ; it has a deep posterior groove for the flexor tendon ;
distally the astragalus has a short neck and a convex navicular
facet. The cuboid is subquadrate in form. Unlike the Condy-
larthra articulation, the calcaneo-cuboidal facet is nearly flat.

Vertebre.—The axis exhibits a short odontoid process ; the cer-
vical centra are flat. The dorsal centra are triangular in form ; the
lumbar centra are more elongate and flattened. ‘he detached
zygapophyses which belong in the posterior dorsal or lumbar
region, exhibit convex vertically placed facets. There is appar-
ently but a single sacral vertebra. The caudals are long and
well developed.

? Upper DENTITION oF INDRODON.—Portions (No. 833) of the
maxillee and of the lower jaw with certain teeth, were found with

remains of two skeletons, a larger (No. 833) and a_ smaller
(No. 834).

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 19

The identification of No. 833 with /zdrodon is not absolute ; it
is based upon the likeness of the superior molars (Fig. 4) to the
somewhat fractured crowns in Cope’s type. It is rendered
doubtful by the compactly placed lower
premolars. The fourth upper premolar is
triangular, with a complete investing
cingulum, a high protocone, a deutero-
cone, and incipient tritocone. The molars pee Ef hemi onc
are beautifully preserved ; they consist of oT Ee Ne
a perfect trigon with a detached spur-like
hypocone upon the first and second molars ; the external cusps
are subcrescentic, and in the sharp external cingulum we observe
a distinct mesostyle and less prominent para- and metastyles ; the
intermediate tubercles are developed upon the spurs between the
external and internal cusps. The jaw contains the alveoli of a ~
small lateral incisor, a larger canine, a small one-rooted premolar ;
next a two-rooted premolar, followed by a premolar crown which
A is either P3 or P4; this has a sharp
crown and a low heel. If this is
the fourth premolar it is closely
similar to that of Anaptomorphus.

A comparison with Axaptomor-
phus homunculus’ of the Wahsatch
shows a very similar configuration
of the lower jaw, and probably a

ee similar lower formula, re M 7
jaw, internal and upper view. Natural The upper teeth of this specimen
cm (No. 833) differ from those of A.
homunculus in the much more prominent hypocone spur.

The humerus associated with this specimen also has the double
ridge observed in No. 823.

2 .- i

Incerte sedis.—The skeleton (No. 834) found with this type is
of smaller size and presents many differences from that of No.
823.

Lower Jaw.—Fig. 5 represents a lower jaw (No. 829), which
we provisionally refer to this genus owing to the similar dimen-
sions of the lower molar series with those in the fractured jaw

1 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 1892, p. 103.

20 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

attached to Cope’s type skull. The Pmgq is a rounded cone with
a faint deuteroconid and anterior basal cusp; the talonid is broad
and basin-shaped. ‘The molars are distinguished by the absence
or vestigial condition of the paraconid, the elevation of the trigo-
nid, the rather depressed but distinct hypoconid from which
extends inwards a broad internal basin representing the fusion
of the hypoconulid and entoconid. In M3 the hypoconulid is a
distinct cusp.

An isolated single molar (No. 829a) shows the same characters.

Family CHRIACIDA, fam. nov.

This family includes forms more primitive than the Adapide
but with a similar dental formula.

It is exceedingly difficult in the present state of our knowledge
to decide with certainty as to the ordinal affinities of the genera
which Scott’ has included in the family Oxyclaenide. We think
it probable, however, that Ciriacus and its allies are more closely
related to the Primates than to any of the Creodonta to which
Cope has referred them. The type species of the genus Chrvacus,
namely, C. (Pelycodus) peloidens, was in fact at first included by
Cope with the Lemurine like Pe/ycodus. Scott has suggested the
Primate relationship of these forms. Schlosser has also observed
the resemblance in the shape of the jaw in Chriacus to that of
Necrolemur. We here discuss the evidences of Primate relationship.

Of the three points spoken of by Scott as separating Chriacus
from the Lemurs, namely, (1) the character of the jaw symphysis,
(2) spacing of the inferior premolars, (3) the presence of the para-
conid; the second character at least occurs. in the Bridger genus
Tomithertum, which is an undoubted Primate. Again, among the
recent Lemurs, the last two inferior premolars are spaced in some
species of Zemur, while the paraconid is present in Zarsius. Thus
the difficulties raised by Scott are all removed.

As remarked by Scott the superior molars of Chréacus are sur-
prisingly like those of certain Lemurs, and it is to be emphasized

' These genera employed by Scott upon types of Cope’s species of Mzoclenus, Chriacus,

and Tricentes areas follows: Oxyclenus, Chriacus, Protochriacus, Epichriacus, Pentacodon,
Loxolophus, Tricentes, Ellipsodon.

1895.] Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 21

—— —

that they resemble those of the Lemurs more closely than those
of the Creodonts. Again, we have some remains of the skeleton
of a form, probably belonging to the Chriacide, which resembles
corresponding parts in the recent Lemurs. There are apparently
two types of mandibular symphysis among the primitive Primates
of the Puerco; in Chrtacus this portion of the jaw is long and
narrow. ‘This is the most primitive condition, and common to
many Puerco forms. The other type (Anaptomorphide, Mixo-
dectidz) presents the jaw at the symphysis as deep as below the
last lower molar.

Genus Chriacus Cope.
Pelycodus Cope, in part.

Dentition : P?, M3. Superior true molars tritubercular with hypocone, and
on second molar an antero-internal cusp (protostyle); third upper molar reduced
in size. First and second inferior premolars spaced, fourth with a deuteroconid
and heel. Trigonid of inferior molars higher than talon ; paraconid present.

The superior molars in this genus especially resemble those of
the genera Lemur and Galago. As compared with the upper
molars of such a typical Creodont as De/tatherium those of Chria-
cus differ (t) in their more square form ; (2) in the rounded shape
of the external cusp ; (3) in the large development of the supple-
mentary internal cusps. The lower true molars of Chrzacus have
the trigonid less elevated than in De/tatherium, and the talon,
similar in shape to that of Pelycodus, resembles that of the Lemurs
in being very broad and wide.

Chriacus baldwini Cope.

There are only portions of jaws of this species in the col-
lection (Nos. 789, 811 and 812). In the C. da/dwini the first pre-
molar of the lower jaw is separated by a wide interval from the
second ; the second and third are nearer together, and there is no
interval between the third and fourth. The crown of the fourth
premolar is high, recurved, and much elevated above that of the
first true molar. The mandible is elongated and becomes slender
in the premolar region ; its general form closely resembles that of
Protochriacus priscus.

22 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Genus Protochriacus Scoé¢.

Superior molars with no protostyle, and hypocone very weakly developed.
Inferior true molars with trigonid little raised above talon. (Type, ?. prisczs.)

This genus slightly differs from CAriacus in the more primitive
structure of its upper true molars, which have the supplementary
antero-internal cusp hardly developed at all. ‘The inferior true
molars differ widely from those of Cirzacus, and these teeth in the
two species included by Scott in Protochriacus are quite different
in structure, and further investigation may prove that they belong
to distinct genera.

Protochriacus priscus Cofe.

Inferior true molars with no external cingulum ; trigonid only slightly raised
above talon. Talon of last lower molar very wide and deep, with hypoconulid.

The material in our collection pertaining to this small species
is very abundant; there are no less than a dozen fragments of
jaws and upper teeth (Nos. 802, 803, 817, 818, 939). The first
and second inferior premolars are spaced, and the last premolar
has no deuteroconid. The paraconid is small and placed between
the proto- and metaconids, but nearer the latter cusp. The man-
dible is long, narrow, and tapers gradually to the symphysis, which
is much narrower than the portion below the true molars. The
inferior true molars of this species are more of the Lemur type
than those of the allied species, viz., P. s¢mplex. ‘The talonid is
wide and is more extended transversely than the trigonid ; the
cusps forming the border of the basin-like talon are not distinctly
separated from each other as in P. semplex.

Protochriacus attenuatus, sp. nov.

Paraconid well marked, on a line with metaconid, trigonid not raised above
talon, hypoconulid distinct.

The type of this new species of Protochriacus is specimen No.
790. This specimen is smaller than the P. priscus; the jaw is
very narrow and slender. The crescents of the inferior true
molars are strongly marked, and the cuspsare sharper than in the

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 23

allied species. The paraconid is well marked on the first true
molar, but is rudimentary on the second. The shape of the talon
of the last tooth of this series is quite different from that of P?.
priscus.

Measurements.

oralgength of Miranda: (20 a... 5.16 -.2 .O12
Wepthorgaw below ME... sh. sce ceacsss ces .008

Protochriacus simplex Co/e.

Inferior true molars with trigonid much raised above talon, paraconid well
developed. A strong external cingulum on all the lower true molars. Talonid
of last lower molar much smaller than trigonid, with hypoconulid well con-
stricted off. .

The type of lower molar found in this species is more like that
of the typical Creodonts (De/tatherium); the trigonid is high and
the anterior portion of the same is more thrown out than in P.
priscus, thus giving the teeth a more trenchant function. One
specimen (No. 799), among others, in the collection of this
species, has the upper molars associated with the lower teeth.
The superior molars are much extended transversely, more
so than in P. priscus ; the external cusps are round in section,
and the postero-internal cingulum is not as much developed
into a hypocone as in ?. priscus. In specimen No. 793 the jaw
is much deeper than in No. 794, however the teeth are nearly of
the same size ; great variation in the depth of the jaw is often
displayed by the same species of Puerco mammals.

Genera INCERTX SEDIS.

Genus Tricentes Cope.’

Dentition : I?, Ci}, P3, M2. Premolars spaced and conic. Molars with
rounded tubercles, hypocone well developed. Molars irregular in size; third
molar reduced. ‘Trigonid slightly elevated. Paraconid reduced.

1 Proc, Am. Phil. Soc., 1883, p. 315-

24 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Tricentes bucculentus Cope.

The third upper premolar triangular ; the fourth with a compressed protocone
and a large internal cusp; first and second upper molars with hypocone, third
small, tritubercular ; lower molars with tubercular talonid.

There is only one example (No. 784) of this species in the
collection ; this includes both upper and lower sets of teeth, and as
the latter have not been described, this specimen is of importance.

The roots of the upper canines of both sides are preserved,
showing that these teeth were quite long and powerful; they
are separated from the second premolar by a wide diastema. The
first premolar has disappeared. The crowns of the second and
third premolars are broken off, the fourth premolar has a high
protocone and a well-marked deuterocone. A very minute cin-
gular hypocone is present on the first molar, but on the second
molar the cingulum is not so distinctly developed into a hypo-
cone. The last upper molar is small and has two external cones.
The great size of M2 as compared with M1 and M3 1s to be noted
in this species.

The lower jaw contains the crowns of the third premolar and
the second and third molars. The crown of Pm3 is very slender,
without a heel; there is some indication that there was a minute
second premolar in front of this tooth. The second lower molar
has the trigonid slightly raised above the talon, which has a dif-
ferent form from that of Prolochriacus; the paraconid is present,
but greatly reduced. In 7. éducculentus the talon is notched at
its posterior border by a posterior cingulum which extends to the
slightly developed external cingulum. The last lower true molar
has an elongated talon, as in the Bridger Monkeys ; this extends
postero-internally into a high ridge upon which the entoconid is
not differentiated, although the hypoconulid is well marked. The
lower true molars of 7Zvicentes remind one strongly of those
of M. turgidus. The jaw is long and deep beneath Pmz1 as it is
beneath the last true molar.

Incerte sedis.—A lower jaw (No. 815) containing an incisor,
canine and two molars is provisionally placed here. ‘The incisor
is small and spathulate. The molar tubercles are all upon the
same level, the trigonid not being elevated.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 25

Genus Oxyacodon, gen. nov.

Fourth lower premolar strongly compressed laterally, with only a very minute
talon, no deuteroconid. Crowns of inferior true molars high with sharp
cusps, trigonid not elevated above talonid, paraconid reduced. Hypoconulid
of last lower molar high and sharp.

The type of this new genus is a fragment of a lower jaw bear-
ing the last lower premolar and first two molars (No. 816). There
is also another portion of a jaw which we refer to this genus
(No. 806). The true molars in this genus resemble somewhat
those of Anzsonchus, but the structure of the last premolar is
widely different. The general structure of the teeth differs decid-
edly from that seen in Chriacus or Tricentes, and appears to be
more of the insectivorous type.

Oxyacodon apiculatus, sp. nov.

Last lower premolar higher than the first true molar, and the crown of same
as long antero-posteriorly as the latter. Hypoconulid of M3 well constricted
off ; very sharp and curved forwards.

The last lower premolar is flattened with sharp anterior and
posterior cutting edges ; there is only a very slight enlargement
behind. ‘This tooth differs from that of Protochriacus in being
more flattened and trenchant. The
second true molar is high and narrow
with four principal cusps inclined
forward ; these cusps are also less
connected than in the typical genera
of the Chriacidz. The structure of the

Fig. 6. Oxyacodon apiculatus. talon of the last lower true molar is
Portion of left lower jaw, external : 5 re i
view. Composition. Oneandone- — peculiar, in arising from the height of

half natural size. 3 : a
the hypoconulid, which is unusually

sharp and pointed. ‘The jaw is deep, and was probably short.
This character relates this genus to the Primates.

? Chriacus ———

A jaw (No. 835), with fragmentary remains of a skeleton, is of
importance. ‘The jaw is not at all like that of the recent Lemurs,

26 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

but resembles in form that of Chrzacus and its allies ; that is to
say, the symphysial part is much elongated, slender and slopes
gradually to the symphysis, instead of being deep and abrupt as in
the recent Lemuroidea and Anthropoidea. Unfortunately the
teeth are all absent from this specimen, so that we cannot identify
it with certainty. The alveoli of the premolars are quite distinct,
the first is piaced close to the canine, the second is spaced as in
Chriacus, the last three premolars are two-rooted.

Measurements of Jaw.

Length of inferior molar series ...... ie Seba .040
Depthory awe ats itae rd eetetes setter eee > "%OLO
si ie VSAM Ss oboe coteonas oe .008

The part of the humerus associated with this jaw is extremely
long, and it is of interest to note that the two proximal crests’ so
characteristic of recent Lemurs are present on this specimen.

3. Order CREODONTA Cope.

Family ARCTOCYONIDE Cofe.

Genus Clenodon Sco/z.
Mioclenus COPE, in part.

Superior molars subquadrate in outline, with well-developed hypocone on the
first and second. Inferior premolars simple in structure, last without meta-
conid. Inferior true molars with trigonid on a level with talonid, and cusps of
same not distinctly differentiated. Borders of molars and edges of premolars
serrated.

This genus is easily distinguished from other Creodonta of the
Puerco by its low-crowned molars, in which the cusps are little
raised above the general surface of the teeth. The crowns of
the lower premolars are sharp and high, and the last tooth of this
series 1s without a heel. C/enodon, as shown by Scott, is closely
related to the European genus Arcfocyon.

1895.] Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 27

Clzenodon ferox Cope.

Crown of last inferior premolar much higher than that of first true molar,
and provided with a well-marked external cingulum. Second and third inferior
premolars much reduced in size. Crowns of lower true molars very flat, with
cusps hardly distinguishable ; hypoconulid of M3 large and covered with crenu-
lations.

There is only one specimen of this rather rare form in the col-
lection (No. 772) ; this is a jaw in which the last three premolars
and the true molars are well preserved. The first two premolars
are much smaller than the last tooth of this series ; the crowns
are rather high and compressed. The fourth inferior premolar
has a high crown which is recurved. A peculiarity of the pre-
molars is the serration of their anterior and posterior edges, as in
the Reptilia. This serration can be plainly felt in running the
finger over the edges of the teeth, although not well marked to
the naked eye.

The structure of the crowns of the lower true molars reminds
one strongly of those of the Wahsatch Anacodon ; the borders of
these teeth are slightly raised above the general surface, but not
produced into well-marked cusps. The last lower true molar is
unusually flat and ill defined in the structure of the crown; it has
five slight elevations corresponding to the cusps of more highly
developed forms, and the enamel surrounding the cusps is much
crenulated, like that of Anacodon. The hypoconulid is peculiar
in being very flat and much extended posteriorly.

It is interesting to be able to trace out another line of descent
from a Puerco to a Wahsatch form, and we think it certain that
Clenodon is the ancestor of the peculiar Wahsatch type Anacodon.
Only recently Osborn and Wortman’ have removed Axacodon
from the Condylarthra and placed it in its true position near
Arctocyon. This is indicated not only by the structure of the
molars, but by the incipient atrophy of the premolars.

The anterior lower premolars of C/enodon are very small and are
undergoing a rapid reduction in their size; the first lower premolar
is still present in C/enodon, but absent in Anacodon. ‘The lower true
molars in these genera resemble each other very closely in struc-
ture, and in both the crowns are much flattened and covered
with prominent crenulations of the enamel.

1 Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist., 1892, p. 115.

28 = Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

Family TRIISODONTID4E Sco/z.

Genus Triisodon Cofe.

Triisodon biculminatus Cope.

A fragment of a lower jaw (No. 774), with the true molars
intact, is in the collection, and probably belongs to this species.
As in Cope’s type specimen, the talonid is largely developed, and

Fig. 7. Zyitsodon biculminatus, Internal and crown view
of inferior molars. Natural size.

the entoconid is not distinctly separated from the hypoconulid.
The paraconid of the first true molar is submedian in position
and well separated from the cusps behind ; on the second and
third molars this cusp is only weakly developed. ‘The hypoconu-
lid of the last inferior true molar is semicircular in form, convex
posteriorly, and concave anteriorly. ‘Traces of the talonid on the
last inferior premolar are preserved, showing this to have been
much extended behind as in 77¢sodon quivirensts.

Genus Sarcothraustes Co/c.
Mioclenus Core, in part.

Dentition : Ij, C1, P3, M3.

Superior true molars with paracone and metacone conical and equal in size.
Last superior premolar not molariform, and same tooth of the lower series with
talonid consisting of two cusps. Inferior true molars with trigonid raised above
the talonid, the former consisting of three cusps with the protoconid much
larger than the para- or metaconid. Metaconid distinctly separated from the
protoconid and on the same fore and aft line with the paraconid.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 29

Individuals of the genus Sarcothraustes are the most numerous
of any of the Puerco Creodonts. This genus is very closely
related to Z7z7sodon, and is difficult to separate generically from
Goniacodon.

Sarcothraustes antiquus Cofc.

This species is represented in the collection by a single jaw
(No. 785). This specimen has only three teeth preserved, the
two posterior being true molars, but they are not well enough
preserved for a detailed description. However, from their worn
surface, we think it probable that they resembled in structure
those of .S. corypheus. The tooth which Cope in his type speci-
men identified as the first true molar, is really the last premolar;
and in the American Museum specimen there are the alveoli for
three premolars anterior to the latter, thus proving that Sarco-
thraustes had a full complement of premolars below. The last
true molar is absent in this specimen.

Sarcothraustes coryphzus Cofe.

Numerous remains of this species are to be found in the col-
lection, it being represented by more specimens than any other
Creodont. Of these, Nos. 764, 762, 765 and 766, are the best
preserved. In No. 764 fragments of the skull with the greater
part of the upper dentition are present.

Dentition.—The canine is small and weak in this species, and
diverges considerably from the palate ; behind this tooth there
are alveoli for two premolars, the last upper premolar being well
preserved. This proves conclusively that this genus has only six
upper teeth behind the canine, or the same number as in the
Bridger MWesonyx. It differs from AZesonyx in the fact that the
last upper premolar is not molariform. ‘The last upper true molar
in our specimen has two external cusps. ‘The metacone is smaller
than the paracone. Specimen No. 762 presents both upper and
lower teeth from the same individual; the lower jaw of this speci-
men belongs to the S. dathygnathus type. This is a remarkable
jaw, owing to the small size of the teeth and the great depth and
length of the mandible. ‘The angular portion of the jaw is much

30 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

extended beyond the teeth and is very heavy. The superior
molars found with this jaw are only slightly larger than those of
S. corypheus, and we believe accordingly that the specific charac-
ter upon which the |S. dathygnathus has been proposed by Cope is
merely a case of individual variation. In fact, another jaw in the
collection (No. 765), is intermediate in dimensions between the
typical S. corypheus and 5S. bathygnathus. ‘Vhe lower teeth of S.
corypheus are easily distinguished from those of Dissacus carnifex
by their tuberculated talons, which in the latter form are tren-
chant. The presence of the hypoconulid on the last lower
molar is a marked character of the genus Sarcothraustes.

A portion of a cranium exhibits a much elongated, thin and
high sagittal crest. The postglenoid process is more extended
transversely than in /e/’s, and resembles more in form that of the
carnivorous Marsupials. The lower half of a humerus was found
with this specimen, and may belong to the same individual. As
compared with the size of the skull, it is very small and weak.
The deltoid crest is high and extends far down on the shaft. An
entepicondylar foramen is present, and the radial trochlea is much
extended and slightly convex.

Family MESONYCHIDE Cofe.

Genus Dissacus Cofe.

Dentition: I‘, Ct, P4, M%. Superior true molars with metacone much
smaller than paracone. Last upper molar much reduced in size. Lower
true molars with protoconid larger than anterior basal tubercle paraconid, and
on the same straight line with it. _ Metaconid present on second inferior true
molar, and may be absent on the first and also on the last tooth of this series.

Dissacus carnifex Cope.

This species is represented in the American Museum collection
by portions of two skeletons, Nos. 777 and 776. ‘The most com-
plete specimen, No. 777, consists of the lower teeth with parts of
the skeleton, including a nearly complete carpus and some of the
tarsal bones. ‘The importance of this specimen will be appre-
ciated when it is known that it is the most complete skeleton of
a Creodont ever discovered in the Puerco Beds.

1895.] Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 31

Dentition—The upper dentition will be described from speci-
men No. 776. In this example the teeth are not attached to the
maxillary bone, and it is with some difficulty that we are enabled
to place them in their proper relation to each other. It is quite
certain, however, that with the possible exception of the first
upper premolar, all the teeth to be described are properly iden-

Fig. 8. Dzssacus carnifex. Crown view of superior, and internal view of inferior molars.
Natural size.

tified. ‘The supposed first upper premolar is somewhat elongated
from before backwards, consisting of a protoconid and a small
talon. In the second premolar the principal cone is somewhat
triangular in shape, with the heel placed at the postero-external
border of the tooth. The third premolar has a small internal
cone, with also an antero-external basal cusp. The fourth pre-
molar has a tritocone, and also a postero-intermediate tubercle.
The upper true molars of Déssacus carnifex resemble closely
those of Pachyena ossifraga. This is shown in their much
enlarged paracones and the small size of the metacone. In the
last upper molar of D. carnifex the metacone is rudimentary, and
the whole tooth is much reduced in size. The third lower pre-
molar exhibits no anterior basal cusp, a character in which our

322 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [ Vol. VII,

specimen differs from the type of D. carnifecx of Cope.’ How-
ever, in D. navajovius, the smaller species of this genus, the third
lower premolar is without an anterior basal cusp. The total
length of the lower teeth in the American Museum specimen is
greater than in Cope’s type of D. carnifex. We believe that
these different characters are individual variations of the same
species, and cannot be treated as of specific value. Inthe Ameri-
can Museum specimen of D. carnifex both the last two lower
true molars have well-developed metaconids, but in Cope’s speci-
men of this species the metaconid is absent on the last molar.

Skeleton.—The distal portion of a humerus is preserved; this
is very broad and heavy, with a prominent entepicondyle. The
internal flange of the humerus is strongly marked, and the exter-
nal trochlea for the radius is convex and prominent. ‘The proxi-
mal end of the radius is much extended transversely, and below
this portion the shaft is flattened, as in the plantigrade Carnivora.
The bicipital tubercle of the radius is elongated, and not as
prominent as in recent forms. ‘The distal articular surface is very
heavy and thick from before backwards. ‘The articular surfaces
for the scaphoid and lunar are well marked, but not separated
by a ridge. The radial styloid process is only slightly developed,
and not elongated, thus differing from such a plantigrade as
Ursus. The ulna has a heavy, elongated olecranon, and the
diameter of its shaft much exceeds that of the radius. The rela-
tive proportionate widths, taken by the bones of the forearm in
their articulation with the humerus, show that the radius spread
over about two-thirds of the width of the humeral trochlear sur-
face, thus largely excluding the ulna from articulating anteriorly
with the humerus. The radio-humeral articulation in Drssacus
is greater than in the Bears, and this denotes less power of supi-
nation than in the latter form.

Manus,—Vhe general characters of the manus are very primi-
tive, but in some respects—as for example, in the displacement of
the metacarpals upon the podial elements—a considerable mod-
ernization has taken place. As compared with the manus of other
Creodonts described hitherto, we find that of Déssacus closely

' See Tertiary Vertebrata, Plate xxv, Fig. 1.

1895.] Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 33

resembles in its stage of displacement and form of its carpal
elements that of A/Zesenyx, as figured by Scott,’ although D. car-
nifex has not lost the first digit as in AZesonyx. The scaphoid is
exceedingly flat and elongated transversely, with the internal
border much thicker than the external, the superior facet is

Fig. 9. Dissacus carnifex. Right manus, anterior view. Two-thirds
natural size.

convex and its backward extension is limited; we cannot with
certainty define the facets of the lower surface of the scaphoid ;
the surface next to the lunar was occupied by a large centrale,
although this bone is unfortunately lost. The position of the
centrale was like that in the manus of Wesonyx, namely, above the
magnum and to the internal side of the lunar. We would add
that this position of the centrale appears to be typical of the

1 Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. PX, Pl. vii, Fig. 1.
[ March, 1895.) o

family Mesonychidz, whereas in the Hyznodontidz the centrale
is interposed between the magnum, scaphoid and lunar, but it is
placed partially beneath the latter bone. The lunar is convex
above, the posterior concave surface sloping abruptly from the
anterior portion ; the posterior hook is not prolonged lower down
than the apex of the anterior surface; the inferior articular sur-
face is divided nearly equally; that for the unciform, however, 1s
slightly larger than the facet for the magnum ; the lunar-centrale
facet is triangular in form and placed on the internal face of the
bone; the shape of the cuneiform is strikingly like that of Phena-
codus; it is much elongated transversely, and has only little
depth; the articular cavity for the ulna is deeply concave and
only takes up a small portion of the superior surface ; the cunel-
form-pisiform facet is very large and oblique to that for the ulna.
The pisiform is broad proximally and placed horizontally, upon
the cuneiform, like that of the Bears. The shape of the unciform
is closely like that of MZesonyx,; it is much extended transversely,
and presents a large facet for the lunar ; the internal face has an
elongated facet for the third metacarpal, and the inferior surface
is flattened and undivided. The unciform in Drssacus exhibits
no posterior decurved process as in the Perissodactyl Ungulates.
The characters of the magnum are of interest, and its relations
to the other bones of the carpus are like those of Wesonyx ;
the proximal facets are divided by a slight ridge, but there is
no concavity upon the upper surface as in the magnum of the
Felide and in that of the Hyendontide. The magnum-lunar facet
is broader than that for the centrale ; the posterior convexity of
the magnum rises only slightly above the plane of the anterior
portion of the superior surface ; the form of this carpal is de-
pressed and much extended transversely ; internally it shows a
broad and continuous facet for Mc. II.

Owing to the large contact between the Mc. III and the unciform
in this type, the magnum is placed higher up in the podium than
in “Zyenodon, and results in crowding out the centrale from the
under surface of the lunar. The trapezoid is triangular and de-
pressed ; the trapezium is wanting in this specimen. ‘The proxi-
mal portion of the first metacarpal is present, and proves that this
digit was of considerable length. ‘Phe second digit is short,

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 35

heavy and proximally articulates by a broad facet with the mag-
num. The third metacarpal has a large articular surface for the
unciform, and the magnum facet is obliquely placed. The fourth
metacarpal is nearly as long as the third; its proximal facet is flat
and horizontal in position. The outer metacarpal is short, stout
and proximally, on the external side, exhibits a prominent
tubercle.

The phalanges are much elongated, as is the case generally in
plantigrade forms. The ungual phalanges are like those of
Mesonyx, being strongly depressed and split at the end. In the
Hyznodontide they are shorter and more curved than in the
Mesonychide.

Pelvis.—One os innominate bone of the left side is in a fair
state of preservation ; this shows that the pelvis was much elon-
gated, as in AZesonyx. The section of the base of the ilium is tri-
angular, with a very prominent ‘rectus’ tubercle. Between the
acetabulum and the distal expanded portion of the ilium there isa
contracted neck, which is narrow. The acetabular cavity is large
and is bordered above by an oblique and broad plate of bone.
As compared with the pelvis of Fe/7s and Ursus, we observe that
the ischial segment in D7ssacus rather resembles that of the Cats;
this is shown in the broad descending processes of the ischia and
in the prominent tuberosities of the same. A marked feature of
this pelvis is the great elongation of the ischial portion as com-
pared with the iliac segment, and we believe this to be a primitive
character, for in modern Carnivora the ischial part of the pelvis
is much shorter than the iliac. We may add that in the Ungulata,
and especially in the more swift-footed members of the same,
such as the Artiodactyla, the anterior and posterior divisions of
the pelvis are more nearly of the same length than in the Car-
nivora.,

Hind Limb.—The femur is long and its shaft is flattened trans-
versely, this widening of the shaft being in strong contrast to the
rounded femora of recent Carnivora; the third trochanter is
prominent and situated at about one-third the length of the shaft
below the great trochanter ; the distal articular surface is heavy,
and the shaft is much expanded above the condyles. The length

36 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V1I,

of the femur as compared with the tibia is much greater, and
they bear the same linear relations to each other as in the planti-.
grade Carnivora (Ursus). The proportions of these bones, and
the characters of the manus and pes clearly prove that Dessacus was
a semiplantigrade. In Scott’s restoration of AZesonyx the length of
the femur is equal to that of the tibia, and as MMesonyx was a
digitigrade Creodont, we believe these proportions to be correct.
The crest of the tibia in D. carnifex is not raised and elongated;
in this character this bone resembles that of the Bear ; the distal
articular surface for the astragalus is nearly plane, although there
is a slight median convexity and a faint lateral concavity on each
side of the latter; the internal malleolus is broad and much
prolonged beyond the articular face.

Measurements of femur No. 777.

IMG 5 5-caeshoodsosduas eSdonoadbonoUN .220
Bread thy LrAnS as PLOKe mientras ie tetel teeter .070
ce LS pa LIS Gyo auch nals Hei asa aS oe ae .054

Pes.—The calcaneum is rather long and slender ; the calcaneal
tuberosity is elongated and much compressed, its form more like
that of the digitigrade Creodonta ; the ectal facet is placed high
above the sustentaculum, being round and not prolonged forward
as in the Bear. The transverse diameter of calcaneo-cuboid facet
is greater than the vertical, and these relations are the same as
those of the Bear. In the digitigrade Carnivora, on the other
hand, this facet is nearly round. The astragalus is depressed and
broad; the trochlear surface is only slightly concave, and is bor-
dered posteriorly by a large foramen, which is of such constant
occurrence in Puerco mammals; the large flange-like process
bordering the ectal facet is very prominent in this astragalus ; the
neck is long and slender, the trochlear surface extending far for-
ward upon it ; this extension of the articular surface of the astra-
galus has been also pointed out by Cope; the navicular face is
convex from above downwards, and is not separated from that for
the cuboid. The navicular has been lost in this tarsus. The
shape of the ectocuneiform closely resembles that of J7esonyx ; it
it is divided proximally by two facets, which form a right angle
to each other ; the smaller and external is for the cuboid, and the

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 37

internal that for the navicular ; the posterior tuberosity bordering
above the groove for the ‘peroneus longus’ is very large and
much extended behind ; this is a character common to digitigrade
forms like Fe/is, but absent in Ursus. ‘The mesocuneiform is
high, slender and nearly as long as the ectocuneiform. The ento-
cuneiform is elongated and broad, the posterior facet for the
Mt. I is large and deeply concave ; this bonein Dyssacus is flatter
and larger than in the Bear. Only the first metatarsal is pre-
served, and it shows that the hallux was of good size in this type.

Portions of vertebree, and especially of the caudals, were found
with this skeleton (No. 777). The latter are large and much
elongated, thus demonstrating that this form had a long tail.
The two skeletons of Déssacus in the collection vary much as to
the lengths of the same bones, but not more than in skeletons of
recent Carnivores.

Affinities of Dissacus.—This important discovery of the greater
part of the skeleton of Drssacus adds much to our knowledge of the
relationship of this genus to its probable successors in the Wah-
satch and Bridger, Pachyena and Mesonyx. The superior molars of
Dissacus are an exact counterpart, ona smaller scale, of those of
Pachyena, although we observe that in D. carnifex the last supe-
rior molar is more reduced than in the two known species of
Pachyena. ‘The upper true molars of Pachyena still have the
metacone smaller than the paracone, more especially marked in
P. gigantea. ‘The inferior true molars of Pachyena are interme-
diate in structure between those of D¢ssacus and those of JMWeso-
myx; this is shown in the reduction of the metaconid; but the
relative sizes of the other cusps, as compared with D¢ssacus, are
the same. In JVZesonyx, on the other hand, the two external
cones of the upper true molars are equal in size, and the last
upper tooth of this series has been lost. The known species of
Pachyena show no reduction of this tooth ; accordingly another
species remains to be discovered in which this tooth is well
reduced. As already remarked, the last upper molar of D. car-
nifex is much smaller than the second, and this is what we should
expect to find in an ancestor of JZesonyx. The presence of the
metaconid in a rudimentary condition on inferior Mz, and some-
times on M3 in Dissacus, proves that the Dissacus type of lower

38 = Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V1,

molar has been derived from a typical tuberculo-sectorial tooth.’
As the AZesonyx type of lower molar is probably a degeneration
from the less specialized tooth of Déssacus, so we must concede
this to be derived from a tooth with a well-developed trigonid.
Such an ancestral type of molar is found in Sarcothraustes, where
all the cusps of the trigonid are nearly all equally well developed,
but already in this genus the superior molars are completely tritu-
bercular, with both external cones equal in size, as in AZesonyx.

A comparison of the structure of the manus and pes in Déssa-
cus with that of AZesonyx shows how closely these two genera are
related. The position of the centrale in J/Zesonyx is quite differ-
ent from that of Ayenodon, and resembles that of Dessacus. All
the carpal elements in ussacus very closely resemble those of
Mesonyx. It is quite remarkable to find in such an early type as
Dissacus that the manus has undergone a considerable degree of
‘ displacement,’ as shown in the alternating articulations between
podium and metapodium, indicating that Dzssacus led up to a
digitgrade type ; in which there was a reduction in the number of
the toes, as is observed in JZesonyx. ‘The structure of the pes and
the relative lengths of the bones of the hind limb to each other,
demonstrate that D7ssacus was a semiplantigrade form ; never-
theless the calcaneum is much compressed and lengthened, and
indicates the direction in which the foot structure of Déssacus
was tending. The flat trochlear surface of the astragalus and
the large astragalar foramen are typical of the plantigrades of
the Puerco; again, as in Pachyena and Mesonyx, Dissacus has
the large astragalo-cuboid articulation. Summing up the changes
through which the D¢ssacus-Pachyena-Mesonyx line bas passed,
we emphasize the following :

1. Growth of metacone of superior molars, and reduction of the
last upper molar.

Degeneration of the metaconid of the lower true molars, which
is found well developed in D¢zssacus, and reduction of
paraconid.

3. Change from the semiplantigrade condition of Déssacus to the
digitgrade of A7esonyx.

1{See Scott, Uinta Mammalia, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1889, p. 473.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 39

Note as cases of persistence the very close resemblance in
structure of the carpus in Dyssacus and AZesonyx, the displace-
ment of the metacarpus upon the carpus in D7ssacus, and also the
articulation between the astragalus and cuboid in the latter.

An undiscovered species of Pachyena, closely related to the
P. ossifraga, but with the last upper molar more reduced than in
that species, formed the transition stage between Déssacus and
Mesonyx.

Family PROVIVERRIDE Schlosser.

Leptictide COPE, in part.

Genus Deltatherium Cofc.

Dentition: I$, Ct, P3,.M3. Superior molars with external cusps
removed inwards from the external cingulum. No intermediate tubercles.
Protocone large and V-shaped. A postero-external trenchant surface extending
from the metacone. Last inferior premolar nearly molariform in structure ;
true molars with trigonid high and trenchant. Inferior diastema large.

Fig. 10. Deltatherium fundaminis. Right lower jaw, external and internal view.
Natural size.

40 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [ Vol. VII,

Deltatherium fundaminis Cofc.

This is one of the most abundant types in the Puerco, and is
represented in the collection by a number of examples, the best
preserved being Nos. 780, 781 and 783. It is very instructive in
showing how specialized some of the Puerco Creodonts were. In
fact, the high differentiation of the
carnivorous mammals of this forma-
tion is surprising. D. fundamintis has
already lost the first premolar in both
jaws, and anterior to the second in

Fig. 11. Deltathertum funda- c 5 :
minis. Superior molars, crown view. the lower jaw there 1s along diastemes
Netieiiee: The character of the true molars,
and especially the trenchant form of the lower molars, is very
different from that seen in most of the Creodonts of the Puerco.

Cope’s material of Delfatherium is so well preserved that we
are unable to add anything to his full description of this species.
Deltatherium is closely related to the Wahsatch genus Szzopa
(= Stypolophus), but is in some respects rather more specialized than
that genus.

4. Order TILLODON Ex

The relationships of the heterogeneous members of this order
require careful consideration which we have not yet been able to
give. Cope places Onychodectes and Conoryctes with the Creo-
donta, but they show unmistakable affinities with Asthonyx and
Tillotherium.

Genus Onychodectes Cope.

Onychodectes tissonensis Co/e.

The collection contains a well-preserved skull and lower jaw
(No. 785) of this species in which the teeth are badly worn.
Another specimen (No. 786) consists of a part of the lower jaw

containing the roots of all the premolars and the first two true
molars.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 41

This skull is of great importance, as it is the most complete
one ever found of this type in the Puerco. ‘The teeth agree pre-
cisely in size with the type upper molars of O. tssonensis Cope.

The skull is about as large as that of a small Didelphys. It is
much lengthened between the glenoid facet and the last molar.
The cranium is long and narrow, and there is no depression be-
tween the cranial and facial portions. There is a very faintly
developed sagittal crest, which extends as far forwards as the

Fig. 12. Onychodectes tisson2msis. Skull and lower jaw, side view. Natural size.

posterior boundary of the orbit. The nasals are narrow and
elongate, and the anterior nares are terminal in position. The
palate is long and narrow, and the palatines and pterygoids form
very narrow posterior nares quite different from that of the
Lemuroidea.

The upper teeth are mostly broken off. The fangs of the ante-
rior teeth indicate that there is a well-developed incisor shortly
in front of the canine; the latter tooth is laterally compressed,
and the first premolar is small and single-rooted. The second
and third premolars are double-rooted ; the fourth premolar is
three-rooted. It is evidently nearlyas large as the molars. There
is no preglenoid ridge. The angular region of the lower jaw is
partly preserved, showing that the condyle is obliquely trans-
verse ; the coronoid is rather broad and the posterior border of
the angle extends backwards. The inferior premolars are not

42 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

spaced, and the posterior members of this series are robust.
These have, however, been described and figured by Professor
Cope.

Onychodectes rarus, sp. nov.

A prominent external cusp on each lower true molar, placed between the
outer lobes.

This new species is established upon a jaw fragment which con-
tains two of the lower true molars (No. 824). The most striking
character is the very prominent cusp which is placed upon the
external side just in front of the posterior lobe. The trigonid is

well raised above the talonid. The paraconid

ite B is well developed; the protoconid is rela-
tively robust and placed at the apex of the
triangle and at an equal distance between
the para- and metaconids. The talonid is
broad and deep and extends into a basin on
: : the inner side. The external interlobular
Fig. 13. Onychodectes cusp of the second molar is smaller than that

varus. Fragment of lower

jaw with two true molars, of the first ; it arises from the base of the
external view. Natural

size. hypoconid, and is placed just opposite the
convexity of the latter.

Measurements.

Psittacotherium multifragum Co/e.

The division of the Tillodonta to which this species belongs is
represented by a number of specimens, the best example of which
is a nearly complete lower jaw (No. 754) associated with frag-
ments of the skull, and with a number of teeth. Two much-
worn premolar teeth are in place. As Cope has shown, the
homologies of the lower cutting teeth are doubtful.

The alveoli correspond with the formula given by Cope, I5,
Cl, P3, M3.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 43

The portions of the skull preserved correspond somewhat with
those figured by Cope of Hemiganus. They represent the top of
the cranium and the upper and anterior border of the orbit. The
cranium is compressed above, but like Oxychodectes, has no dis-
tinct crest; the indications are that it was very long and narrow
with an extremely small brain ; anteriorly the lambdoidal crests
diverge very gradually instead of sharply, as in Hemiganus. They
are very heavy and obtuse. There is no post-orbital process,
and quite close in front of the orbit we observe as an exceptional
feature a double infraorbital foramen.

Other specimens related to these types are Nos. 755, 756, 757,
consisting mainly of fragments of teeth and of bones.

5. Order AMBLYPODA Cope.

This order of Ungulates includes the three suborders: Tali-
grada (Cope). of the Puerco; Coryphodonta (Marsh) of the
Wahsatch ; Dinocerata (Marsh) of the Bridger.

Suborder TALIGRADA Cope.

Primitive Amblypoda. Superior molars triangular, with selenoid cusps.
Plantigrade. Astragalus with a distinct neck supporting navicular facet. A
tibiale.

Family PANTOLAMBDID.® Cope.

Genus Pantolambda Cope.

Dentition: I$, Ct, P+, M3. First upper premolar one-rooted ; second,
third and fourth three-rooted, with internal cones. Canines laterally com-
pressed.

Pantolambda bathmodon Coe.
No diastema in the dental series.
These very primitive members of the Amblypoda are distin-

guished by the following characters, as observed in an unusually
perfect skull (No. 964) in this collection. The dental formula

44 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

is typical ; the peculiar features of the superior molars are that
although they present a broad transverse triangle, the apices of
the three primary cusps (protocone, paracone and metacone)
are brought close together as in the Periptychus, while the outer
wall is very broad, exhibiting a parastyle and a metastyle, both
well developed, while the mesostyle is feeble ; the intermediate
conules are also feebly developed or absent. ‘The third superior
molar exhibits a very large
parastyle, making the
outer border asymmetrical
and foreshadowing the
oblique development of
the outer wall of this tooth
in Coryphodon. ‘The first
upper premolar is single-
rooted, while the second,
third and fourth each have

Fig. 14. Pantolambda bathmodon. Crown view
of superior molars. Natural size. three roots 5 and, although

the crowns are wanting,
this demonstrates the presence of a strong internal cone. The
fourth premolar exhibits a single deeply crescentic external cusp

(protocone) and a strong crescentic internal cone (deuterocone)
with feebly marked conules. The canines are directed outwards
and laterally compressed. The dental series is continuous, as in
the type of this species, while in the larger species, ?. cavirictus,
there is a considerable diastema behind the canines.

The skull is of a very ancient type, exhibiting the following
primitive characters: The anterior nares are terminal in position ;
the front border of the maxilla descends vertically, and the pre-
maxilla, which is broken away in these specimens, was apparently
short. ‘The cranium is twice as long as the face; the brain-case
proper is low and broad transversely; it is surmounted by a
sharp sagittal crest and flanked posteriorly by lateral occipital
crests; the occiput is, therefore, very broad and low, as in Perip-
tychus, in lateral view. We observe that the zygomatic arches are
very slender, and there is a wide space between the postglenoid
process and the posttympanic. The posttympanic and paramas-
toid processes are confluent and very sessile. ‘The basal view of

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 45

Fig. 15. Pantolambda bathmodon. Skull: lateral, dorsal and ventral view.
One-third natural size.

46 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VII,

the skull shows that the pterygoids are extended very far back.
The postglenoid processes are very small; in fact, this view
brings out well the simple and undifferentiated character of the
base of the skull.

The posterior border of the lower jaw descends vertically
behind the condyle, as seen in specimen No. 962, which probably
belongs to this species. The scapula (No. 964) exhibits a shallow

glenoid cavity, close above which is

the base of the spine; the neck, there-
Se ee fore, is extremely short ; there is a
Sa long coracoid process recurved dis-
tally.

The humerus is massive ; it is char-
acterized by a very large and promi-
nent deltoid crest, which extends
below the middle of the shaft ; on the
inner surface of the shaft is a slightly
prominent crest for the flexor
muscles ; there is a large entepicon-
dyle perforated by a foramen, and
upon the outer side of the distal
extremity there is an acute ridge
which we observe is not developed
in Periptychus ; distally the humeral
condyies do not display any intertro-
chlear ridge. The ulna is placed en-
tirely behind the radius ; its proximal
section is deep anteriorly ; posteriorly

jie pate ee the radius is preserved, but is so
pete Rurnetis: patency Cr much damaged that its characters
cannot be made out.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 47

6. Order CONDYLARTHRA Cope.

Dentition bunodont. Manus and pes pentadactyl. Elements of carpus and
tarsus serially arranged. Humerus with an entepicondylar foramen. Femur
with a third trochanter.

The suborder Condylarthra was established by Cope’ to in-
clude the genus Phenacodus. At that time he considered this
genus to bea Perissodactyle, and placed the Perissodactyle group
as an order, including the suborders Diplarthra and Condylar-
thra. Later® he proposed the order Taxeopoda, to include the
Proboscidea and Condylarthra, but in his paper ‘ On the Classifi-
cation of the Ungulate Mammalia,’* removed the Proboscidea
from the Taxeopoda and gave it an ordinal position; in the
same paper Cope included under the Taxeopoda the suborders
Condylarthra and Hyracoidea.

DoUBTFUL POSITION OF THE PERIPTYCHIDA.

In the present state of our knowledge it is difficult to say what
forms should be included in the Condylarthra. If we adhere
strictly to the diagnosis of this group laid down by Cope, we should
have to omit the Periptychidz front this suborder, because in the
genus Leriptychus the tarsus ts not serial; there is a displacement
of the astragalus upon the cuboid, and the whole structure and
angulation of the hind foot is different from that of the type genus
Phenacodus. Pertptychus is quite as closely related in its pes to
the Amblypoda as to the Condylarthra. Periptychus has the
simple bunodont dentition of the Condylarthra, but it has the
strictly trigonal molar of the Amblypoda.

The most specialized family of Cope’s Condylarthra is the
Meniscotheriide. Osborn* has shown that this is analogous to
Chalicotherium in Cope’s Ancylopoda. It thus appears possible
that the Periptychide and Meniscotheriidze must ultimately be

1 Am. Nat., 1881, p. ror8.
2 Am. Nat., June, 1882.

3 Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1882, p. 438.
4 Am. Nat., 1892, p. 507.

48 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [ Vol. VII,

removed from the Condylarthra, and that the Condylarthra may
ultimately include only the stem forms of the Artiodactyla and the
Perissodactyla.

At present we enlarge the order by adding to it certain forms
which Cope has placed among the Creodonta; we thus transfer
the genus A/voclenus and family Mioclenide. We agree with
Schlosser and Scoit that the structure of the teeth in this genus
shows it to be more closely related to primitive Ungulates than
to any of the Creodonts. .

The following table will illustrate the arrangement and sub-
divisions of the Condylarthra proposed in this paper.

Family MIOCLEANID/S, fam. nov.

Genus Mioclzenus Coe.

Dentition : 71, C1, Pi, M3. Third and fourth superior premolars with single
internal cones. Superior true molars tritubercular, with hypocone very rudi-
mentary. Last upper and lower molars reduced. Inferior premolars much
enlarged and very simple in structure. Inferior true molars without paraconid.

The genus AZioclenus was established by Cope,’ the type
species being 17. ¢urgidus. At the time of the description of this
genus Cope considered it closely related to Luprotogonta (=Pro-
togonia) and in his divisions’ of the Condylarthra in 1881 placed
Mioclenus in the family Phenacodontide. Later® he omitted this
genus from the latter family, saying: “ I believe it to be Artiodac-
tyle.”’

Upon the discovery of the structure of the skeleton of J7Zzo-
clenus ferox Cope associated this species with 47. turgidus, and
referred both species to the Creodonta. ‘The JZ. ferox has since
been raised to generic rank by Scott as the type of C/enodon.

Cope in his ‘ Tertiary Vertebrata,’ and later in his ‘ Synopsis of
the Puerco Series,’ included a great many other species under the
genus Mioclenus, but Scott’ in his paper ‘A Revision of the

1 Proc. Hee Phil. Soon iSepu 17, Tea ae
2 Am. Nat., 1881, p. 1018.

8 Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Dec. 16, 1881.

4 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1892, p. 321-

Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco.

.
wW
ima)

ioe)

‘apeisiqueyd-rwoes saq

‘JaoRj [eauLO]eO-o[NGY yW ‘payesojiad

snyeseijsy ‘e[Ajoeposstiag Ul Sv SIP]
-oweid jo uoljeUojsuely ‘payso10
SIzjow JaMOT ‘sapjoqn} jeusoUI

pue sjusosaid Jeuta}xXo YIM siejow
addy, ‘peoiq opsuery sang

‘wpusayjossiuapyy “Vv

‘ApRASISIP

sod puv snuvyy “joory [eau

Teo-ornqy ON
‘paaoois snjeseijsy ‘sniswny
jo a0vy iolsajsod uodn AyTuo
Uy
sivjoulsid jo uoljewIojsuerd y,
‘ajeipenb sivjow isddq
‘peoiq 9o[sueij AWG

‘aye10j1od ut

‘e[Ajoepossiiag Ul Se

‘wpyuopospuayg “©

“sIv[OU 1aMO] JUOpOUaTas-oydo] puv
‘raddn yuopouajas-ounq yuA\\—'g

‘poqyeioyiod ‘yey |

snyeseysy ‘vayyoo.s) jerowny
jo 90ey Jolejue uodn vu
‘sjaay = yyIM «sivpowaid = s011
-aJuy + ‘“pasiepua sivjow J9MOT
pue soddn yjimoj pue pry
‘(auoooddy =pue a] A}soj0.1d)
sajnsuio yeuseyur Areyuoweyd
-dng ‘ajeipenb saaou ‘Arjour
-wAs Jepnsuel YM siejowW
‘srvjou ioredns ut passaid

-WOOd 9[suRLy = saATTIWIIG

‘apy mggidag “%

‘UMOUYUN UO}e
-[aYS ‘spaey Suryory srepoussd
yeusojut = Azeyuowayd
‘ueyd

! sdsno
-dns Suryory siepoyy
ul wprympgidag 94} OF IR]
-1tuIs sivjowaid pure siejoy

‘mpunjIoiy “1

“sazjow Jamo; pue saddn yuopoung yitA\—'*

“VYHLAVTIAGNO,)

[|Warch, 1895.)

50 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,
Creodonta,’ has removed many of the species to a distinct generic
position. He says of M/voclenus: “ The name AMtoclenus should
be restricted to those forms which agree with the type species JZ.
turgidus in the extremely broad, low and massive premolars,
which equal or exceed the molars in size,” etc.; and later remarks,
“Tf, as Schlosser has suggested, it becomes necessary to refer
Mioclenus to that group [Condylarthra], it will form a very dis-
tinct family of that order.”

Mioclzenus turgidus Cope.

First superior true molar with a rudiment of a hypocone. Last superior and
inferior true molars reduced in size. Inferior true molars without a postero-
internal cone (entoconid). First inferior premolar spaced.

There are numerous fragmentary specimens (Nos. 921-936, 938,
939) of this species in the collection, the best preserved being
Nos. 930, 921, 922, 933. These specimens together illustrate the
structure of the greater part of the dental series. Associated with

No. 921 are fragments of the skeleton, especially a well-preserved
sacrum.

G Deh Stk oe, bo Oe

_ Fig. 17. Mioclenus turgidus. Superior and inferior molars.
Crown view. Natural size. (No. g21.)

Dentition—The second superior premolar consists of a single
cone, without heels. The third and fourth have well-developed
internal cones, which are single. These teeth have no interme-
diate tubercles. In the specimen under description (No. 921)
there is a large diastema in front of the first superior premolar,
but whether this interval is natural or not remains to be deter-
mined from better material. The superior true molars are very
primitive in their characters, more so than in any of the known

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 51

Condylarthra ; the first molar presents rudiments of the parastyle
and mesostyle on the outer wall; the molars have well-developed
intermediate tubercles, and only on the first is there a trace of
ahypocone. The third true molar is much reduced in size, and
the second is larger than the first. The reduction of M3 is against
the Condylarth affinities.

The shape of the inferior premolars is highly characteristic;
the first is not preserved, although an impression of its crown is
left on the specimen ; it was simple in structure and isolated from
the small canine in front, and also from the second premolar
behind. The second, third and fourth premolars have much
enlarged and swollen crowns, with only slight indications of pos-
terior heels and with no trace of a deuteroconid; the third and
fourth present rudimentary anterior and posterior basal cusps.
The inferior true molars closely resemble those of Euprotogonia ;'
the crowns are very low, broad ; and the trigonid is somewhat
raised above the talonid. In Cope’s description of the dentition
of MW. turgidus he describes a trace of a paraconid on the first and
second molars. In the American Museum specimens of this
species the second true molar has a trace of a paraconid, and this
tooth, as well as the third molar, exhibits no entoconid.

The sacrum is broad and short, its antero-posterior and trans-
verse diameters being about equal. In its general characters it
closely resembles that of Oreodon. The neural spine and prezyga-
pophyses are low. In contrast with the sacrum of the Carnivora
we notice the position of the sacro-iliac attachment; it is elon-
gated, narrow and parallel with the antero-posterior axis of the
sacrum. The surface for articulation with the ilium is confined
to the transverse process of the first sacral vertebra, as in the
Ungulata in general.

SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF MIOCLANUS.

The most striking character of the dentition of J/zoclenus tur-
gidus which points to its relationship to the Periptychidz is the
enlargement of the lower premolars. The absolutely tritubercular
superior molars, without a hypocone, except on Mz, prove this

1 Am. Nat., April, 1893.

52 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

form to be the simplest and most primitive type in its tooth
structure of any of the known Condylarthra. A specialization in
this genus—a character not anticipated in so old a type—is the
probable presence of a diastema in the dentition ; this is an
unusual character for any Puerco Ungulate to exhibit. One of the
Creodonta (De/tatherium) of this formation is also quite special-
ized in this respect.

The discovery of fragments of the skeleton of A/zoclenus tur-
gidus is of great importance, and a well-preserved sacrum, already
described, adds much weight to the theory of the ungulate affinity
of this genus.

M. Pavlow' has suggested that J/. zurgédus is an intermediate
form between Periptychus rhabdodon and Antsonchus sectorius. It
appears rather that J/ioclenus is much more primitive in its
dental characters than Pe7/ptychus, and should be placed below
that genus structurally. As JZ. ¢urgidus is rather an unspecial-
ized type in its dentition, it is possible that it may have been one
of the few types of the Puerco which persisted in later periods,
and Earle’ has suggested elsewhere that this genus may stand in
ancestral relationship to some of the White River bunodont
Artiodactyles, such as Leptocherus.

Family PERIPTYCHIDE Cope.

It is convenient to divide this into two subfamilies : 1. Amzson-
chine, to include the smaller and more primitive forms; 2.
Periptychine, to include the larger and more specialized forms.

1. Anisonchine. 2. Periptychine.

Smaller forms. Superior molars Larger forms. Superior molars with
with intermediate tubercles (conules) | conules well developed. Interior mo-
suppressed or wanting. Inferior mo- | lars with paraconid well developed.
lars with paraconid reduced or want- | Astragalus with a short neck.
ing. ? Astragalus with elongate neck.

2 Etudes sur Histoire palaontologique des Ungulés, Bull. de la Société Imp. des Natu-
ralistes de Moscou, 1887. p. 19.

2 Science, July 28, 1893, p. 51.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 53

Subfamily PERIPTYCHIN.

Genus Periptychus Cope.

Dentition: I, C+, P#, M3. Teeth vertically sculptured. Protocone of
superior premolars much elongated and recurved. Last three superior premolars
with crescentoid internal lobes. Superior true molars with supplementary in-
ternal cusps well developed. Inferior true molars with paraconid.

Periptychus rhabdodon Cofe.

Superior true molars as broad as long, and provided with two intermediate
tubercles ; third not reduced in size. Superior premolars much enlarged, and
with internal cusps uniting into a continuous internal crescent. All the teeth
strongly sculptured.

A large number of specimens (Nos. 854-878) represent this
species in the collection. The dentition of P. rhabdodon has been
fully described by Cope. ‘

The best example of part of a skeleton in the collection is a
hind limb with a well-preserved calcaneum and astragalus (No.
837). The femur is short and rather stout, the third trochanter
is placed slightly above the middle of the shaft. The crest of
the #éza is very prominent and extends far down upon the shaft ;
the distal articular end of the tibia faces obliquely outwards, and
is nearly plane ; there is a slight ridge dividing the internal from
the external trochlea; the internal malleolus is very prominent
and peculiar in form; it is strongly grooved for a flexor tendon.

The fibula is well preserved ; it is a short and heavy bone. The
proximal extremity is flattened and expanded, and it exhibits a
concave facet for articulation with the tibia; externally this end
has a prominent rugose process; the shaft at its middle part is
oval in section, and its anterior face is separated longitudinally by
a ridge ; the distal extremity is much enlarged and presents a very
plane (articular) surface for the astragalus; the external mal-
leolar tuberosity is strongly marked, and is nearly as prominent
asin the Bear. As compared with that of Ursus, the fibula of
P. rhabdodon, in contrast with the size of the tibia, is much
larger, and its shaft is thicker.

54 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

There are two astragali of P. rhabdodon in the collection, and
in both there is a plainly marked astragalar foramen ; this aperture
is situated well toward the median trochlear surface, and com-
mences just at the posterior limit of the articular face. The pres-
ence of this foramen in Periptychus is a constant character, and in
this respect it differs much from the genus Coryphodon, in which
it is variable; in both these genera the foramen has the same
position, namely, between the ectal and sustentacular facets. We
doubt whether it transmitted a flexor tendon, as it is not clear
how a tendon could traverse this foramen and then pass out-
wards under the sustentaculum ; it is more likely that this foramen
transmitted a blood vessel or a nerve. We are not aware that it
exists in any recent Ungulate, yet it is a constant character of all
Puerco forms, and a vestige of it has.been observed by Wortman
in the pinniped Carnivora.

Measurements of bones of Hind Limb.

Wenet hy often teeter lel-teletie leit liek 163
Width of same proximally........-......-- .046
Wength of tibiake- on Ria apete ist lemme rere ete .140
Breadthdistalllly,pyertetteictetetr-tteteletaiolelstel-tet rt .027
ene th rote tla vaperterte tokio oe ee
Breadthidistallypne ener trl ten eter .O16

Total length of limb, allowing for ankle flexure, .280

Periptychus coarctatus Cofe.

Internal cingulum of inferior premolars discontinuous. Superior premolars
with great transverse extent. Intermediate tubercles present on true molars.
Superior and inferior true molars with external cingulum.

‘The P. coarctatus is represented in the American Museum col-
lection by the greater part of the upper and lower dentition of
one individual (No. 850). This species is a decidedly smaller
type than P. rhabdodon. The upper true molars are nearly the
size of those of FP. brabensis, but their transverse diameter 1s
greater ; the inferior premolars on the other hand, are relatively
enlarged in P. coarctatus.

Dentition.—The last superior premolar has a greater transverse
extent than the first true molar; yet the superior true molars are
also much extended transversely, their external cones are small

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 55

and considerably raised above the surface of the teeth. The in-
termediate tubercles are well developed in this species, and the
last true molar as compared with the first and second is relatively
much smaller than in P. rhabdodon. ‘The inferior premolars are
smaller than those of P. rhabdodon, in which the anterior and
posterior tubercles are weakly developed. The first upper true
molar is larger than the others, and its protoconule is more robust
than in the allied species. The last lower molar is small, and the
three cusps of the talon are more distinct than in P?. rhabdodon.

Measurements of teeth of P. coarctatus.

Length of last four upper molars..........-. .032
Length of superior true molars............. .022
Eengthiofintertor premolars... 22-62... 5. .'-:- .040
Mength of inferior true molars, ....-..:--.-- .028

Periptychus brabensis Co/c.

Cingula of inferior premolars discontinuous. Transverse diameter of superior
premolars less than that of true molars. Superior and inferior true molars with
external cingula reduced or wanting ; intermediate tubercles of superior true
molars wanting.

There is only one specimen of this species in the American
Museum collection (No. 849). This contains the greater part of
the lower dentition and some of the upper molars.

The external face of the molars in both jaws is only slightly
sculptured. The first superior molar is triangular in outline, with
protocone smaller than in the second. The second superior molar
is well preserved, and is of a square form ; as compared with other
species this tooth is considerably modified ; the protocone, instead
of being a simple tubercle, as in the P. dradensis, is a crescent,
and the intermediate tubercles are fused with its anterior and
posterior spurs; both the internal supplementary cusps are rela-
tively more developed than in the large P. rhabdodon. The last
superior molar is not reduced in size as in the ?. coarctatus. The
transverse diameters of the last upper premolar and first true
molar are about equal.

The last two tzferior premolars are much elongated antero-pos-
terlorly, with a small transverse diameter; the anterior and pos-
terior heels are prominent but not continuous internally. The

56 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. VU,

second inferior molar is smaller than the first, and in this respect
the P. drabensis differs from the P. rhabdodon ; the paraconids of
the lower molars are not so distinct as in the last-named species.
A single zcisor is preserved with this specimen, which probably
belongs to the lower series ; the crown is strongly compressed,
with a slightly ex/arged posterior heel.

Genus Ectoconus Cofe.

Dentition: 1%, C+, P{, M3. Last three superior premolars with internal
crescents ; third and fourth sub-molariform. Superior molars consisting of
seven cusps and two external cingular cusps. Last inferior premolar with
cusps of trigonid well developed. Inferior molars sextubercular, with an
antero-internal accessory cusp ; internal to paraconid.

Ectoconus ditrigonus Cope.

Superior and inferior true molars with a strong external cingulum. Last
superior molar nearly as large as first. Postero-external cingular cusp of supe -
rior true molars opposite metacone.

This species was first referred by Prof. Cope’ to Conoryctes, but
was later’ established as the type of “Zcfoconus. ‘The dentition
(Nos. 880-888) has been only partially described by Cope, and
our abundant material enables us to complete his account. The
superior incisors are of a simple conical form, and increase in size
from within outwards; their position is peculiar, as they are sep-
arated by an interval from each other. ‘The finest specimen of
Ectoconus in the collection is No. 880; in this both upper and
lower teeth are from the same individuual ; the upper canine was
large, as is shown by the basal part of the crown, which is pre-
served ; the single alveolus for the first superior premolar is intact,
and this tooth probably had a simple crown; it is slightly sep-
arated from the canine and the premolar succeeding it.

The premolars of £. ditrigonus differ very much in their pat-
tern from those of Periptvchus. ‘The last three superior premolars
have one external cone, and this is not elongated or sculptured ;
the internal lobes of these teeth are crescentoid, and in the last

1 Am. Nat., 1883, p. 968.
2 Am. Nat., 1884, p. 796.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. Sy

two of the series they early unite by wear with the two interme-
diate tubercles, thus presenting a crescentoid tract of worn
enamel. The last upper premolar is a much smaller tooth than the
first true molar. A marked characteristic of this genus is that the
third and fourth premolars remotely repeat the molar pattern,
whereas in Periptychus they are wholly dissimilar.

The molars are rectangular in form and are much drawn out
transversely ; they therefore differ in shape decidedly from those
of theallied genus Perzptychus. The large number of cusps is the
most distinctive character. In strong contrast to other Puerco
Ungulates, the upper molars of Lctoconus have an external cin-
gular cusp placed just outside of the metacone, and whether it is
homologous with the median (mesostyle) or the posterior cingular
cusp (metastyle) of higher forms, it is difficult to say. In some
examples of this species there are two cingular cusps on the
second superior molar, one behind the other. The protocone of
the molars is large and soon unites by wear with the intermediate
tubercles ; these conules are larger than in Peviptychus, especially
the protoconule. The two internal supplementary cusps (pro-
tostyle and hypocone) are well developed, and arise from larger
cingula than in Periptychus. The last superior molar of Z. dtri-
gonus is nearly as large as the second, and is provided with two
well-developed external cones; the paracone is connected with
the external cingulum by an oblique ridge. In all the superior
molars of this species the antero-external part of the basal cingu-
lum is prominent, and on the last upper molar forms a very dis-
tinct cusp.

The inferior molars are much crowded together, and there is
no diastema between the canine and the first premolar (No. 880) ;
this tooth is absent in the specimen under description, but repre-
sented by a small alveolus placed close to the second premolar.
In Cope’s specimen of &. dtrigonus the second inferior premolar
has a small internal cusp; on the third premolar this cusp is also
present, and the two cusps of the talon are fully developed. The
last inferior premolar (see No. 890) is quite complex in structure
for so early a type; it exhibits the three principal cusps of the
trigonid, but the postero-internal cusp is absent. The complex
sub-molariform structure of the posterior and lower premolars in

58 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VX],

Ectoconus is to be noted in contrast with Periptychus. In No. 890
the fourth premolar is very similar to the first molar. The inferior
true molars are broad, with a low and indifferent arrangement of
the cusps; the protoconid is on a line with the paraconid, and not
piaced opposite the interval between the two internal cusps as in
Periptychus. Vhe specimen, No. 880, in the collection exhibits
a well-marked cusp on the second and third inferior true molars
just within the paraconid ; this cusp is not present in Periptychus.
The last lower molar is considerably extended antero-posteriorly,
and the hypoconid is placed far forward like that of Perzptychus.
The hypoconulid is very large’ on this tooth, much larger even
than the entoconid.

Measurements of Teeth of Ectoconus.

M.
Total length of superior molars ..........-. .062
Length of superior premolars.........- soe KOR
Length of superior true molars... ......... .029
Total length of inferior molars... .-...-....- .064
Length of inferior premolars: -.--.-=-...-.- .030
enethiof antenormolatsee pyri etl .034

Humerus.—Near the upper and lower jaws (No. 888) was
found a large humerus from the left side, which may belong to
this species, although the association is somewhat doubtful. It
measures slightly over 150 mm. in length. It is robust, with much
more prominent crests for the deltoid and supinator muscles than
are seen in Periptychus. The latter or ectepicondylar ridge is
exceptionally prominent and is carried over upon the front face
of the shaft as in fossorial animals, and differing from both
Periptychus and Pantolambda.

Subfamily ANISONCHIN#.

Genus Haploconus Cope.

Dentition: 11, P#, M%: Fourth superior premolar only with an internal
cone, Superior molars with protocone crescentoid in form ; no distinct inter-
mediate tubercles ; no anterior supplementary cusps (protostyle). Last three
inferior premolars with heels ; no internal cusps. Inferior molars without

paraconid.

1895.]| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 59

The genus Haploconus is readily distinguished from the three
others of this subfamily: (1) By the absence of a deuterocone on
the third superior premolars ; (2) the development of the hypo-
cone is less advanced than in the genus An/sonchus, but more so
than in Hemith/eus; (3) the inferior premolars of Haploconus are
elongated, whereas in Hemithleus (H. apiculatus) they are con-
siderably enlarged, more resembling those of Mvoclenus.

Haploconus lineatus Cofc.

Fourth superior premolar enlarged ; fourth superior premolar spaced with
internal cone crescentoid. Hypocone of superior molars larger than anterior
supplementary cusp (protostyle). Third and fourth inferior premolars some-
what elongated and trenchant.

The characters of the lower premolars in this species are closely
related to those of Amzsonchus mandibularis, although Cope states
that in the last-named species the third superior premolar has an
internal lobe, which places it in Anzsonchus.

The best specimen (No. 891) in the collection of AH. /incatus is
a set of superior molars, associated with the fragmentary remains
of a part of askeleton. The structure of the skeleton in Haflo-
conus has been until the present time totally unknown, and we
are happy to be able to give some: information as to it. Many
broken fragments of the long bones are associated ; they are long
and slender, and their general proportions are as in the limbs of
Lemur varius. A distal extremity of a humerus exhibits a well-
marked entepicondylar foramen. A proximal part of an ulna
exhibits an olecranon process which is long, slender and strongly
compressed ; the coronoid process is short and does not extend
as far forward as in Ungulates ; the two divisions of the sigmoid
cavity are unequal in size as in the Carnivora, and lastly, the
ulno-radial facet is small and limited to one side as in the Carni-
vora. The most interesting bones are, however, part of a calca-
neum and an astragalus. The proximal portion of the calcaneum
is high and narrow, the ectal facet is raised high above the sus-
tentaculum ; this latter facet is round and oblique in position.
The astragalus differs widely in its characters from that of Perip-
tychus ; the trochlear surface is nearly plane, there being only a

60 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V1,

slight median depression ; a large astragalar foramen perforates
this bone at the posterior limit of the articular surface ; unfor-
tunately the navicular facet is missing, but enough remains of the
base of the neck to show that the latter was slender and elongated,
in marked contrast with the short neck in Periptychus.

We conclude from these characters of the skeleton that Hap/o-
conus lineatus was an exceedingly slender type, with elongated
limbs, probably adapted for an arboreal life. These characters
are also radically different from those of the heavy-limbed plan-
tigrade Perzptychus, which has hitherto been supposed to be closely
related to Hafloconus when judged by the teeth alone.

Genus Hemithlzus Cofc.

Dentition : C1, P{, M3. Third and fourth superior premolars with single
internal cones; protocones of superior molars crescentoid ; supplementary cusps
(protostyle and hypocone) of equal size. Inferior premolars with enlarged
protoconids; deuteroconid variable. Paraconid reduced in molars.

Hemithlzus kowalevskianus Co/c.

Anterior and posterior cingula of upper molars slightly produced into sup-
plementary internal cusps ; third upper molar much reduced in size. Third
and fourth inferior premolars conic and not larger antero-posteriorly than true
molars, and without anterior tubercles; heels small.

This species is represented in the col-
lection by a fine set of upper and lower

true molars, with part of the premolar
series (No. goo). This species is smaller
than /. apiculatus, and its inferior pre-

molars are simpler in structure and slightly

Fig. 18. Hemithleus kow- 2 :
aleoskianus. Crown view of enlarged, although less so than in A/zoclenus

superior and inferior molars. =
Natural size. turgidus.

Genus Anisonchus Cofe.

Last two superior premolars with internal cones. Superior molars quadrate
in form, witha large development of the hypocone. Inferior premolars much
elongated antero-posteriorly, with the third longer than the last. Paraconids of
inferior true molars present but reduced,

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 61

Anisonchus is the most highly developed member of the sub-
family, and the superior molars of this genus are transitional in
structure between the tritubercular and quadritubercular forms.
The hypocone is largely developed and extends inwards beyond
the protocone. The inner cones of the upper premolars are cres-
centoid in section. The structure of the superior true molars in
Anisonchus is more advanced than in the allied genus Hemithleus.
We believe the latter generic name should be retained.

Anisonchus mandibularis Cope.

Third inferior premolar much elongated antero-posteriorly. Hypocone of
superior molars more extended inwards than in A. sectordus.

A number of mandibuli represent this species in the collection
(Nos. 893, 894, 895 and 896). It is uncertain whether the 4. man-
dibularis is fully distinct from A. sectorzus, as in both species the
third inferior premolar is elongated. A mandible in the collec-
tion (No. 896) has the entire inferior dental series finely pre-
served ; the canine is long and slender; it is convex externally
and concave internally. The canine is separated by a diastema
from the first premolar, which in turn is also some distance from
the second. The first premolar is a very minute tooth, and is
much smaller than the second.

The following specimens belonging to members of the Anison-
chine have not yet been determined, owing to their fragmentary
characters : Nos. 893, 897, 903, 904, 907, 917.

RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GENERA OF THE PERIPTYCHID.

The question of the relationship between the different genera
of the Periptychide is a difficult one to decide. In most cases
we know very little about the skeleton of these forms, and there-
fore must depend upon dental characters to establish their
affinities.

Mioclenide.—As we have already attempted to show, we con-
sider Mioclenus turgidus more closely related to the Periptychidz
than to any of the Creodonta. The characters of the teeth show
it to be the most primitive member of the suborder. The

62 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

superior true molars in J. ¢urgidus are simpler.in structure than
in most of the genera of the Periptychide ; they are tritubercular
without any internal supplementary cusps ; the external cones are
low and conical, and the intermediate tubercles are well developed.
The last two superior premolars have one internal and one external
cone: by the presence of an internal cone to superior Pm. 3,
M. turgidus is more advanced in this single character than Hap-
/oconus, otherwise we must consider it to be a more primitive form
than the latter genus. The lower premolars in JZ. turgidus are
very simple in structure and much less complicated than those of
Haploconus, approaching in their structure those of Hemzthleus.
The inferior true molars of JMJvoclenus also remind us of
Luprotogonia.

Antsonchine.—In this family there are ten or twelve distinct
species, partly representing different lines of descent and partly
different stages of evolution in the same line. It is evident that
this evolution and divergence represents a long period of time,
but unfortunately we have few data as to the vertical distribution
of species.

Cope has unfortunately made the successive addition of internal
cones to the premolars the sole basis of his generic definitions—by
analogy with other groups this merely indicates successive modifi-
cation tn time of animals perhaps belonging to different phyla.
The true key to the separation of the phyla is not this character
chosen by Cope, but the rounded or flattened form of the upper and
lower premolars. ‘Taking this key, we discover two sharply
defined series, as follows: Series A.—In which the lower pre-
molars are flattened and develop anterior basal cusps, while the
upper premolars exhibit crescentic internal cones. Series B.—In
which the lower premolars are rounded and never develop anterior
cusps, while the upper premolars exhibit comzc internal cones.
The natural inference is that these two series represent two dis-
tinct or divergent lines of descent, and that the parallel successive
stages of modification in time are indicated by the gradual addi-
tion of secondary cusps upon the premolars and molars. A
reclassification of Cope’s species on this basis would greatly sim-
plify our conceptions, but would introduce endless confusion in
the nomenclature.

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 63

P3-4 | P2-4 | Hemithlzeus apiculatus;. H. kowalevskianus. 2
H. corniculatus.

lineatus.

The vertical lines of species as here arranged do not imply
phyletic descent, for it is noteworthy that the species of ap/o-
conus (otherwise the most primitive) usually lack the paraconid
in the lower molars, while the species of Azésonchus and Hemith-
/eus (otherwise more specialized) usually exhibit the paraconid,
which is always to be considered a primitive mark. The table
does illustrate the parallel transformation of species in different
phyla both in the addition of internal cones to the premolars and
of internal styles to the molars. ‘The species .of Series A are
evidently most nearly related to the still more highly Peripty-
chine, for Hemtthleus apiculatus, with the addition of an inter-
nal crescent to the second upper premolar, would closely resem-
ble a miniature Periptychus. On the other hand, the species of
Series B are related to Actoconus. Thus, Series A represents one
line, Series B a second line, and Zefodon a third.

RELATIONSHIP OF THE PERIPTYCHID# TO OTHER GROUPS.

It is probable that none of the known genera of the Peripty-
chide, with the possible exception of MJvoclenus turgidus, per-
sisted into higher types. This is indicated in Perzptvchus by the
peculiar specialization of its premolars, andif this genus is related
to any Wahsatch group it is to the Amblypoda. We do notagree
with Schlosser in deriving any of the Artiodactyla from the
Anisonchine, which were already somewhat specialized in their
structure, and were probably adapted for an arboreal life, repre-

64 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

senting in the differentiation of the Puerco fauna the small and
agile climbers. As Earle’ has shown elsewhere, it is probable that
in the Puerco we have a stem form of the Artiodactyla in Proto-
gonodon, a genus which was more closely related to Euwprotogonia
than to any of the Periptychide.

Family PHENACODONTID.

Genus Euprotogonia Coe.
Protogonia COPE.

Last superior premolar with only one well-developed external cone, trito-
cone rudimentary. Superior true molars sextubercular, and without parastyle
or mesostyle. Last lower premolar with deuteroconid and paraconid; talon
large. Inferior true molars generally quadritubercular, with hypoconulid.

Cope’ has only recently substituted the name Lwufrofogonia for
Protogonia. The type species is Z. subguadrata,;’ this differs
considerably in the structure of its upper molars from £. puer-
censts. Cope’ in his revision of the species of Huprotogonia has
omitted the type species. In the type species the section of the
external cusps of the upper true molars is lenticular, and the
hypocone is very rudimentary. We therefore consider the type
form nearer to A/zoc/enus than to Luprotogonia.

The most common form of this genus from the Puerco is the
LE. puercensis, and it illustrates the characters of the teeth in this
genus. The tritocone, or second external cusp, on the fourth
superior premolar is variable, but in &. puercensis this cusp is
small and well defined. ‘The most important generic characters
distinguishing Euprotogonia from Phenacodus are the conic
form of the external and internal molar cusps, and the absence of
the cingular cusps. The latter are always present in Phenacodus,
but the species of this genus do not always exhibit both anterior
and median cingular cusps. The last inferior premolars in Zupro-
togonia and Phenacodus are similar in structure; in the former
the metaconid is less separate from the paraconid than in the
latter.

1 Am. Nat., April, 1893, p. 377-
2 Am. Nat., 1893, p. 378.
3 Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., 1881, p.
4 Synopsis of the Vertebrata ofthe Puerco Series, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc.. p. 359, 1888,

1895.] Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 65

In &. puercensis the inferior true molars are quadritubercular,
and there is no paraconid. In £. p/ictfera this cusp is present, as
described by Cope. Comparing the development of the inferior
crescents in Luprotogonia with Phenacodus, we observe that in the
former genus they are fully as well marked as in the latter.

Euprotogonia puercensis Cope.

Last superior premolar with a small tritocone. Superior true molars with
hypocone smaller than protocone. Inferior true molars lacking the paraconid.

This species is represented in the American Museum collection
by a number of specimens (Nos. 940-947); the most perfectly
preserved is No. 941, in which both upper and lower teeth are
from the same individual.

Dentition—As shown by Cope, the characters of the upper true
molars of £. puercensis approach more closely those of Phena-
codus wortmani than of P. primevus. It appears that if we con-
fine ourselves to the premolars in separating Huprotogonia from
Phenacodus, there are no distinct lines between the two ; the case
with the true molars is different. In 7. priémevus the external
lobes of the superior molars
are distinctly flattened, and
there is a well-marked para-
style and mesostyle. The ex-
ternal lobes of the upper
molars of Phenacodus wortmant
are conical and closely resem-
ble those of &. puercensts.
The last inferior premolar in
the latter is as complex as in

d4 1 2
Fig. 19. Euprotogonia puercensis. A,Crown

Phenacodius, the two posterior view of superior molars. Ar, Last inferior pre-
z molar, and # first two inferior true molars and

cusps of the trigonid being last milk molar. A and A1, are from the same

r individual. Natural size.
equal in size, and the talon

having the same structure. It is of importance phylogenetically
to recognize the rather complex structure of this tooth in Eupro-
togonia as a Perissodactyl ancestral type, because in Protogonodon,
a supposed Artiodactyl ancestor, the last inferior premolar is
simple.

[Aay, 7895.] a)

66 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. VII,

AFFINITIES OF EUPROTOGONIA.

First : it is remarkable that the grinding teeth of 2. puercensis
agree precisely in size and in almost every detail of structure
with those of Ayracotherium vulpiceps Owen,’ from the London
Clay. The latter is only a shade more modernized. This strongly
confirms Schlosser’s supposition that this species is a direct
ancestor of the Equidz. Second: it is significant that this genus
is the only one known from the Puerco which has a well-developed
sextubercular superior molar. In some of the Periptychidee
(Anisonchus) the hypocone is large, but the intermediate tubercles
are absent. In Huprotogonia we have a form which, as far as our
discoveries have progressed in reference to the Puerco fauna,
may be considered ancestral to all the Wahsatch Condylarths
and Perissodactyls. Dr. Schlosser* has gone further and singled
this out as the so/e ancestor in the Puerco of the true Equine line,
but in such an early geological period it is not possible to deter-
mine whether Lwprofogonia may not alsc have been the ancestor
of the Phenacodontide.

We may suppose that the feet of uprotogonia were semi-
plantigrade and provided with five well-developed digits, the
elements of the podium being serially arranged ; while turning to
the Wahsatch Hyracotherium we find quite a modernized arrange-
ment of the podials, very different from that in Phenacodus. In
Hyracotherium the first digit of the manus has disappeared, and
the lunar has a broad articulation with the unciform, the scaphoid
extending also on the magnum.

Unfortunately we know nothing of the skeleton in Luwproto-
gonta, and must depend upon the characters of the teeth. Com-
paring the teeth of /uprotogonia with those of the Wahsatch suc-
cessors, we find them, as is well known, much less specialized
than in either of the Wahsatch Perissodactyla (//yracotherium, Sys-
temodon). In Phenacodus, as well as in Luprotogonia, the second
superior premolar has a simple external lobe, while in Zyracothe-
rium and Systemoden, especially the former, this tooth has two
well-developed external lobes, and the third and fourth premolars
are still more complex.

1 Proc. Geol. Soc., 1857, p. 54.
* Stammesgeschichte der Hufthiere (Morph.-Jahrb., Bd. xii, 1887, p. 11).

1895.]| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. ©9

Genus Protogonodon Scot.

Mioclenus Cork, in part.

Superior true molars tritubercular without a hypocone. Both intermediate
tubercles distinct, but tending to coalesce with protocone, forming an internal
crescent. Last inferior premolar simple in structure, and showing only in
some specimens an indication of a deuteroconid. Inferior true molars with
trigonid not raised above talon, and with paraconid well marked. Lower jaw
long and slender.

The genus Profogonodon was established by Prof. W. B. Scott,’
to include the species of AZzoclenus called by Cope MW. pentacus.
We consider the separation of this genus from the typical form of
Mioclenus, viz., the M. turgidus, to be a decided advance in our
knowledge of these early Eocene forms. Scott in his valuable
paper “A Revision of the Creodonta,’ already referred to, places
the genus Protogonodon among the Condylarthra, and says: “I
think there can be no doubt that this genus is referable to the
Phenacodontide.” ‘The discovery of a series of upper molars,
which should probably be referred to Profogonodon, causes us to
assign this genus a position nearer the line leading to Artiodac-
tyla ( Zr igonolestes), than to that leading to the Perisodactyla and
Condylarthra of the Wahsatch (Zuprotogonia).

In a short notice in the ‘Naturalist,’ Earle* has given his
reasons for placing Profogonodon as the probable condylarthrous
ancestor in the Puerco of the Artiodactyla, and we believe it
holds the same relationship to that group as Luprotogonta does
to the Perissodactyla. We have temporarily included Pvo/ogo-
nodon in the family Phenacodontide, but further knowledge of
its structure will probably prove that it should be placed in a new
family. The supposed upper molars of this genus are quite dif-
ferent in structure from those of Huprotogonia.

Protogonodon pentacus (Co/c).

Mioclenus pentacus COPE.

Superior true molars with a strong external cingulum ; internal cingulum
complete on last superior molar; the latter as long transversely as the first.
Inferior true molars with external cingulum. Hypoconulid of last lower molar
small and not widely separated from entoconid.

1 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, p, 322.
2 American Naturalist, 1893, p. 377-

68 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VI,

Dentition—TVhe superior molars (No. 954), which we refer to
this genus, were not found with the lower teeth, but their general
character and size are exactly what we should expect to find in
the upper molars of Pyrofogonodon. The form of the superior
molars in this genus is short and broad; the external cusps are
very low and widely separated. The external lobes of the upper
molars resemble somewhat those of the Creodonts (.Sarcothraustes),
but are much lower. ‘There is a prominent external cingulum on

Fig. 20, Protogonodon pentacus. Leftlower jaw. Superior and external view. Natural size.

all the molars, which extends completely across the external face
of the teeth. ‘The intermediate tubercles are strongly marked,
and they have spurs which run outwards and join the anterior
and posterior cingula respectively. The protocone is large and
placed at the internal end of the median valley, and at an equal
distance between the outer lobes. The protocone, like the inter-
mediate tubercles, has crests running outwards from it, and when
the teeth are much worn these elements of the crown unite, and asa
result there is formed a well-marked internal crescent. ‘The first
superior molar is square in outline, with its internal cingulum in-
complete ; the second has the cingulum more developed than in the
first, and in the third it is complete. In strong contrast to some
of the other Puerco forms, the upper molars of Profogonodon can
be said to be without hypocone; only on the first and second molars
is there any rudiment of the hypocone upon the posterior cingu-

1895.| Osborn and Earle, Fossil Mammals of the Puerco. 69

lum. ‘This character of the upper molars of this species is very
different from most of the Periptychide, where the hypocone is
_ generally well developed. The last upper true molar in /.
pentacus is as long transversely as the first ; it has two well-
marked external cones, and the intermediate tubercles are dis-
tinct. Comparing then the upper true molars of Protogonodon
with other allied forms from the Puerco we find that its simple tri-
tubercular molars and the want of supplementary internal cones,
sharply differentiates this genus from the other Condylarthra.

We would suggest that the most similar form to Protogonodon,
in the characters of the upper teeth,is the A/zoclenus turgidus.
In the latter genus the internal supplementary cusps of the upper
true molars are wanting, or only feebly developed on the first
molar. The first lower premolarin the P. pentacus is single rooted
and separated by a short interval from the Pm. 2. The crowns of
all the lower premolars are very simple in structure, and the last
premolar of the type specimen is without a deuteroconid. Scott’
has figured two specimens of the last inferior premolar in Prodo-
gonodon from Cope’s collection, and in both of these teeth there
is a minute deuteroconid. However, in comparison with £u/o-
protogonia, or any of the Periptychide,
the last inferior premolar in Profogon-
odon is much simpler in structure.

If we compare this tooth with that
of Trigonolestes, we observe a_ close
resemblance in their general form and
structure. The type specimen of P7vo-
togonodon pentacus agrees with that of mi 8 3
Pantolestes, iv. the last inferior premolar Fig. 21. Protogonodon pentacus.

; : Superior true molars. Crown view.
lacking a deuteroconid. The presence Natural size.
of this cusp on the last inferior pre-
molar is of general occurrence in all the Phenacodontide, and in
one of the contemporaries of Protogonodon, viz., Euprotogonta, it

is as large as the paraconid.

The inferior true molars in Protoegonodon are low and broad
(Nos. 951, 954) ; the trigonid is not raised above the talon, and a
well-marked paraconid is present on all the molars. The external

1“Eyolution of the Premolar Teeth in the Mammals.’ Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892,
Pp. 247-

7° Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU1.|

cusps of the lower molars are not so crescentoid in section as in
Trigonolestes ; these cusps tend to unite very early with the meta-
conids. The anterior spur of the crescents is also less well
developed than in 7yrigonolestes. The lower true molars in this
genus resemble somewhat those of the Arctocyonidz, but in this
family the hypocone is generally present and the upper molars
“are more or less completely quadritubercular.”’

The lower jaw in P?. fentacus (No. 950) is much elongated and
slender. ‘The portion of the horizontal ramus below the true
molar series is of the same depth throughout, but below the last
premolar becomes more slender and decreases rapidly in depth
towards the symphysis. We hold that the form of the mandible
in Protogonodon is one of the strongest points in relating it to the
Artiodactyla, and like the jaw in that group, more especially the
selenodont Artiodactyla, the portion of the horizontal ramus
behind the dental series rises abruptly upwards, leaving a deep
concavity below. ‘The jaw of 77igonolestes closely resembles that
of Protogonodon.

RELATIONSHIP OF PROTOGONODON.

We now propose to review the characters of Protogonodon and
give our reasons for assigning this genus a position in or near the
line leading to the Artiodactyla.

1. The supposed superior true molars of Pvrotogonodon pentacus
are tritubercular, and without the internal supplementary
cusps (protostyle and hypocone) so characteristic of the
Periptychidee. In this character Protogonodon agrees with
the earliest known American Artiodactyle, viz., 77zgonolestes.

. The inferior premolars of Pvofogonodon are simple in structure,
and only on the last tooth of this series is there any indi-
cation of a deuteroconid. ‘This is another character like
that of Zrigonolestes, and decidedly different from the buno-
dont Creodonta (Sarcothraustes).

. The inferior true molars are quinquetubercular in structure,
there being a well-developed paraconid. ‘The presence
of this latter cusp probably proves that the type of lower
molar found in Protegonodon should be associated with a
superior molar, which is tritubercular.

. The elongated and slender lower jaw of Protogonodon, espe-

cially the marked shallowing anteriorly, is like that of
Trigonolestes, and the selenodont Artiodactyla in general.

ios)

Article IIL.—FOSSIL MAMMALS OF THE UINTA BASIN.
EXPEDITION OF 1894.

By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN.

I.—InTRODUCTORY NOTES.

The mammalian life of the upper Eocene of North America is
clearly recorded in four old lake basins, the northern or ‘ Wind
River,’ the west-central or “ Bridger,’ the east-central or‘ Washakie,’
and the southern or‘ Uinta.’ The American Museum parties have
now explored each of these four basins in succession, concluding
with the Uinta exploration, which is the basis of this report.

This uppermost or latest of the Eocene lake sediments was
made known by Marsh’ in 1870. A fuller exploration of the
Uinta by a party under Scott and Speir in 1886 resulted in the
memoir, ‘ The Mammalia of the Uinta Formation,’* published in
1889 by Scott and Osborn. The American Museum sent Mr. O.
A. Peterson into the Uinta in the autumn of 1893, but owing to
restrictions upon the Uncompahgre Indian Reservation he was
obliged to return after having secured only a few fossils. In the
late summer and autumn of 1894, however, aided by Major
Randlett, of Fort Duchesne, and by a permit from the Secretary
of the Interior, Mr. Peterson was far more successful. He secured
for the Museum a complete geological section along the White
River, a collection representing about 150 fossil mammals, many
of which are new, because his search was mainly in older and
lower levels than those previously explored. A preliminary study
of this fauna leads to the following results :

1.—GENERAL RESULTS.

1. Beneath the true Uinta fauna is a distinct fauna transitional
to the ‘Washakie’ and ‘ Bridger’ of the east- and west-central
basins. This contains undoubted horned ancestors of the Titan-

1*QOn the Geology of the Eastern Uinta Mountains.’ Am. Jour. Sci., 1871, p. 191-198.
2 Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., May 17, 1889.
[71]

72 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

otheres, yet of an older type than Dzflacodon, because the pre-
molar teeth are simple. With these forms are found surviving
members of the distinctively Bridger types, such as Uzntathertum,
also several forms which have hitherto only been found in Washa-
kie, such as Achenodon. Still more surprising is the appearance
upon this sub-Uinta level of species of Alotherium and Hyenodon,
genera which. have been considered of a distinctively Lower
Miocene age.

Below this level is a still older fauna not yet fully explored,
containing a number of typical Washakie forms, also a new type
of large mammal, Sphenocelus, apparently hitherto not known.

2. Species of Zelmatotherium abound in the sediments of this
sub-Uinta level, and confirm Earle’s prediction that this genus
was ancestral to the ‘Titanotheres. No true Pa/e@osyops has thus
far been found. Zelmatothertum cornutum isin one of the direct
ancestral lines leading to the Titanotheres. It showsa flat cranium,
very long nasals and small naso-frontal horns. It was anticipated
by Z. vallidens of the Washakie, with horns in a still more rudi-
mentary stage.

3. The smaller fauna of the basin hitherto recorded is increased
by a new rodent related to Paramys, and a new Monkey related to
Microsyops.

4. The full characters of Amynodon intermedius are given by
the complete skeleton of a young individual obtained in the true
Uinta.

These results are so important, and give such large promise for
the future, that the Museum has sent a party back into the Uinta
for the third and more thorough exploration of 1895.

2.—GEOLOGY OF THE UINTA BASIN.

Mr. O. A. Peterson contributes the following preliminary obser-
vations upon the geology of the Basin: ‘“ The Uinta Basin of
northeastern Utah is bounded to the north by the Yampa and
Uinta Mountains, to the west by the Wahsatch Mountains, and to
the south and east by the Tavaputs Plateau and Book Cliffs.. The

1895. | Osborn, Fossil Mammats of the Uinta Basin. 73

basin is drained through the centre by the Green River with its
tributaries the White River of Utah on the east, and the Duchesne
River on the west ; these enter almost opposite one another near
the Indian Agency of Ouray.

“ty. As we enter the southeastern border of the basin over-

looking Book Cliffs, some thirty miles south of White River, the
Wahsatch or Coryphodon beds are met with, resting upon the
Cretaceous, but as I did not explore this I cannot add anything
to what is known as to the relations between the Laramie and
Wahsatch sediment at this point. The entire sedimentary mass
in this basin dips northwestwardly at an angle of about 8°, and is
observed unconformably resting upon the upturned edges of
Laramie, especially along the northern border of the basin.

“2. Conformably overlying the Wahsatch are the Green River
Shales, identical in appearance with the corresponding series in
the Bridger Basin, and attaining nearly the same thickness. As
we cross the basin northwestwardly from Book Cliffs we reach the
White River near the Colorado and Utah State line. Some forty
miles west of its junction with Green River the White River cuts
through the Tertiary rocks exposing cafions and vertical walls of
sometimes 400 to 500 feet in thickness from the river bed to the
top. Here we obtain fine stratigraphical sections.

“3. Conformably overlying the Green River shales is a series
of hard brown sandstones of the same character as sandstones
which are found capping these shales north of the Uinta Mountains.
Alternating with this brown sandstone are clay layers of a greenish-
gray color, and this whole series reaches a thickness of about 800
feet. Specimens were found in the sandstone ledges of this series
which represent true Bridger types. Overlying this series is a
well-marked stratum of a light reddish color about 20 to 4o feet
thick. This is especially noticed in the eastern part of the basin
where the most satisfactory stratigraphical sections can be
obtained.

“4. The most important and faunally rich series of sediments
in the Uinta basin immediately overlies and conformably succeeds
the last mentioned reddish clay stratum. ‘These beds are about

74 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. VU,

350 to 4oo feet thick, and are composed of coarse brown sand-
stones with alternating clays. ‘The largest part of the vertebrate
collection secured by the party is from this level, and is of great
interest owing to its transitional relationship between the true
Bridger and the Uinta fauna.

“<. We now reach the ¢rue Uinta’ or Brown’s Park beds of a
fine-grained soft material much the same in appearance as the
characteristic Bad Lands of South Dakota, with the exception of
the color which is of a brick red ; in fact, the reddish tinge holds
good throughout the entire Uinta sediment. At a distance these
beds present a ferruginous aspect, and are about 600 feet thick.
This uppermost strata of the Uinta Basin has hitherto been
reported’ as resting unconformably upon the underlying Bridger
sediment, but no observable breaks were found to distinguish the
true Uinta from the underlying Bridger sediment. So the writer
found it necessary in collecting fossils to divide the beds over-
lying the Green River shales into three different levels, which are
here arranged alphabetically in ascending position :

“Horizon C.—True Uinta beds 600 feet thick. Sandstones
and clays brownish and reddish, ferruginous. The strata are
sometimes evenly bedded and firm, but often irregular and friable,
and present the characteristic Bad Land appearance where the
erosion has been most complete. ‘This is the level in which the
Vale College and the Princeton expeditions have made their
explorations, and it contains the true Uinta fauna.

“Horizon B.—300 feet thick. Soft coarse sandstones and
clays.

“ Horizon A.—8oo feet thick. Hard brown sandstones imme-
diately overlying the Green River Shales.”

3.—THE THREE FauNAL LEVELS.

‘These excellent observations supply one of the most important
links in the American lake faunal chain, namely that between the

! King, U. S. Geological Exploration of the goth Parallel, Map r.

2 Charles A. White, ‘On the Geology and Physiography of a Portion of Northwestern Colo-
rado and Adjacent Parts of Utah and Wyoming.’ U.S. Geol. Survey, Ninth Annual Report,
p- 690-1.

1895. | Osborn, Fosstl Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 75

Washakie and the Uinta. . The explorations of the present year,
1895, may modify these results, but it is certain we have now not
only established a complete faunal transition from the Bridger
and Washakie beds upon the one side, to the true Uinta level or
Horizon C upon the other, but have demonstrated a closer con-
nection between the fauna of this basin and that of the lowest
White River Miocene.

SUCCESSION OF SPECIES IN THE UINTA BASIN.

(Museum Catalogue Numbers.)

(Am. Mus. Exp., 1894.)—Mesonyx, 1505.
Miacis uintensis, 1895. Diplacodon,
1853, 1853a, 1861-2. Amynodon in-

Horizon C.—Uprer LEVEL. termedius, 1933; indet., 1934-5, 1506.
: Isectolophus annectens, 1827-8, 1927.
Diplacodon elatus beds. - Triplopus ? obliquidens, 1928. Epi-
About 600 feet. hippus ? uintensis, 1930. Protoreodon
and Leptotragulus, 1800-18, 1826-a.

Brown and red sandstones and Incertz sedis, 1829, 1874.
clays, ferruginous. (Princeton Exp., 1886.)—Mesonyx uin-

tensis, Hyopsodus gracilis, Plesiarcto-
mys sciuroides, Leptotragulus proavus,
Protoreodon parvus, Diplacodon elatus,
Amynodon advenus, Miacis vulpinus.

Microsyops uintensis, 1899, 1900. Mia-
cis uintensis, 1896. Mesonyx uintensis,
1892. ?M. obtusidens, 1891. ? Hye-
nodon, 1893-4. Paramys_ uintensis,
1go1. Telmatotherium cornutum
(skulls), 1845-52, 1837, 1868; (jaws),

Telmatotherium cornutum beds. 1854-5, 1858-9. T. hyognathum,

1856. ‘T. diploconum, 1863, ? 1870-1;
About 350 feet. (skeletons), ates 1860, 1869, 1872.

Soft coarse sandstones and clays. Incertze sed.,1864—7. Amynodon, 1932,

1936, 1830. Helaletes guyotii, 18209.

Epihippus, 1930. Achzenodon inso-

lens, 1819, 1825. Elotherium uintense,

1820-24, 1826b,c. Uintatherium,

1884-1890.

Horizon &.—MIDDLE LEVEL.

Horizon A.—LOWER LEVEL. Telmatotherium megarhinum, 1500,

? 1864-5, 1876, 1877. Amynodon,
1878. Triplopus, 1879. Indet., 1501-4,
About 800 feet. 1880. Uintatherium, 1881. Spheno-
ccelus uintensis.

Telmatotherium megarhinum beds, |

Hard brown sandstone.

GREEN RIVER SHALES.

76 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VXI,

C.—Upper level. True Uinta. Déplacodon elatus beds. ‘This
is the level of the Princeton and probably the Marsh explora-
tions. It is distinguished by the presence of three genera—Dyp-
lacodon, Protoreodon, Leptotragulus—which have thus far not been
found below. It contains, however, several species which have
also been found in the middle level. It is apparently distinguished
by the absence of Utntatherium.

B.—Middle level. ‘Transitional. Zelmatothertum cornutum
beds. This is arich faunal level, hitherto unknown. 7Ze/mato-
therium cornutum is very abundant. ‘This is related to the White
River or Lower Miocene by the presence of an ancient species of
Elotherium, and probably of Hyenoden. It is related to the upper
level, C, by similar species of AZesonyx, Amynodon and Eprhippus,
but is distinguished from C by the presence of Utntathertum. It
is related to the eastern or Washakie Basin by the presence of
Telmatotherium hyognathum and Achenodon tnsolens, and appar-
ently to the Bridger by Helaletes guyotit and Mesonyx obtusideny,
both of which determinations are however somewhat doubtful.

A.—Lower level. Base. Zelmatotherium megarhinum beds.
This level has been comparatively little explored. It contains 7°.
megarhinum, also found in the Washakie, besides Amynodon, Trt-
plopus and Uintathertum.

We have now to ascertain what type of Ucsntatherium existed
as a contemporary of Ze/matotherium cornutum. Judging from
the limbs, it was a very large animal, and will not improbably be
found to belong to the Ucntatherium cornutum Cope, which was
obtained at the summit of Haystack Mountain, or the very top of
the Washakie beds.

I]l.— PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTIVE REPORT.

PRIMATES.

‘There are apparently numerous remains of Monkeys, Rodents
and other small animals in a large block of sandstone, not yet
worked out. We adda new type of A/zcrosyops.

1895.| Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. |

Microsyops uintensis, sp. nov.

Third premolar elevated and laterally compressed. Fourth premolar very
small with three cusps in trigonid ; a very small and short talonid. First molar
with paraconid. Second molar lacking paraconid.

The only Primate hitherto found in the Uinta Basin is Hyopso-
dus gracilis Marsh. The type of this new species (No. 1899) is a
small jaw containing two premolars and
two molars. It comes from the ‘ 7° corn-
utum \evel,’ and is distinguished from the
M. gracilis Leidy by the greater complica-
tion and relatively reduced size of the
fourth premolar. The submolariform
structure of Pz, and the enlarged lateral
pair of incisors, are the distinctive features ;

_ 2 ? Fig. 1. Microsyops uinten-
of this genus. There is also an isolated _ sis, type,No.1899. Lowerjaw,

internal view ; superior view.
lower molar, No. Igoo. One and a half natural size.

CREODONTA.

The Uinta Basin Creodonta thus far known are A/esonyx and
Miacis. Weadd an apparently new form related to Yyenodon.

Miacis uintensis, sp. nov.

Fourth lower premolar with a high protocone bearing two cuspules upon the
posterior slope, terminating in a talonid; no cingulum. The third lower molar
either very small and single-fanged or wanting.

The type lower jaw of this
species (No. 1896) was found
in #, close beneath the true
Uinta level. It differs from
M. vulpinus Scott in the
structure of the fourth pre-
molar, a tooth which in the
latter species presents a com-
plete cingulum and no cus- Fig. 2. Miacis uintensis. A. Type, No. 1806.

External view of jaw. natural size. 2B, Fourth

pules. The trigonid of Mi lower premolar, No. 1895.

78 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

is broken off, the talonid is broad and elevated upon the outer
side. Mz is a small tubercular with a complete but very much
depressed trigonid and a narrow talonid. Mz3 is represented by a
very small single alveolus. Another jaw from the true Uinta level
(No. 1895) contains a fourth premolar, which presents the same
characters as the above.

? Hyznodon.

This genus is apparently represented by a jaw (No. 1893) from
the middle or ‘ 7. cornutum level,’ in which the teeth are too
poorly preserved to afford means of definition. It is, therefore,
not taken as a type. It presents many similarities to the Wyeno-
don paucidens jaw of the White River formation, especially in its

Fig. 3. //y@nodon. Lower jaw, No. 1893, internal and external
views. Natural size.

very long stout symphysis and in its triple mental foramina. The
specimen consists of a right mandible and a detached condyle.
it contains the fang of a small lateral incisor and of a very stout
canine. Behind this are two alveoli either belonging to two single-
fanged teeth, Pt and P2—or to one tooth, bifanged Pz. The
formula is therefore uncertain; it is either P, 4 or P, 3. The

1895. | Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 79

missing third and fourth premolars were stoutly bifanged and of
similar size. ‘The three molars were also apparently equal sized,
narrow and bilobed as in Hyenodon.

Another specimen (No. 1894) may also pertain to this species.
It consists of fragments of a molar tooth and of the limbs.

Mesonyx Cope.

There are two individuals belonging to this genus, both from
the * 7. cornutum level.’ The first is a smaller animal (No. 1891)
represented by the lower jaws and hind limb with a perfect foot,
corresponding nearly in size with the J/. odbtusidens Cope, so fully
described by Scott. The second is a very large skull apparently
related to the following species :

Mesonyx uintensis S. & O.

This powerful mesoplacental is represented by a skull (No.
1892) belonging to a slightly smaller individual than the Prince-
ton type, which was founded upon a series of lower molar teeth.

Measurements.

Total length of skull, estimated........ .44. mm.
Incisors to condyles, . ep ns ASP
Length premolar-molar series........... .137
Width across zygomatic arches.......... A ee

The following are the principal characters: The cranium is
slightly longer than the face. There is a high narrow occiput,
extending forwards into a thin sagittal crest above a small brain-
case. The frontals widen suddenly into a broad supraorbital
plate which overhangs the rather small orbits. The nasals are
long and narrow, but widen in the median line between the orbits.
The maxillaries are compressed behind the canine, and perforated
by an infraorbital foramen above M+. The lachrymals are widely
exposed upon the face. The zygomata are slender, but arch
widely outwards and then suddenly descend into the glenoid
fossa, which is very deep and presents sharp pre- and post-glenoid
crests. Behind the glenoid region the skull is very short and the
paroccipital plate is relatively narrow.

80 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

Fig. 4. Mesonyx uintensis. No. 1892. Base of skull. One-quarter
natural size.

Foramina.—There is a strong mastoid foramen. The for. ovale
pierces the ridge between the glenoid fossa and the pterygoid
border. ‘The periotic fills in the auditory meatus inferiorly, com-
pressing the for. lac. medius and f. |. posterius into small spaces,
behind which are the small condylar foramina.

The most distinctive feature of the skull is the backward exten-
sion of the posterior nares and the inclosure of the roof of the
pharynx by two long palato-pterygoid plates, the lower borders of
which incline towards each other in the median line so as almost
to come in contact. This is paralleled by the well-known inclo-
sure of the same region in certain species of //venodon.

1895. | Osborn, Fossil Mammats of the Uinta Basin. SI

We are also struck by the many points of parallelism which this
skull presents with that of Alothertum uintense, a totally unrelated
form. These parallelisms are undoubtedly attributable to adap-
tive conformation in both cases to a type of dentition and a mode
of mastication which have many points in common.

RODENTIA.

This order is represented bya large number of remains of jaws
and skulls contained in a block (Nos. 1907-1919) which has not
yet been worked out. There are also the small undetermined
jaw (No. 1908), the larger jaw (No. 1906) corresponding in size
with Plesiarctomys sciurotdes, and a number of upper and lower
teeth which probably belong to Paramys Leidy.

Paramys uintensis, sp. nov.

Upper molars quinquetubercular with posterior cingulum and a mesostyle.
Lower molars quadritubercular. Crown crenulate.

The type (No. 1tgor) is from the ‘ 7. cornutum level,’ and
deserves description. The upper molars are strictly tritubercular
with slight anterior and prominent posterior basal cingula; the three
primary cusps (paracone, metacone and protocone)
are prominent, as are also the two intermediates
(protoconule and metaconule). ‘The lower teeth &
are much larger than in Leidy’s types of P. delicatus,

P. delicatior or P. delicatissimus. Marsh’s P.
robustus' is still indeterminate, not having been
adequately described or figured, although proposed
twenty-three years ago. Theseteeth present asimi- Fig.s. Paramys

J uintensis. Vy pe,
lar, irregularly quadritubercular crenulated crown, No. :o01. Upper

and lower molars,

whereas in Plestarctomys we observe a smooth low- crown views.
* apt Ae : _ Twice natural
crowned type. /. winfenszs is further distinguished _ size.
by the apparent absence of a paraconid.
The upper molars furnish another link in the chain of evidence

that the ancestors of the Rodents were tritubercular.

1 Am. Journ. Sci., Sept., 1872.

[Afay, 1895.) 6

82 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1I,

AMBLYPODA Cofe.

Uintatherium Zerdy.

The discovery of remains of this genus in the Uinta Basin is an
important one. In Horizon A was found the head of a humerus
(No. 1881). Inthe more fully explored Horizon 4 remains of
seven individuals were found, as follows: Occipital region of a
skull (No. 1884), a humerus (1885), two femora (1880-87), frontal
horns of two individuals (1889-89a), miscellaneous footbones of
several individuals (1890).

We look forward with interest to the discovery of a skull from
this level.

PERISSODACTYLA.

- TITANOTHERIID 2.

PALASOSYOPINAL.

One of the chief results of this expedition is the clearing up of
the cranial and dental characters and of the systematic position
of Telmatothertum, a work which has been so ably begun in
Earle’s Memoir." Numerous remains of the skeleton were also
procured, but the description of these is reserved for a subse-
quent paper.

fHTistorical Notes.—The following characters were assigned to
Telmatotherium validum by Marsh’* in 1872:

1. Premaxillaries compressed with an elongated median suture. Zygomatic
arch slender. Upper molars with inner cones elevated and pointed, and with a
well-developed basal ridge. Upper canines large, pointed, with strong cutting
edges. Incisors with inner basal ridge. Palate deeply excavated between the
premolars. Nasals decurved laterally and much compressed. Last upper molar
with a single internal cone. Diameter upper premolar-molar series, 224 mm.
Type species, 7'e/matotherium validus Marsh. Specimen found at Henry’s
Fork in the Main Bridger Basin. Date, July 22; separata, August I, 1872.

1*A Memoir upon the Genus Palzosyops Leidy and its Allies,’ Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., Vol. IX.

2 Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, Aug., 1872.

1895.| Osborn, Fosstl Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 83

Four species have been subsequently described :

2. The second species 7. (Paleosyops) vallidens Cope! was named by Cope
September Ig, 1872, from a series of upper premolars and molars found in the
Bitter Creek region or Washakie Basin. It was, however, identified with Pa/zo-
syops and distinguished from P. major as follows: Molar teeth larger. Superior
molars with two transverse ridges connecting the inner tubercle (protocone) with
the outer crescents (paracone and metacone) enclosing a pit between them.
Premolars with outer crescents fused into a single ridge. Summits of all the
crescents elevated. All the teeth with strong internal basal cingula which rise
up on the inner tubercle (protocone). Diameter upper premolar-molar series,
220 mm.

3. The third species described was the 7. (Leurocephalus) cultridens of
Scott and Osborn? in 1878. The type specimen is an upper jaw with a com-
plete set of teeth and part of a lower jaw with the grinding teeth. Also the
posterior portion of one of the nasals and a part of the frontals. Diameter upper
premoilar-molar series, Ig0 mm. The authors distinguished this type clearly
from Palgosyops but not from TVelmatotherium, with which Earle has shown it
to be identical, although specifically distinct from 7. validum. The locality is
Henry’s Fork, Bridger Basin.

4. The fourth species, 7. (Palzosyops) hyognathum, was established by Scott
and Osborn* in 1889, upon a very large jaw found in the Bitter Creek or
Washakie Basin. It was characterized by its close series of procumbent
incisors ; a symphysis extremely long and shallow; the canines rather small
and semiprocumbent ; diameter of lower molar-premolar series, 245 mm; a
large inferior diastema. Evidently related to Diplacodon.

5. The fifth species, 7. (Palzosyops) megarhinum, was proposed by Earle?
in 1891 upon a fine skull, also from the Washakie Basin (Princeton Mus., No.
10,008). The teeth in this type are badly damaged, so that new skull charac-
ters only could be assigned, namely : Molar with a shelf-like suborbital process ;
face very short ; nasals very long, expanded distally ; premaxillary symphysis
short and narrow ; palate narrow and arched. Diameter premolar-molar series,
148mm. No superior diastema.

6. The new species 7. diploconum and 7. cornutum are here proposed.

The type of 7. validum Marsh has not yet been figured, and its
specific characters are still indefinitely known. ‘The Museum
collection now contains specimens which we refer to 7. wval/idens,
T. hyognathum and T. megarhinum, besides the new species 7. ©
adiploconum and 7. cornutum.

1 Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., Sept. 19, 1872, p. 487.

2 Bull. E. M. Museum Geol. & Arch., 1878, p. 42.

3 * Mammalia of the Uinta Formation.’ Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., 1889, p. 513-
4 Am. Nat., Jan., 1891, p- 46.

84 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

Telmatotherium JZarsh.

A genus partly contemporary with Pa/@osyops, but transitional in evolution
to Diplacodon. An incipient fronto-nasal horn in the latest species. Nasals
long and decurved laterally. Premolars simpler than molars. Upper molars
with high pointed cusps, paracone and metacone approximated to protocone ;
conules reduced or wanting.

Comparative Measurements.

Molar-premolar| Total length Width zygo-
series. skull. matic arches.
Telmatotheriumvalidum ... ...... .224
- vallidens, type..... .220
Ut Mh No. 1569. .184 .500 133)
ay cultridens) ees. .185
= hyognathum, lower. -239
~ megarhinum, type. . -145
re =) Nomis 002 -147 355 14
ss diploconum ....... -174 ?.450 ? 216
oa Commubum™sse meee .208 -565 -243

Telmatotherium megarhinum Zar/e.

Superior premolar series, 148. No diastema. A broad suborbital shelf. A
long narrow sagittal crest.

When Earle established this species he left its generic position
open, owing to the fractured condition of the teeth. The very
complete skull (No. 1500) procured in 1893 from the lowest level,
or Hor. A, contains perfect teeth, which are of the Ze/matotherium
type; this fact, together with the presence of an infraorbital shelf,
as in the 7. cornutum type, determine the generic position of this
species. But this species with its long, thin and high sagittal crest
presents a far more primitive condition than 7. cornutum. It
differs from 7. cultridens also in the small oval section and short
enamel area upon the canines, as well as in the infraorbital shelf
and the posterior position of the infraorbital foramen.

Its general characters are as folllows : Superior dentition : The
incisors are small, nearly continous, with a rounded anterior con-
tour. The canines are small and rounded. The premolars 2-4
present large single internal cones. ‘The molars exhibit basal
cingula at the bases of the para- and metacones. There is a
small hypocone upon M3.

1895.| Osborn, Fosstl Mammats of the Uinta Basin. 85

The malars present a thin shelf. The zygomata diverge slightly
posteriorly. ‘The brain-case is small, and the sagittal and occipi-
tal crests are very prominent ; the latter spread superiorly. The
orbits are small and sunken, bounded by hook-shaped postorbital
processes upon the frontals. The posterior nares open opposite
the second molar. The postglenoid process is small. The pre-
maxillary symphysis is apparently long. The infraorbital fora-
men is just at the anterior margin of the malar, and the space
between the orbit and the nasal notch is very short. We also
refer Nos. 1864-5 to this species and numerous skeletal remains.

Telmatotherium diploconum, sp. nov.

Superior premolar-molar series, 174 mm. A large hypocone upon last upper
molar. Naso-frontals without horn. Long sagittal crest. Canines small,
rounded.

‘The type is a skull (No. 1863) in which the nasals are wanting
and the mid-region of the cranium was crushed. This type is
remarkable in being of the same stage of evolution as 7. cultri-
dens, and yet occurring in the same level as the far more modern-
ized 7. cornutum.

This species differs from 7. megarhinum in the absence of the
infraorbital shelf, and in the presence of a large hypocone upon
the last upper molar. The premolar-molar dentition is similar in
size and form to that of 7. cu/tridens, but there are the following
important general differences : (1) Canines small and circular in
section ; (2) a very short diastema, if any, behind the canine; (3)
a large hypocone upon M2; (4) the infraorbital foramen close
beneath the anterior border of the molar.

In several respects it distantly resembles 7. megarhinum. The
occiput is small and high. There is a long sharp sagittal crest
extending about halfway forward to the orbits. The posterior
nares 1s opposite the second molar.

The premaxillary symphysis is relatively short. The zygomata
are nearly parallel with the side of the skull, but they arch
upwards posteriorly; there is a very prominent postorbital
process. The form of the molar, at its junction with the pre-
maxillaries, is very similar to that in 7. cultridens, but the infra-

86 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

Fig. 6. Telmatotherium diploconum. Type, No. 1863. Superior and lateral views of
skull. One-fourth natural size. The nasals are broken off.

orbital foramen is immediately in front of the suture, instead of
being placed well forwards. The incisors are wanting. The
canines are very small and circular in section at the base. The
second premolars are ina slightly more advanced stage of evolu-
tion than in 7. cu/tridens. ‘The outer lobes of the molars are very
much elevated, with feeble basal cingula. The hypocone of M*
is quite as large as those of M+ or M2,

1895.| Osborn, Fossil Mammats of the Uinta Basin. 87

Telmatotherium hyognathum 5S. & O.

Incisors, §. Inferior premolar-molar series, 224 mm.; lower molar cusps
high and pointed. Three lower incisors. Lower canines rounded, followed by
a wide diastema.

This species is represented by a very large pair of lower jaws
(No. 1856) containing ¢4ree incisors and agreeing in all other
respects with the type of 7. Ayognathum. It is noteworthy that
the canines have short enamel crowns and are formed like those
of the Miocene Titanotheres, but the jaw itself differs widely
from the Titanothere type in the long shallow symphysis.

Telmatotherium vallidens Coe.

Superior premolar-molars series, 184-220 mm. A narrow diastema. Molar
cusps less elevated. A rudimentary naso-frontal tuberosity. Premaxillary
symphysis short. Topof cranium flattened; very short bifid sagittal crest.

The examples of this species are not from the Uinta but from
the Washakie Basin, and were found by the Bridger expedition of
1893 in a brown layer of sandstone three miles north of the base
of Haystack Mountain upon Bitter Creek. They are described
here as an important link in the Telmatotherium series. The
molar teeth as displayed in the two skulls (Nos. 1569, 1570) agree
closely in every detail with those of Cope’s type’ also found in
this basin, although they are considerably smaller, measuring only
184 mm. as against 220 mm. They are distinguished from the
molars of Z. val/idum (Marsh) by the lower and more obtuse
cusps. The skull is distinguished by the short premaxillary sym-
physis. The species is distinguished from 7. hyognathum by the
very narrow post-canine diastema; from 7. cultridens by more
obtuse molars and by the naso-frontal tuberosity ; from 7° cornu-
tum by the short posterior constriction of the temporal ridges into
a bifid sagittal crest.

When these skulls were discovered they were described by Dr.
Wortman, in a letter from the field, as Wanteoceras or ‘ prophet-
horned.’ But in the Museum great doubts were expressed by

1 See Tertiary Vertebrata, Plate 51, Fig. 1.
2 It appears as if,;Cope’s measurements were erroneous.

88 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

Professor Cope and by others who examined them as to whether
the tuberosities (47) above the orbits could really be regarded as in-
cipient horns. These doubts have now been removed by the
discovery of Z. cornutum,and Dr. Wortman’s observation is verified.

Fig. 7. Telmatotherium vallidens. Composition, Nos. 1569-70. Side view of skull. One-
fourth natural size.

T. vallidens presents the first transitional features towards 7.
cornutum and the later Titanotheres. The horns exhibit the
most rudimentary stage imaginable ; they are borne more upon
the frontals and less upon the nasals than in 7. cornutum. The
cranium is broad upon the upper surface between the orbits and
narrows very gradually towards the occipital region, where the
two temporal crests converge. They do not, however, unite into
a single sagittal crest, but leave a deep median pit followed by a
narrow valley which opens out into a triangular space between
the occipital crests. The occiput is very broad and low.

In addition to those above mentioned, there are other features
which separate 7. vallidens from 7. cornutum, especially (1) the
absence of an infraorbital shelf upon the malar, (2) the short wide-
spreading and relatively heavy form of zygomatic arches, (3) the
relative shortness of the nasals, (4) the more slender postglenoid
processes, (5) the shortness of the premaxillary symphysis. In
general the face and the nasals are relatively shorter in 7. vad/i-
dens than in 7. cornutum ; there is little or no diastema behind
the canines ; the posterior nares open much further forwards, or

,- 2 >

1895.| Osborn, Fosstl Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 89

Fig. 8. YVelmatother7um vallidens. No. 1569. Superior view of
skull. One-fourth natural size.

between the second molars; there is no trace of a hypocone
upon M3.

The canine crowns are wanting; they are rounder in section
and much more powerful than in 7. cornutum. The opposite
molar series are not so nearly parallel. The true molars exhibit
the Telmatotherium type, but it is less sharply defined than in 7.
cultridens or in 7. cornutum.

90 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Soy

ANY iY
ae

ff y); y

4 Lvl SHG
Ana] edn

Fig. 9. TVelmatotherium vallidens. No. 1570. Superior view of
skull. The upper surface of the frontals and nasals is abraded.

There are only a few resemblances to Z. cornutum, such as
the proportion of the teeth and the development of basal cingula,
the reduction of the intermediate tubercles upon the molars.
The general conformation of the zygomatic arches presents an
affinity to that of the Zvtanotherium bucco type of the Miocene.

Telmatotherium cornutum, sp. nov.

Incisors 3. Premolar-molar series, 208 mm. A narrow diastema, Upper
canines lanceolate. Long premaxillary symphysis. A well-developed naso-
frontal protuberance. ‘Top of cranium completely flattened. No sagittal crest.
An infraorbital process upon malar,

The type of this species is a fine skull (No. 1851), while several
other well-preserved skulls from the same levels give us all the

1895.| Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin.

=e fn -> SE —=—
= SSS SSS ——=
—- = SSSI
EZ ——S—S—S— —————
= SS ——s
Ta ~- = = —== =—

= Zane
= Z
AD.

<a
=>
oD

SS
MyaibyneDS

DASNY aya

Tau

ir hd 4 ‘tt 5)

a, i! l oom
esl M/s

Fig. 10. Telmatotherium cornutum. Type, No.
One-fourth natural size. Fronto-nasal horn at H,

1851. Superior and side views of skull.

92 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

cranial characters and the superior dentition (Nos. 1850, 1847,
1848, 1852, 1837). Unfortunately none of these skulls have the
jaws associated with them, but several more or less perfect jaws,
although found apart, agree perfectly in size (Nos. 1857, 1858,
1854, 1855); they are all readily distinguished from the jaw of 7.
hyognathum by the presence of only two incisors.

This species is remarkable for its very long flat-topped cranium
and its incipient knob-like osseous horns borne chiefly upon the
nasals but partly upon the frontals. ‘These horns project later-
ally and rise slightly above the general surface, and are best seen
in the anterior view, Fig. 10. These characters and the absence
of the fronto-parietal and interparietal sutures all point well
towards Tztanotherium, but the premolars are still absolutely
simple, showing no trace of the postero-internal cusps which char-
acterize Diplacodon elatus.

Other striking peculiarities are the upward arching Ape cranial
region, the extremely long, narrow and laterally decurved nasals;
the strong infraorbital shelf upon the molars (seen also in 7.
megarhinum), the slender zygomatic arch, the low occiput, the
backward extension of the posterior nares by the palatines, and
the partial inclosing of the roof of the pharynx by the pterygoids.

More in detail (No. 1851) the zasa/s almost overhang the pre-
maxillaries, they are laterally compressed above the infraorbital
foramina so as to give the impression of distal expansion ; the
median fronto-nasal suture extends back beyond the mid-orbital
line, but laterally the nasals terminate just above the orbits so as
to include most of the incipient horn. The premaxzl/ary symphy-
sis is elongate as in 7. validum. ‘The maxillaries are shut off by
the very narrow lachrymals from the anterior border of the orbits.
The infraorbital foramen is placed above M+ in front of the
molar suture. The molars extend sharply upon the side of the
face and then dip into the outwardly projecting shelf ; with an
obtuse postorbital knob. The /vonta/s exhibit a prominent post-
orbital hook ; there is a delicate lateral ridge marking the limits
of the temporal fossa ; between these ridges the cranium is arched
both from side to side and antero-posteriorly, presenting a very
different form from the concave profile of even the oldest known
Titanothere ; there is a slight constriction in the posterior third,

1895.| Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 93

but the cranium is even here two inches wide, and there is not the
semblance of the crest seen in 7. va//idens; the entire absence of
the upper cranial sutures even in the young individuals (No.
1847) is a noteworthy Titanothere character. Owing to the
sudden dipping of the superior contour the occiput is rather low
and subquadrate in outline.

In side view the faint tem-
poral ridges can be traced to
the superior angle of the occi-
put. The zygomatic arch is
very slender; it arches slightly
upwards and very much less
strongly outwards than in 7.
vallidens. The postglenoid
process is very thick in antero-
posterior section.

In palatal view we observe a
diastema between the median Fig. 11. Tedmatotherium cornutum. Type.
incisors and a post-canine dias- Ep yeaeyee sy ae
tema of 28 mm. The molar
series are placed closely parallel so that the palate is long, narrow
and deeply arched, and the posterior nares opens far back behind
the last molar. The deep and long pterygoids arch towards each
other in the median line, forming a deep fossa.

Foramina.—The alisphenoid canal is very long ; the for. ovale
is widely separated from the for. lac. medium ; the for. lac.
medium and the for. lac. posterius are very small and partly con-
fluent ; the condylar foramen is midway between the condyles
and the for. lac. medium.

Lower Jaw.—The most perfect of the lower jaws is No. 1857 ;
it agrees in size exactly with the type skull No. 1851. In propor-
tion it is rather shallow and slender, but presents somewhat more
angulation of the chin than in 7. Ayognathus. The most distinc-
tive character is the extremely long hook-shaped coronoid process
which extends back over the condyle. The symphysis is long and
rather shallow.

Dentition.—Inferior : A very distinctive and progressive feature
is the presence of but two incisors in the lower jaw. The formula

94 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

is thus 13, C+, P4, M3. A second Titanothere feature is seen in
the relatively short, rounded canines of the lower jaw, which
present a wide contrast with the compressed lance-shaped tusks
of 7. validum and 7. cultridens; an especial feature is the absence
of enamel upon the fang. It is to be noted, however, that the
specific reference of these jaws is not certain.

Superior: The incisor series of the type (No. 1851) present a
third circle, but the median incisors are separated by a slight
space; they all exhibit prominent posterior basal cingula ; the
lateral incisor is considerably enlarged. The canznes have short,
outwardly and forwardly directed but slightly incurved crowns,
with rather sharp borders, a suboval section and posterior basal
cingula. Behind a short diastema is the first premolar, a simple,
conical crown with an internal basal ridge; the second, third and
fourth premolars exhibit s¢zgZe blunt or rounded internal cones,
incomplete cingula, a strong antero-external (parastyle) and a
feebler postero-internal (metastyle) ridge. The molars have the
generic conformation ; the third molar is the largest of the series,
and exhibits a strong parastyle and mesostyle and a feebler meta-
style ; there is a strong cingulum at the outer base of the para-
cone, and a feebler one at the outer base of the metacone; the
hypocone is feebly developed upon M3. All these teeth are well-
worn, and the animal was fully adult.

The superior dentition of No. 1850 belongs to a younger ani-
mal with sharply defined characters. Here we see more plainly
the resemblances to the type of 7. cu/tridens. The canines are
laniariform, with sharp lateral edges, basal cingula less marked
and enamel continued far down. The outer faces of the pre-
molars and molars are prominent and closely approximated to the
internal cusps. We observe also a trace of the paraconule upon
M2, and a distinct paraconule upon M®. In this specimen the
pterygoids are long and not so deep.

Telmatotherium validum Jd/ars/.

Superior premolar-molar series, 224 mm. Molar cusps high and pointed
with rudimentary intermediate tubercles ; last upper molar without hypocone.
Second premolar with strong internal lobe. Premaxillary symphysis long? No
infraorbital shelf.

1895.| Osborn, Fosstl Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 95

For the sake of completeness this definition is framed from
Marsh's brief description.

Telmatotherium cultridens S. & O.

Superior premolar-molar series, Ig90 mm. Molars with nearly obsolete
conules. Second premolar with feeble internal lobe. Last upper molar with-
out hypocone. Canines laterally compressed. Naso-frontals without tuber-
osity. Premaxillary symphysis long. No infraorbital shelf.

There are several possibilities of error in the separation of
these species, and these cannot be removed until 7. hyognathum
and 7. validum are known both in the upper and lower dentition.

AMYNODONTID.

The independent position of this family has now been com-
pletely established by the discovery in the Miocene of the com-
plete skeleton’ of MZetamynodon showing four fully functional
digits in the fore-foot. Additional characters of the family are
brought to light by a second complete skeleton (No. 1933) found
by Mr. Peterson in the true Uinta or upper level, Horizon C.

The specific position of this animal is difficult to determine
owing to the immature state of the dentition. It is provisionally
referred to .4. intermedius 5S. & O.

Amynodon intermedius S. & O.

Dentition: I3, C}, DP$, M3. Upper canines suboval in section, inclined
forwards. Four deciduous premolars in both jaws. Four permanent pre-
molars in the upper jaw.? Lower canines erect, triangular.

The skeleton is that of a half-grown animal. The epiphyses
are detached from many of the limb bones and from all the ver-
tebre. As in all fossils from the clay matrix of this level the
bones are considerably crushed. The adult was a rather slenderly
built, long-limbed animal, exceeding the largest Tapir in size.
The manus was considerably longer than the pes, but we observe

1 Foss. Mamm. of the Lower Miocene. White River Beds, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., July,
1894, p. 208.

96 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

a very slight disparity in length between the tibia and the femur,
the radius and the humerus. The skull is broad and flat, of
entirely different proportions from the skull of 4. anxtéguus, which
is high and narrow. It has the deep depressions in front of the
orbits of A. zztermedius, but a much longer face and longer nasals
than in Metamynodon.

Measurements.
Total length of skull, premaxillaries to occiput... .53. mm.
Length of humerus from facet to facet.. .....-- S302!
ss radius it % OC ayn aeisietae BSOSe un
i: femur ag ee PO oh ie ai eed Oo Ole ae
os tibia a te ae er me po seh O°
< mavenqoril INNS a oageasncond sooo ce s103 iy
oy MMEtAATSall MMe ever yvaisi sy (eee! | eels) evel pita FY
Os-innominatum, fotalleneth]>.----5...- .-.-.- Aye tee

Dentition—There are three complete upper and lower incisors;
the latter are well preserved, and exhibit a posterior basal ridge
and median column. The permanent lower canines are erect and
triangular, while the upper are directed slightly forwards and are
rounded upon the outer and flattened upon the inner surfaces.
These teeth are only partially extruded, and it is, therefore, diffi-
cult to compare their form with those of the type of A. zuterme-
dius. The four deciduous premolars are still in place. The
molar teeth agree closely with the A. ¢wtermedius types in form
and measurement.

Skull—The cranium is considerably crushed. The premax-
illaries are short, slender superiorly and barely in contact with
the nasals. The maxillaries are deeply concave in front of the
malar antorbital bar. The zygomatic arch is comparatively
slender, wide below the orbit and not very deep; there are two
knob-like projections, also characteristic of dZetamynodon. ‘The
external auditory meatus is open below, and the paroccipital
process is very slender, and curves forwards inferiorly. The
occiput is rather broad and low, overhanging the condyles.

The base of the skull displays a rather broad, slightly concave
palate, the posterior nares opening behind the second molar. The
zygomatic arch spreads into a broad, flat triangular space around
the glenoid fossa, the postglenoid crest being slightly everted.

1895. | Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 97

The basi-cranial axis (basi-occipital and sphenoid, presphenoid)
is a prominent ridge upon either side of which is a deep depres-
sion containing the for. lac. medium and posterius. The for.
ovale is widely separated from the for. lac. medium, while the
condylar foramen is very close to the for. lac. posterius. The
alisphenoid canal is apparently very short ; the mastoid foramen
is very distinct.

In the top view of the skull the nasals are relatively long; they
are separated posteriorly by a median forward projection of the
frontals. The brain-case is very large; the sagittal crest is low
and sessile.

The jaws resemble those of A. aztiguus in the very high con-
dyles and the narrow recurved coronoids.

Vertebre.—The characters of the vertebre have not yet been
completely studied. ‘The centra are rather small. The anterior
dorsals present moderately long, slender spines.

Fore Limb.—The humerus is of the same total length as the
femur, owing to its very broad and prominent great tuberosity,
which is connected by a low ridge with the lesser tuberosity.
The deltoid ridge is strong and rugose. ‘The internal and exter-
nal condyles are subequal in size. ‘The ulna and radius are
strikingly long and slender; the ulnar shaft has a deep tnhedral
section ; the radius presents a shallow humeral facet. ‘The meta-
podials of the manus are longer than those of the pes ; they are
of high slender proportions ; the third metacarpal is slightly the
longest, but the foot is functionally tetradactyl. The magnum
is of the typical Rhinoceros form.

Hind Limb.—The innominate bones are elongate and slender.
The superior border of the ilium is not evenly rounded, but is
excavated towards the sacral border, and elevated and evenly
arched towards the external border. ‘The ischial border is
straight, and the pubic border deeply incurved. The pubis is
_ short and the ischium long. The obturator foramen is com-
pleted by an internal bridge, which is greatly reduced or wanting
in Metamynodon. ‘The acetabulum has a deep pit for the liga-
mentum teres.
[May, 7895.]

98 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V1,

The femur is distinguished by the antero-posterior diameter of
the great trochanter, the small head with a large ligamentum
teres pit, the antero-verted lesser trochanter, the prominent third
trochanter slightly above the middle line, the moderately heavy
shaft. The crus is somewhat shorter than the femur, but there is
less disparity by far than in AZetamynodon. The fibula is long
and very slender. The astragalus is broad with a short neck,
The calcaneum is distinguished by the flattened transversely
placed tuber, as in A7efamynodon. ‘The cuboid is broad and flat,
with a narrow calcaneal contact. There is no metapodial dis-
placement ; these elements are rather short and stout.

EQUIDA, TAPIRIDA, HELALETID/.

The smaller Perissodactyla are represented by remains of /7-
hippus, Tsectolophus, and Helaletes. The former (No. 1931), from
the true Uinta, is represented by two femora and part of an astra-
galus, corresponding in size with the Zp7Aippus uintensis S. & O.
These parts of the skeleton are actually smaller than in Cope’s
type of Hyracotherium venticolum from the Wind River Beds, or
base of the middle Eocene. ;

Several imperfect jaws and teeth (No. 1927) correspond in
size with /sectolophus annectens S.& O. Triplopus is represented
by a lower jaw (No. 1928) containing the fourth premolar and
first molar.

From the ‘7Ze/matotherium cornutum \evel’ comes also a fine
maxilla (No. 1929) of Heluletes guyotii containing Pa-M3. In
this specimen the fourth premolar has two complete transverse
crests, the metaloph being as elevated as the protoloph ; it is,
therefore, in a slightly more advanced stage of evolution than the
Princeton type. The animal was also about one-fourth larger.
It has not been hitherto reported from the Uinta Basin.

INCERTA@ SEDIs.

Sphenocelus uintensis.
This new genus is represented by the posterior portion of a
skull, which is distinct from any cranium known to the writer.
Its most distinctive feature is the presence of a pair of pits in the

1895.| Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 99

Fig. 12. Sphenocelus uintensis. Vype. Base of skull. One-fourth natural size.

floor of the skull upon either side of the narrow presphenoid.
These pits were at first mistaken for the for. lac. media, but more
careful investigation shows that they are roofed over by bone, and
apparently do not communicate at all with the cranial cavity.
The pit on the right side is perfectly preserved and clearly exhibits
these characters. ‘The measurements of the pits are 42 mm.
long, 14 mm. wide, and 2 mm. deep.

The skull has a long narrow cranium surmounted posteriorly
by a sagittal crest, which diverges anteriorly into two decidedly
convex sagittal ridges. The occiput is rather broad, and below it
are two widely set occipital condyles which are directed obliquely
downwards and backwards. On either side of these the ex-
occipitals extend down into obtuse paroccipital processes, which
are closely joined to the post-tympanics. The external auditory
meatus is open inferiorly. In front of this the postglenoid

100 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Fig. 13. Sphenocelus uintensis. Superior view of cranium.

process faces somewhat inwards ; the glenoid facet is L-shaped,
two narrow arms extending out upon the squamosal, and a broad
arm descending upon the postglenoid. The distinctive feature
of the zygoma is the presence of a deep depression just behind
the lateral arm of the glenoid facet.

Skull Measurements.

Widthacross zygomatic arches) 92.5.2 ..2e esters 23) Dosis
FLGIGht OMOCCIPUts s cise wins) niate = ee as) a TAZ
ISTCACEH ON Mia) Git okt che lactated kel wyaysionv leper Eh tri h ae
Breadthiot occipital condyles a ...eienst teins tiga S
Basi-occipital to top of sagittal crest...........-. r4qq

The foramina of the skull are related to those of the Perisso-
dactyla, for there is a long alisphenoid canal, upon the outer side

1895.| Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. Io!

Fig. 14. Sphenocelus uintensis. Occiput.

of the anterior opening of which is the foramen. Just behind the
posterior opening of the canal is the foramen ovale, and between
these foramina are the two pits above mentioned. ‘This foramen
is separated by a very wide plate of bone from the for. lac. me-
dius, which is partly filled by the periotic mass.

-
Stee)

Fig. 15. Sphenocelus uintensis. Side view of cranium.

The distinctive features of the skull may therefore be summed
up as follows : Deep paired pits in the alisphenoids, and orbito-
sphenoids upon either side of the thin presphenoid ; a long ali-
sphenoid canal; foramen ovale widely separated from for. lac.

102 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

medium ; condyles very broad ; foramen magnum large ; occipi-
tal crest extending anteriorly into a short sagittal crest with convex
sagittal ridges ; skull apparently long and narrow.

The relationships of this form are very difficult to determine.
It has been compared with /aditherium, but without revealing
any very close resemblances. The alisphenoid canal suggests
that it is a Perissodactyle, and the form of the posterior portion
of the skull is certainly very similar to that of Chalicotherium, but
it lacks the robust tympanics observed in the European form, and
exhibits the anomalous paired depressions in the roof the pharynx
which so far as known to the writer are unique. An especial
effort will be made to secure the teeth of this animal in order to
elucidate this problem.

ARTIODACTYLA.

Elotherium uintense, sp. nov.

Orbits open posteriorly. No inferior projections upon the malars. A pre-
glenoid crest. Premolars 4 or 3.

This species is named wntense to emphasize the surprising fact
of its discovery in the Uinta Basin or ¢rue Eocene. It is even
older than the period of the true Uinta beds, since it comes from
the Zelmathertum cornutum level and éelow the typical Uinta or ©
Diplacodon elatus \evel.

Measurements of Skull.

E. uintense. E. mortoni.
Length condyles to premaxillaries......... -43. mm.
Wadthezy comapicrarches ameter tlle! =1=/eii: agit °°
Tleioht oMocelputy aes ear esse crac aacs SDTAT es
Front of orbit to condyles....... dusts eh 2 ae .185 mm.
Molar-premolatSenes errr. t-)-r-1siy-eae er sini O°
IMO atS? ts) sqare tore ue eis elas tea avelorameters Kop 00S
Antero-posterior diameter of canines. ..... Rei ae

Comparison with Leidy’s original specimens of 4. (Archeothe-
rium) mortont from the White River (Am. Mus., Nos. 443-4)
shows that the 4. wntense skull was one-fourth larger and much
more robust. In #. mortoni the sagittal crest is thinner, the
supra-orbital plates are narrower, the swelling for the brain upon

1895. | Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 103

the outer surface of the cranium is more sharply defined, the face
is relatively straighter. In fact, the Miocene type is smaller and
less specialized than the Eocene, and the relations are the reverse
of what we should have anticipated. "

_Fig. 16. Elotherium uintense. Type. Lateral view of cranium. One-fourth natural
size.

It is readily distinguished from Achenodon robustus of the
Washakie beds by the great elongation of the face and the short-
ening of the cranium, both of which characters relate it to //othe-
rium. It agrees with Achenodon and differs from the oldest
types of Elotherium, however, in the orbits, which are widely open
posteriorly. Unfortunately the premolar formula is uncertain,
all the teeth are broken off and it is not possible to determine
whether both P+ and P? were present; there was either one
single-rooted followed by one two-rooted tooth, or there were two
one-rooted teeth here. It seems most+probable that there were
only three premolars.

The three incisors increased in size laterally, the I* being much
the largest. The canine tusks were very powerful. The molars,
so far as preserved, resemble those of Achenodon robustus.

The premaxillaries exhibit a wide contact with the nasals. The
nasals are very long, narrow and indented anteriorly ; they extend
posteriorly to a point opposite the middle of the orbits. The
lachrymals are extensively exposed upon the face. The infra-
orbital foramina are nearer the orbits than in Achenodon. ‘The
frontals form a very broad, centrally depressed, plate over the

104 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VMI,

Fig. 17. Elotherium uintense. Superior view of cranium.

orbits, overhanging but leaving them widely open; the orbits are
much larger than in A. robustus. ‘The frontals converge sud-
denly into the rather short, very sharp and high sagittal crest.
The brain-case is very small. The occiput is high and expands
fan-like superiorly as in H/othertum. ‘The zygomatic arches are
slender in vertical diameter and lack the downward malar plates ;
as shown in top view they diverge or arch sharply outwards. As
in Achenodon the glenoid fossa is deeply depressed and there is a
prominent preglenoid crest. ‘The palatal surface displays the
posterior nares opening behind the last molar; the remains of a

1895.| Osborn, Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. 105

deep pterygoid fossa ; a very broad glenoid fossa ; a short wedge-
shaped basi-cranial series (basi-occipital and sphenoid, pre-
sphenoid).

The collection embraces a complete artiodactyl hind limb (No.
1820), including a femur, tibia, astragalus and calcaneum, cuboid
and a metatarsal. The total length is 90 cm. or 35% inches. In
comparison with that of “/otherium the femur is very short, and
there were apparently four metatarsals, as indicated by facets
upon the median pair. If this limb is related to the above skull
it would distinguish it as a new generic type which might be
named Protelotherium, characterized by four digits in the pes.

Achznodon insolens Co/e.

It is interesting to find this species, which is characteristic of
the Washakie, upon the same level asthe E/otherium. It is repre-
sented by a lower jaw (No. 1825) which corresponds closely
with Cope’s type." The crown of the teeth are crushed and
broken. There is also a portion of a lower jaw (No. 1819) con-
taining the fourth deciduous premolar and an unworn first molar.

The smaller selenodont Artiodactyla are represented by lower
jaws and teeth provisionally referred to Leptotragulus and Proto-
reodon (Nos. 1800-1818, 1826-18262), but they add nothing to cur
knowledge of these selenodonts.

1 Tertiary Vertebrata, p. 433, pl. 57-

mepiere 111.—ON THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS
REITHRODONTOMYS.

By J. A. ALLEN.

INTRODUCTORY NOTE.

The American Museum of Natural History has recently
acquired a large number of specimens of the genus Rerthrodon-
tomys. In attempting to determine them it was found necessary
to consider the status of several obscurely known species, particu-
larly the Rezthredon montanus and R. megalotis of Baird. The
original purpose of the present paper was to settle, if possible,
the character and relationships of these species, and to record
several apparently new forms of the genus, the material at hand
being too limited for a detailed revision of the group. The paper
was originally prepared on these lines, and on the basis of the
specimens belonging to the Museum collection.

After the first draft was practically completed, Dr. C. Hart
Merriam, Chief of the Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy
of the United States Department of Agriculture, hearing of my
work on the group, most generously and without solicitation,
placed in my hands for use in this connection all of the United
States specimens of this genus belonging to the collection of the
Department of Agriculture, collected under his direction, and
also those contained in his own collection. ‘These number alto-
gether about 700 specimens, representing nearly the whole United
States range of the genus, so that the total number of specimens
available for study is not far from 925.’ This large amount of
material throws much light upon the geographic distribution of
the genus, and the manner of its representation over the diverse

1 Besides the Museum Collection and the specimens furnished by Dr. Merriam, I am indebted
to Prof. L. L. Dyche, of the University of Kansas, for a series of nearly 40 specimens from the
vicinity of Lawrence, Kansas, and to Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, Jr., of Peterboro, N. Y., for small
series from central Kansas and northeastern Colorado. I amalso indebted to Mr. F. W. True,
Curator of Mammals in the United States National Museum, for kindly sending me the type
and only known specimen of Reithrodon montanus Baird, and also for other historic material
mentioned fassz in the present paper.

[107]

108 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

climatic areas embraced within its range. It is, however, insuf-
ficient for a final revision of the subject, so that the conclusions
here presented must be considered as tentative, and the paper as
merely a contribution toward a better knowledge of the group.

HISTORICAL SUMMARY.

The history of the group is, in brief, as follows: In the days
of Audubon and Bachman the genus was known only from the
vicinity of Charleston, South Carolina, and Liberty County,
Georgia. The first species commonly referred to this genus was
described by Audubon and Bachman in 1841, under the name
Mus humulis (changed by them to Aumilis in 1851). Whether
this species is correctly referable here, or is even certainly deter-
minable, will be considered later. In the following year the same
authors redescribed their A/us humulis, and added Mus lecontit
and Mus carolinensis. The pertinency of JZus leconti to what is
now recognized as Retthrodontomys 1s beyond question, and it is
the first name that can be unequivocally applied to the south
Atlantic coast form of the genus. Jus carolinensis has never
been certainly identified, having proved a stumbling block to all
subsequent writers on the group. The probabilities are that it
was based on an immature example of Peromyscus’ (late Sztomys,
late Vesperimus, = Hesperomys of earlier writers), probably P.
leucopus’ gossypinus, and not at all referable to Aetthrodontomys.
(See more at length on these points beyond.)

In 1853 John Leconte referred AZus humulis and Mus carolin-
ensis to Hesperomys, and ALus lecontti (for the first time) to the

1 Cf. oes! Ann. antl hee Nat. Gist. (6), XV, Feb A cane p. 192.

2 In June, 1894, I discussed (this Bulletin, III, pp. 294-7) the question of americanus Kerr
(1792) vs. dewcopus Rafinesque (1818) raised previously by Dr. Coues, but left by him unsettled,
owing to his inability to consult Kerr’s work. I was formerly familiar with Kerr’s work (Animal
Kingdom, etc., 1792), and presumed that a transcript of Kerr’s description of his us agrarius
americanus would decide all doubts in the matter. ‘The work not being in any library in New
York City, I sent to a friend in Boston for an exact copy. of the passage in question. This
settled beyond doubt the pertinency of Kerr’s name americanus to the White-footed Mouse of
the northeastern United States, usually known previously as dewcopus Rafinesque, whereupon
(1.c.) I adopted Kerr's name. Mr. Oldfield Thomas, on the authority of Mr. Gerrit S. Miller,
Jr., has recently stated (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1894, p. 192) thatthe name americanus
is preoccupied by a Wus americanus occurring four pages earlier inthe same work. Through
the kindness of my friend Mr. Samuel Henshaw, Secretary of the Boston Society of Natural
History, | have in hand the copy of Kerr’s work belonging to the Society, from which it
appears that Mr. Miller’s statement is well founded. ‘The M7us americanus ‘err (l.c., p. 227)
is not identifiable, but probably relates primarily to some introduced species of Aus, ates
conjectured by Kerr to be probably the Rat referred to by Kalm as living *‘among stones and
clefts of rocks in the Blue Mountains of Virginia.’’ In any case the name americanus is
untenable for any form of the White-footed Mouse.

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. 109g

genus Retthrodon, at the same time claiming personal acquaintance
with each.

The next important reference to the group is by the late Pro-
fessor Baird, who, in 1855, described a second species as Retthrodon
montanus, based on a single specimen from the mountains of
Colorado (exact locality unknown). In 1857 the same writer
treated the group monographically, describing as new Retthrodron
megalotis from near San Luis Springs, Sonora, and 2. longicauda
from Petaluma, California, and recognizing four species as valid
(the three described by himself and the old A7us Aumulis of Audu-
bon and Bachman), and a fifth (2. carolinensis ex Aud. & Bach.)
provisionally.

In 1860 De Saussure added, from the mountains of Vera Cruz,
Mexico, still another, under the name 7. mexicanus, and in 1861
described a second, under the name &. sumichrasti, also from
Mexico.

The next important original work on the group is Coues’s re-
vision of the genus in 1874, and his more extended monograph
of the group in 1877. The genus Rezthrodon is here shown to be
exclusively South American, and for the North American species
heretofore referred to Retthrodon be proposed the generic name
Ochetodon. The species recognized by Coues in 1874 were (1)
O. humilis (Aud. & Bach.), to which he referred 2. mega/otis
Baird, and provisionally A/ws carolinensis Aud. & Bach. ; (2) O.
longicauda (Baird); (3) O. mexicanus (De Sauss.), to which he
referred provisionally specimens from Louisiana, thus for the first
time recognizing this type of the genus as occurring in the United
States. He also recognized provisionally (4) O. montanus (Baird),
and (5) O. sumichrasti. In the later monograph the same alloca-
tions are repeated, except that no reference is made, even in syn-
onymy, to A. sumichrasti.

In 1892 Merriam called attention to the fact that the name
Ochetodon Coues was antedated by one year by the name Pezthro-
dontomys Giglioli ; upon which showing this latter name quickly
became current among North American mammalogists.

In 1893 the present writer revived both #. mega/otis and RK.
montanus of Baird, the latter, however, with some reservation,
and gave the alternative name &. aztecus for specimens from

110 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

northwestern New Mexico provisionally referred to &. megalotis.
Later the same writer described as a new subspecies Rezthrodon-
tomys mexicanus fulvescens from Oposura, Sonora.

In 1893 Mr. Rhoads described as a new species Reithrodonto-
mys pallidus from Santa Ysabel, San Diego Co., California.

Excluding as of doubtful reference to this group both dZws
carolinensis and Mus humulus of Audubon and Bachman (see
beyond), the following nine species and subspecies have been
described :

1841. Retthrodontomys lecontit (Aud. and Bach.).

1855. : montanus (Bd.).

TOb7, i megalotis (Bd.).

1857. 3 Jongicauda (Bd.).

1860. : mexicanus (De Sauss.).

1861. i sumichrastt (De Sauss.).

1893. s aztecus Allen (provisional name).
1893. + pallidus Rhoads.

1894. - mexicanus fulvescens Allen.

Prior to 1855 the group was known only from the coast region
of South Carolina and Georgia. In this year Baird described a
species from the “‘Rocky Mountains, lat. 38°,” and in 1857
extended the range of the genus to northern Sonora and Califor-
nia, recording also specimens from St. Louis, Missouri. In 1860
(as above stated) a form was made known from the State of Vera
Cruz, Mexico. In 1874 Coues referred to specimens from Louis-
iana, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska and Utah, and in 1877 gave the
detailed records of his material, which included also localities in
California and in southern Mexico additional to those mentioned
by Baird.

Alston, in 1880, recorded specimens from Coban and Duefias,
in Guatemala. During the last two years the published addi-
tional records include San Diego Co., California (Rhoads), Texas
(Allen), Florida (Chapman and Rhoads) and Arizona (Allen).

‘To show the increase in material, as well as in our knowledge
of the geographic range of the group, the following may be of
interest.

1895. | Allen, Spectes of the Genus Reithrodontomys. Ii!

In 1857 Baird’s material consisted of 32 specimens, represent-
ing 7 localities ; 12 of the specimens were from South Carolina
and Georgia, and 15 of the remaining twenty from the vicinity of
San Francisco, California ; in other words, nearly all of Baird’s
material came from two small areas on opposite sides of the con-
tinent. In 1877 Coues recorded 57 specimens, representing 16
localities, the 25 specimens additional to those examined by
Baird including 9 from southern Mexico, 3 from Louisiana, 4
from the coast region of central California, 6 from eastern Kansas,
2 from Utah, and 1 each from Iowa and Nebraska.

MATERIAL EXAMINED.

The material on which the present paper is based numbers 920
specimens, representing 166 localities, distributed about as
follows : California, 87 localities and 471 specimens ; northern
Lower California, 4 localities and 8 specimens ; Nevada, 7 locali-
ties and 66 specimens ; Arizona, 3 localities and 25 specimens;
northern Sonora, 2 localities and 5 specimens; Utah, 10 localities
and 53 specimens ; New Mexico, 4 localities and 78 specimens ;
Colorado, 3 localities and 15 specimens ; Nebraska, 8 iocalities
and 27 specimens; Montana and South Dakota, 2 specimens
each ; Kansas, 6 localities and 53 specimens ; Arkansas, 1 locality
and 2 specimens; Louisiana, 3 localities and 13 specimens;
Texas, 18 localities and 67 specimens; Tamaulipas, Mexico, 2
specimens ; Florida, 1 specimen ; Riceboro, Georgia, 6 speci-
mens ; Raleigh, North Carolina, 61 specimens ; Southern Mexico,
2 localities and 2 specimens (Mazatlan and Tehuacan); Costa
Rica, 1 locality and 17 specimens.

The material in hand, while so extensive and covering such a
wide range of country, is far from sufficient to properly repre-
sent the genus throughout its range, large areas where it probably
occurs being wholly unrepresented, while other portions of great
extent are very inadequately represented, and only small sections
of the general habitat with any great degree of fullness—mainly
those areas covered by the Biological Surveys carried on by Dr.
Merriam under the Department of Agriculture.

112 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

GENERAL REMARKS.

Geographical Distribution.—TVhe genus is not as yet known to
occur in the Gulf States between Florida and Louisiana ; but this
region has thus far been too imperfectly explored to render it safe
to assume that it is absent from this coast belt, where the condi-
tions are apparently highly favorable to its presence. Neither is
it known to occur in the area to the northward between the coast
region of the Carolinas and the Mississippi River. With this
exception the genus is now known to have a practically continuous
distribution from the coast of the Carolinas across the continent
to the coast of California, and from the mouth of the Big Horn
Riverin Montana southward to central Costa Rica, including both
coasts of Mexico. From St. Louis, Missouri, westward to the
Pacific coast the genus is apparently represented almost continu-
ously, the higher altitudes in the mountains being of course ex-
cepted. It also occurs across southern Texas, from about the
mouth of the Pecos River eastward to the coast.

List of Forms Recognised.—In the present paper fifteen forms
are recognized, as given in the following list, which also states
the number of specimens of each examined.

1. Reithrodontomys lecontit (Aud. & Bach.). Coast region of the South
Atlantic States. Specimens examined, 69.

2. R. merriamt, sp. nov. Coast region of western Louisiana and eastern
Texas. Specimens examined, 10.

3. R. dychei, sp. noy. Eastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska, east to
St. Louis, Mo. Specimens examined, 51.

4. R. dychet nebrascensis, subsp. nov. Colorado east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, western Kansas, and north to southeastern Montana. Specimens
examined, 43.

5. R. montanus (Baird). Head of San Luis Valley, Colorado. Specimens
examined, 1 (type of the species).

os
>

. megalotis (Baird). Western New Mexico, eastern Arizona, and north
to northern Utah. Specimens examined, 126.

~s
=

. megalotis deserti, subsp. nov. Death Valley region of southern Nevada
and Inyo Co., California. Specimens examined, 189.

8. R. longicauda (Baird). Central California, west of the Sierra Nevada.
Specimens examined, 175.

1895. | Allen, Spectes of the Genus Reithrodontomys. 113

g. R. longicauda pallidus (Rhoads). Southern California and northern Lower
California. Specimens examined, 157.

10. &. arizonensis, sp. nov. Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Specimens ex-
amined, 5.

It. &. mexicanus (De Saussure). Southeastern Mexico.

12. R. mexicanus intermedius, subsp. nov. Valley of the Lower Rio Grande
and adjoining coast region of Texas and Mexico. Specimens exam-
ined, 36.

13. R. mexicanus aurantius, subsp. nov. Western Louisiana and eastern
Texas. Specimens examined, 34.

14. R. fulvescens Allen. Northern Sonora. Specimens examined, 3.

15. &. costaricensis, sp. nov. Central Costa Rica. Specimens examined, 17.

These forms present wide extremes as regards size, coloration,
size and form of the ear, and ratio of tail length to total length ;
but the connecting stages are so minutely graduated that none of
these features, or any combinations of them, are serviceable as a
basis for a sharp. division of the genus into minor groups. Nor
do the cranial or dental characters prove any more satisfactory as
a basis for minor divisions ; and no attempt is made in the present
paper to make use cf them for the discrimination of species and
subspecies, as on measuring a considerable series of skulls it soon
becomes evident that the range of individual variation consider-
ably overlaps the average differences between closely allied forms.
The length of the skull varies, in different species, from 18 to 24
mm., but the conformation is practically the same in all the species.

The average total length of the animal varies in the different
species from about tro mm. to about 190 mm.; the extremes
carry the total range from about 100 to 200 mm. _ In some species
(as shown in the subjoined synopsis) the tail vertebrae form
decidedly less than half (from 46 to 48 per cent.) of the total
length ; in others they constitute more than half (from 52 to 58
per cent.) of the total length ; in others still the two measurements
are practically equal, specimens from the same locality falling
either side of the line.

In the smaller, short-tailed South Atlantic and Gulf coast forms
the general color above is dusky brown; the larger short-tailed
interior forms are grayish brown with a tinge of fulvous; the
[ Way, 7895.) S

114 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

longer-tailed forms (ongicauda and mexicanus groups) are darker
and more or less washed with bright fulvous, sometimes approach-
ing golden rufous, while the largest and longest-tailed form of the
group is nearly as golden rufous as the Golden Mouse (Peromyscus
aureolus) of the South Atlantic States.

In R. megalotis the ear is very large in comparison with most
of the other species, the increase being not only in length, but
more especially in breadth, and hence is quite different in form
from the narrow and more pointed ear in A. lecontiz, R. merriamt,
R. longicauda, etc. In R. dychei the ear is somewhat intermediate
in size and form, making in &. dychet nebrascensis a decided
approach to that of 2. megalotis.

The following synopsis may aid in the determination of the
species and subspecies, and serve to show, to some extent, their
mutual relationships.

Synopsts of the Spectes and Subspecies.’

A. Tail vertebrz less than half the total length. Ears small.

a. Size small. Total length, 120; tail vertebra, 56; ear, 9.5. Above
dark brown with a light wash of dark cinnamon brown, generally
slightly darker along the median line ; below dingy gray, sometimes
with a slight wash of yellowish ; lateral line usually indistinct or

Above darker, prevailing color above dusky brown, with a prominent
blackish median area ; sides yellowish gray brown, with an indistinct
fulvous lateral line; below gray with a slight suffusion of yellowish
DrOWile A ircinerseeb ters oh deine ee rom reeves sos. »ACUTET RUE

c. Larger. Length, 130; tail vertebre, 60; ear, 10. Above fulvous
gray lined with black, deeping on the sides to an indistinct fulvous
lateral band >"below grayishewitttel je. sess ater R. dychei.

d. Slightly larger, and more strongly suffused with fulvous. Length,
nase whailevenrtebres OAs eae ell sims .. L. dychei nebrascensis.

e. Very small. Length, 102; tail vertebrae, 51; ear, 10. Above pale
yellowish gray brown, more yellowish on sides; below dull whitish.
R. montanus.

#. Tail vertebree about one-half the total length. Ears large.

a. Size medium. Length, 136; tail vertebre, 63; ear, 12.5. Above
yellowish gray, lined with darker ; lower border of sides more fulvous ;
below white a0 202s fate as vcs ahaa shalane voter atari ... «+R. megalots.

4. Resembling the last, but with relatively longer tail. Length, 136; tail
Vertebrae, 705 (ear. 2555 251). «an. een Seen R. megalotis deserti.

1 Measurements in millimeters. Unless otherwise stated, all measurements given in this
paper are the collector’s measurements from fresh specimens, except those of the ear, which
are always from the dry skins. ‘The measurement for the ear is the height from the notch,

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. I15

C. Tail vertebrz slightly more than half the total length. Ears smaller than
in B

a. Size medium. Length, 140; tail vertebree, 74; ear, Ir. Above yellow-

ish brown, lined with blackish, with generally a darker median dorsal

area ; sides brighter, the lower border forming a prominent bright

fulvous lateral line ; below clear mie white, occasionally with a

olin Deas ELE Accatk <1) ai Mi hme Veo Se oe R. longicauda.

6. Slightly larger than the fast ; cikecstinn paler. ..&. longicauda pallidus.
c. Larger. Length, 150; tail vertebrz, 78. In coloration most resem-
Vicia en ON LEC UUG ehh ata tia Du a ear ae ee R. arizonensis,

D. Tail vertebree much more than half the total length.

a. Large. Total length, 150; tail vertebre, 87; ear, 12.7. Above dull
ferrugineous brown, becoming bright orange tawny on lower edge of
sides ; below white with usually a yellowish cast..... R. mexicanus.

6. Larger and colors much paler.. Length, 176; tail vertebrze, gg ; ear,
12. Above grayish brown with a yellowish wash; sides strong
yellowish fulvous ; below dull whitish. ...2. mexicanus intermedius.

About the size of the last, or slightly smaller ; colors much stronger.
Length, 168 ; tail, 94 ; ear, 11.5. Above strongly yellowish brown,
with a blackish median area ; sides rich orange rufous ; below white
with a faint yellowish tinge... ........... R. mexicanus aurantius.

d. Rather larger than the preceding. Length, 176; tail vertebra, 100 ;
ear, 11.5. Above pale yellowish gray, lined with black, with a
blackish median area ; sides light yellowish ; below white.

R. fulvescens.

e. Largest ofthe genus. Length, 191; tail vertebra, 114; ear, 12. Above

_ bright ferrugineous brown, finely lined with blackish, but with no
distinctly darker median area ; sides orange rufous; below white,
generaily with a slight tinge of yellow . ..... ...R. costaricensis.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

Genus Reithrodontomys Gig/io/7.

Mus Avuv. & Bacu. (1841-51).

Llesperomys WAGNER, Wiegm. Arch. 1843 (2), p. 51 (simply referring Audubon
and Bachman’s “‘fiinf neue arten”’ of A/us to Hesperomys).

Reithrodon \.ECONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, pp. 410, 413 (merely
refers AZus lecontii of Aud. and Bach. to Retthrodon ; not Retthrodon
Waterhouse, 1837). :

Reithrodor BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 447 (not of Waterhouse).

“* Reithrodontomys GIGLIOLI, Richer. intorn. alla Distrib. Geog. Gener. 1873, p.
60.” (Apud MERRIAM, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. VII, 1892, p. 26, footnote.)

Ochetodon Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, p. 184 (=Retthrodon
Baird, ec Waterhouse.

Reithrodontomys is the only North American genus of Muridz
having grooved upper incisors. In other respects the cranial and

dental characters are much as in Peromyscus. Externally the
species also greatly resemble those of this latter genus, but are

116 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

generally smaller, except 2. costaricensis, which has more resem-
blance externally to some of the smaller species of Oxyzomys.

I have to regret that Giglioli’s work wherein he established the
genus Reithrodontomys is not accessible to me, and hence take the
name on Dr. Merriam’s authority, as cited above.

Reithrodontomys lecontii (Aud. & Bach.).
LECONTE’s HARVEST MOUSE.

? Mus humulis Aup. & BAcH. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phiia. I, 1841, p. 97;
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII, 1842, p. 300. Vicinity of Charleston,
S.C. (Not satisfactorily determinable ; probably not Retthrodontomys.)

? Mus humilis Aup. & BacH. Quad. N. Am. II, 1851, p. 103. (Habitat
extended to vicinity of New York City.)

? H\esperomys| humilis LECONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, p. 413
(in text).

Reithrodon humilis BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 448.

Ochetodon humilis Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, p. 185; Mon.
N. Am. Roden. 1877, p. 123. (The Atlantic coast specimens and refer-
ences only.)

?? Mus carolinensis AuD. & BACH. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII, 1842,
p. 306. ‘‘ Maritime districts of South Carolina.” (Not determinable ;
probably a young Peromyscus.)

2? H|esperomys| carolinensis LECONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1853, p.
413 (in text).

?? Reithrodon carolinensis BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 452 (from Aud. &
Bach.).

Mus lecontii AuD. & Bacnw. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VIII, 1842, p. 307.
Georgia ; Ashapoo, S. C.

Retthrodon lecontet LECONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI, 1853, p. 413.
“Hab, In Georgia.”—Barrb, Rep. U. S. and Mex. Bound. Surv. II,
Mamm. 1859, p. 43 (in text).

Reithrodontomys humilis RHOADS, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1894, p. 161.
(Tarpon Springs, Fla.)—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894,
p. 338. (Enterprise, Fla.)

Adult.—Above ruddy fuscous brown, usually a little darker along the median
line of the back, lighter and more fulvous on the sides, forming an ill-defined
fulvous border at the junction of the dorsal and ventral areas. Below dingy
gray, usually with a tinge of fulvous, particularly over the pectoral region, where
there is a tendency to an ill-defined chest-mark. (The plumbeous basal portion
of the fur shows more or less through the grayish tips of the hairs, which, as
already said, often present a distinct wash of brownish fulvous.) Feet whitish ;

ears more or less dusky ; tail more or less distinctly bicolor, dusky above, gray-
ish white below, thinly haired.

Immature.—Darker and more plumbeous above, with little or none of the
brownish wash of the adults; below plumbeous, washed with whitish gray.
Very young specimens are much darker and more plumbeous than those nearly
full grown.

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. |

Measurements.—TYail slightly less than half (about 48 per cent.) of the total
length. Length, 120; tail vertebrae, 56; hind foot, 15.5; ear, 9.5. (For
measurements of additional specimens see Table I, p. 141.)

Geographic Distribution.—Coast district of South Carolina and Georgia, and
southward into Florida (Enterprise, Chapman ; Tarpon Springs, Rhoads),

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.

No. of Locality. Date. | Collector.
specimens.
5 | Baceboro, Gay «.|) April 12—14.....)..- V. Bailey & R. J. Thomp-
| son.!
I Bnfenpnseye nua LEDs 27). resis. ost « | C. L. Brownell.’
13 Raleigh, N. C..; Nov. 11—Dec. 15. ..| H. H. and C. S. Brimley.”
20 me Sel Ove 7) all. 20.5. - oa '
28 a =~ .2| Dees Beb:, March;
65. April and July. .. a a
1 Received from U.S. Dept. Agr. * Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

3 Received from Dr. C. Hart Merriam.

There is considerable seasonal variation in color and condition
of pelage, most adult November and December examples being
in short, thin pelage and of a lighter, more chestnut-brownish hue
than February and March examples, as shown by the large series
from Raleigh, covering the period from Noy. 5 to April 7. Half-
grown young differ markedly from the adults in being nearly
uniform dark plumbeous.

Messrs. H. H. and C. S. Brimley, in answer to my inquiries as
to the distribution of this species, have kindly written me as fol-
lows: “ The only places in North Carolina from which we have
seen specimens are Raleigh and Wolke, in Bertie County, on
Albemarle Sound.” They further state that Mr. C. S. Brimley
collected in 1890 at Greensboro, Alabama, and at Bay St. Louis,
Hancock Co., Miss., without meeting with this species. “At
Raleigh,” they add, “it inhabits the upland fields, and also the
edges of marshes, but is never found in woods nor in wet mead-
ows, where Arvicola riparitus abounds. ‘The few nests that have
been found were in damp places in tussocks of grass or rushes.
At Raleigh it is one of our commonest mice.”

While in general the description of AZus humulis Aud. & Bach.
applies satisfactorily to the species of Reithrodontomys occurring
near the coast in South Carolina and Georgia, it is singular and

118 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1,

noteworthy that these authors failed to mention the grooved
incisors in any of the three descriptions given by them of this
species ; especially when they so particularly refer to the charac-
ter of the molars, which they compare with those of A/us and
Arvicola, remarking (Quad. N. Am., II, p. 106) “that there are
angular ridges on the enamel by which it [this species] approaches
the genus Arvico/a ; it is in fact an intermediate species, but in
the aggregate of its characteristics perhaps approaches nearest to
Mus, where for the present we have concluded to leave it.”
They also state that they believe “this animal can be traced as
far to the northeast as the State of New York, several having
been procured in traps on the farms in the vicinity of the city.”
These statements, taken with the fact that W7us humud/is, in their
‘Descriptions of New Species of Quadrupeds inhabiting North
America’ (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VIII, pp. 280-323), is
separated from their Jus carolinensis and Mus lecontit by the
intervention of Mus aureolus and Mus michiganensis, and the fur-
ther fact that grooved incisors are particularly mentioned in the
case of JZ. carolinensis and M. lecontit, seem to throw doubt upon
the tenability of the name Aumulis for any species of Reithro-
dontomys.

It is further to be noted that Le Conte, in his remarks upon
North American Muridez (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853,
p. 410), says that “the Mus Lecontei of Bachman....is a
Reithrodon, and neither a Mus nor a Hesperomys.’’ In the same
paper (p. 413) he refers both Mus humulis and Mus carolinensis,
with which he says he has long been ‘well acquainted,” to
Flesperomys, and gives under Reithrodon only R. Lecontit.

It is suggestive also that Baird in 1859 (Mex. Bound. Surv., l. c.)
compared his 2. megalotis with R. lecontit, and made no mention
of &. humulis, the inference from which is obvious, as he had
previously considered /econtiz to be a pure synonym of Aumulis.

The only objection to referring JZus carolinensis Aud. & Bach.
to “ Hesperomys,” as was done by Le Conte, is the statement that
“the upper incisors are slightly grooved;” in JZ. /econtii they
are said by the same authors to be “deeply grooved.” The
distinction here made is noteworthy, especially as the proportions
and color of AZus carolinensis accord well with those of a young

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. [1g

Peromyscus (=Sitomys), and do not coincide with any known
form of Retthrodontomys from “‘the maritime districts of South
Carolina.”

Of the pertinancy here of AZus /econtit there is no question.

Reithrodontomys merriami,' sp. nov.
MERRIAM’S HARVEST MOUSE.

Similar in general features to 7. /econtiz, but distinctly smaller, with slightly
shorter tail, and much darker coloration.

Adult.—Above yellowish gray brown, darker along the middle of the dorsal
area, forming a broad blackish band from the shoulders posteriorly ; sides more
yellowish gray, with a faint pale buffy lateral line. Below whitish gray, with
often a faint buffy wash, most pronounced on the breast. Ears small, uniform
blackish ; feet dingy gray; tail very indistinctly bicolor, blackish above, dusky
gray below, thinly haired, the annulations often distinctly visible.

Measurements.—T ype No. #7323, Nat. Mus , 4 ad.,Austin Bayou, near Alvin,
Texas, March 15, 1892; Wm. Lloyd. Length, 112; tail vertebrae, 55; hind
foot, 16.55 ear, 9. —

Nine specimens (U. S. Dept. Agr.) from Austin Bayou, near Alvin, Brazo-
ria Co., Texas, measure as follows: Length, 112 (106-128); tail vertebra, 52
(45-60); hind foot, 16.2 (15.5-17); ear, 8.5 (8-9); ratio of tail vertebrz to
total length, 46.4 (44-49).

Geog. Dist.—Coast district of southwestern Louisiana to Brazoria Co.,
Texas.

Material Examined.—Austin Bayou, near Alvin, Texas, March 13-17, Wm.
Lloyd (U. S. Dept. Agr.), 9 specimens; Lafayette, La., May 22, R. J. Thomp-
son (U. S. Dept. Agr.), I specimen. Total, Io specimens.

I also refer to this species a specimen (alcoholic) recorded by Coues (Mon.
N. Am. Roden., p. 126, Table xxxiii, third line from bottom), under Ochetodon
humilis, from Calcasieu Pass, La., of which he gives the following measure-
ments (here reduced to mm.): Length, 112; tail vertebree, 56 ; hind foot, 15.2;
ear, 9.4. This (if properly referred) forms the first reference to the occurrence
of this species in Louisiana.

Fortunately the Riceboro specimens of &. /econtii are strictly
comparable, as regards season of capture, with the series from
Austin Bayou. ‘The differences in coloration are striking ; there

1 Named for Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy,
U.S. Department of Agriculture.

120 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V\I,

is also a quite noteworthy difference in size, and in the ratio of
tail vertebree to total length. ‘The pelage is softer and fuller, and
the tail more scantily haired.

It needs comparison with no other species thus far known.

Reithrodontomys dychei,’ sp. nov.
DycHE’s Harvest MOUSE.

Ochetodon humilis Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, p. 185 ; Mon.
N. Am. Roden. 1877, p. 123 (Kansas, Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska
specimens only).

Somewhat resembling A. megalotis, but darker, slightly smaller, and with
smaller and more distinctly spotted ears.

Adult,—Above mouse gray, rather conspicuously lined with black, lighter and
more fulvous on the sides, with an indistinct pale fulvous lateral line extending
from the cheeks to the base of the tail ; sides of the nose, lower edge of the
cheeks, throat and whole lower parts whitish, the hairs being plumbeous at
base and broadly tipped with white, without any tinge of fulvous on the breast
or elsewhere on the ventral area. Ears of medium size for the genus, well
rounded apically, moderately well clothed with short grayish-brown hairs on
both surfaces. A more or less distinct dusky spot on the outer edge of the ear
near the base, and another at the base of the ear internally, both often obsolete
in old specimens. Usually a quite noticeable tuft of yellowish-brown hairs in
front of the anterior base of ears. Tail well haired, distinctly bicolor, the upper
third dusky and the rest whitish or grayish white. Upper surface of all the
feet whitish.

Young.—Darker and more mixed with blackish above, with the fulvous
lateral line (in middle-aged specimens) more uniformly present and stronger
than in adults. The dusky ear spots are more distinct, usually forming rather
conspicuous markings.

Measurements.—Type, No. '2A2;7, Am. Mus., 9ad., Lawrence, Kans., Jan.
12, 1894; Prof. L. L. Dyche. Length, 133; tail vertebrae, 52; hind foot,
15.5; ear, 10.

Twenty-four adults from Lawrence, Kans., measure: Length, 130 (119-
149) ; tail vertebrae, 60 (51-70) ; hind foot, 16.8 (15.2-18.8); ear (from skins),
10 (g.5-10.5) ; ratio of tail vertebrze to total length, 46 (44-49).

Five specimens from Neosho Falls, Kans., measure :? Length, 118 (102-
123) ; tail vertebrae, 53 (43-58.4) ; hind foot, 16 (14.5-16.3).

The Onaga and Trego series are unfortunately not accompanied by measure-
ments.

1 Named for Prof. L. L. Dyche, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.
2 Measurements from Coues (Mon. N. Am. Roden., p. 126), reduced to mm.

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. I21

Geog. Dist.—Eastern Kansas, from about the middle of the State eastward
to St. Louis, Mo., and from Neosho County north to eastern Nebraska and
southwestern [owa.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.

we &

6.6 Locality. Date. Collector. Whence received.
“3

37 |Lawrence, Kan...|Dec. 28-Jan.18,

Mar. 22, Apr.

Bis CTE OE 'Prof. L. L. Dyche ..!Prof.L.L. Dyche.
palNeosho Falls, Kan.|.0..... 52... Col™sNeS: (Goss: .-. (U.S. Nat. Mus.
9 |Onaga, Pottawato-|Oct. 6, Nov. 17-

mie Go Kan 2.-| 25, Mec:2; Feb:

rr, Apr. 14. .|/F- F. Crevacceur...|/U. S. Dept: Agr.
BalOtae LOUIS. MO. 2. il\cjercete ate. on ce ..|Dr. Geo. Engelmann) U.S. Nat. Mus.
2 |London, Lancaster

POs NED... -.- Aprilotrrss .. Geo. A. Coleman...}U. 5S. Dept. Agr.
51

This species is much larger than either A. merviami or R.
leconttt, ‘Vhe pelage is very long, soft and full. In coloration Z.
dychet differs from &. merriami in being much paler, with much less
black over the dorsal area, more yellowish gray sides, and clear
white underparts, with a much more sharply bicolored tail, and
spotted ears; from A&. Zecontiz in much lighter and wholly differ-
ent coloration, in much fuller, softer pelage, in its heavily-clothed
tail and distinctly spotted ears.

Reithrodontomys dychei is based primarily on the large series
from Lawrence, Kansas, received from Prof. L. L. Dyche. I
refer also to this species the two specimens (one of them is before
me) from St. Louis, Missouri, doubtfully assigned by both Baird
and Coues to 2. humilis (=Jecontii); also the five specimens (two
are before me) recorded by Coues under the same name from
Neosho Falls, Kans.; and the single specimens from Burlington
Kans., and Buchanan Co., Iowa, similarly recorded by the same
author.

The Onaga specimens are very dark and very small; some of
them are obviously quite young, and all are apparently more or
less immature, which probably explains their small size and dark
coloration.

122 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Reithrodontomys dychei nebrascensis, subsp. nov.
NEBRASKA HARVEST MOUSE.

Differs from 2. dychet in slightly larger size, relatively larger ears, and more
strongly fulvous coloration.

Adult,—Above yellowish brown finely lined with blackish tipped hairs, par-
ticularly over the median area ; the fulvous brown tint is strongest on the sides
and posterior half of the dorsum; beneath white. Ears indistinctly spotted.

Young.—Above pale buffy gray, faintly lined with dusky hairs ; below white.
Ears distinctly spotted. Much lighter colored above than the young of 2.
dychet at corresponding ages.
s634, Nat. Mus., 4 ad., Kennedy, Nebr.,
vength, 130; tail vertebrae, 61 ; hind foot,

y Uren iT A
Measurements.—TVype, No. §

—

April 19, 1890; Vernon Bailey.
18; ear (from skin), IT.

Thirteen specimens from Kennedy, Nebr., measure : Length, 135 (126-139);
tail vertebrae, 63.6 (59-68); hind foot, 17.6 (17-18); ear (from skins), 11 ;
ratio of tail vertebrze to total length, 45.6 (42-47). .

Four adult specimens from Cafion City, Col., measure: Length, 141 (128-
153); tail vertebra, 64 (58-68); hind foot, 16.3 (16-17) ; ratio of tail vertebrae
to total length, 45.4.

Geog. Dist.—Western border of the Plains, from Fremont Co., Col., north
to Custer, Mont., and east to central and northeastern Nebraska.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.

35
38 Locality. Date. Collector.
Zo
a
14 | Kennedy, Cherry Co., Nebr..| Apr. 19-25.... ...| Vernon Bailey.!
1 Ghency Gol Nebra noc eiol| AMINES Oo 6 ooo 08 A. B. Baker.!
2| Alliance, Boxbutte Co., Nebr.| July 13........... Dr A; Keebishers
ie | leauge IekKOlhe (COs. ING bites BP MIEN, occ cepoormes V. Bailey.!
3 | Callaway, Custer Co., Nebr..| Sept. 13, 14..... Geo. A. Coleman. !
3) Columbus; Platte Cor Nebr.) Ane. 2)7—20)o a ae a Se
i weameyn buttaloy@or Nebr) Sept. One) elec ee os
2 | Pendennis, Lane Co.,-Kans..| May 8............ W. W. Granger.’
af |) Aiceyers) (Coys IM cn Se ee IDO OUE Se ob saint
5 - ae tee Wien tenis Dec. 9-29° fo"
3 Bs Bag VE NE Sears Jans 24 ic oiad ae A. B. Baker.!
Ral Ganone Citye: Glee iertrie cyte Oct. 2=6.iss sree J. A. Loring.!
1 | Loveland, Larimer Co., Col..| Oct. 22............| C. P. Streator.!
8 ys o ‘* + ..| Apr. 2-14, Sept. 152) We Gp Smuthes
Py elle sh ourche iver js. Oalkew.)\s |e 2) ilar ialatr tenets Vernon Bailey.'
in|] WSerovilitoya YS IDEs Ga Ano one Dec: cen Eee G. S. Agersborg.*
my |. Guster Montes. acter vests June’ t04), ces ee J. A. Loring.!
43
1 Received from U.S. Dept. Agr. 3 Received from Gerrit S. Miller, Jr.
2 Collection Am, Mus, Nat. Hist. 4 es ‘“* Dr. C. Hart Merriam.

,
4

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. 123

This subspecies differs from 2. dychei in its slightly larger size,
slightly larger ears, and very much stronger suffusion of fulvous.
In coloration it is parallel to the phase of Peromyscus found over
the same region, and known as P. americanus nebrascensis, as
compared with other conspecific forms of the latter group. 2.
dychet and R. dychet nebrascensis undoubtedly intergrade, from the
nature of their distribution, over the central portions of Kansas
and eastern central Nebraska.

This form is based primarily on the series from Kennedy,
Nebraska—the only series of which measurements taken from the
fresh specimens are available. The Loveland series, however, is
quite similar in coloration and apparently in size. One specimen
of the latter (No. 495, Coll. G. S. Miller, Jr., April 8) is remarka-
ble for its pallor, having an exceedingly bleached appearance,
and especially for the absence of the usual dusky stripe along the
upper surface of the tail. Another (No. 65,667, Dept. Agr.) from
Belle Fourche River, S. Dak., June 2, is remarkable also for its
pale gray tint, through, apparently, the fading out of the fulvous
tinge so prominent in early spring specimens from other localities.
August and September specimens are darker and less fulvous than
spring examples.

In coloration, hairiness of the tail, and in general features, this
subspecies bears a close resemblance to the R. megalotis group,
Kennedy specimens finding their exact counterpart in coloration
in specimens from Inyo Co., California, and southern Nevada,
while specimens of the grayer style are almost indistinguishable
in coloration from the phase of the &. megalotis group represented
in the San Juan region of New Mexico and Utah.

Reithrodontomys montanus (Zaid).
MOUNTAIN HARVEST MOUSE.

Reithrodon montanus BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1855, p. 335. ‘‘Col-
lected in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountains, lat. 38°;” Bairp, Mam.

o»”

N Am. 1857, p. 449. ‘* Rocky Mountains, 39°.
? Ochetodon montanus (sp. proband.) CouEs, Mon. N. Am. Roden. 1877, p.
130. (From Baird.)
Reithrodontomys montanus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. V, 1893. p. 80.
(Based on an examination of the type of the species.)

“Tail very little less than head and body, which barely exceeds two inches.
Hind foot, .50. Ears small, the membrane thickened, and with long coarse

124 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

hairs. Above, brown and pale yellowish gray, much lighter than mouse-color.
Outside of ears and flanks, pale yellowish brown, without any rufous. Beneath,
—Baird, N. Am. Mam., p. 449.

”

duli whitish.

ATeasurements.—‘* Nose to occiput, 10 lines; nose to root of tail, 2 in. 2 lines
[=51 mm.]; tail, from root to end of hairs, 2 in. [=50.8 mm.]; ears, height
posteriorly, 314 lines [=7.4 mm.]; ears, height internally, above notch, 4 lines
[=10.2 mm.]; ....hind foot, from heel to end of claws, 6 lines [=12.7 mm.] ;
skull, length, 914 lines [=44.5 mm.]; ....”—Batrd, |. c., p. 450.

Geog. Dist.—Known only from the type, taken in lat. 38 to 39, in the
Rocky Mountains, probably near the upper end of the San Luis Valley in
Colorado.

Although the original type of the species is before me, I have
preferred, owing to its present deteriorated condition, to copy
Baird’s excellent description rather than to give a new one.
There is nothing, in fact, to be said in amplification of what Baird
wrote, the type still remaining unique. There are no specimens
in the material before me from any point nearer the type locality
than Cafion City, some fifty miles to the eastward, and in a quite
different region. ‘The type specimen, as said by Baird, “appears
quite adult’; in fact, the teeth are considerably worn, and there
are other indications of full maturity. Yet the specimen is not
larger than quite immature (one-half to two-thirds grown) exam-
ples of 2. megalotis or R. dychet. ‘The very small ears, with the
membrane thickened and covered with rather coarse yellowish
hairs, the small size of the auditory buile and their rather oblique
position, and the rather peculiar enamel pattern of the molariform
teeth, are features not seen in any other example of the genus I
have examined.

In external characters—as the relative length and hairiness of
the tail, and in coloration—there is little besides the small thick-
ened ears to distinguish it from immature examples from north-
ern New Mexico, Colorado or Kansas.

The type of Reithrodon montanus is No. 13 of the specimens taken
by Mr. Kreutzfeldt on Capt. E. G. Beckwith’s Expedition from
Wesport, Mo., to the Pacific Coast in 1853-4. Only a few speci-
mens of mammals and birds appear to have been collected on
this particular expedition, as on careful collation of Baird’s famous
Vols. VIII and IX of the Pacific R.R. Explorations and Surveys,

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. 125

I find only about a dozen localities mentioned from which speci-
mens are credited to Beckwith’s Expedition. ‘The locality of the
type in question appears not to have been accurately known even
to Professor Baird, who records it as “‘vicinity of the Rocky Moun-
tains, lat. 38°,” in his first description of the species, and later as
“Rocky Mountains, 39°.” Specimens Nos. 15-18 of Beckwith’s
Collection are given as from Sewatch Pass, and Nos. 14 and 20-22
as from Coochetopa Pass. The series begins with No. 1, taken
at Bent’s Fort, on the Arkansas River; No. 3 was from the
Greenhorn Mountains ; No. 5 from Sangre de Christo Pass, and
Nos. 7 and 11 from near Fort Massachusetts. From the itinerary
of the expedition (P. R. R. Expl. and Surv., II, pp. 1-128, and
particularly pp. 116 and 120-122) it is evident that No. 13, the
type of Reithrodon montanus, was taken about August 29 or 30 in
the upper part of the San Luis Valley. Until this region has
been thoroughly explored for ‘topotypes’ of A. montanus, it would
be obviously improper to reject this species as unidentifiable or
to give the name precedence over &. mega/otis for the form here
recognized under that name.

Reithrodontomys megalotis (Auirz).
BiG-EARED HARVEST MOUSE.

Reithrodon megalotis BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 451; Rep. U.S. and
Mex. Bound. Surv. II, Mamm. 1859, p. 43. Between Janos, Sonora and
San Luis Springs, New Mexico.

Reithrodontomys megalotis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. V, 1893, p. 79
(San Juan region of New Mexico and Utah); ALLEN, ibid. VI, 1894, p.
320 (Fairbank, Arizona).

Reithrodontomys aztecus ALLEN, ibid. V, p. 79. La Plata, New Mexico.

Ochetodon humilis Cours, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, p. 185; Mon. N.
Am. Roden. 1877, p. 123. (Only the references to 2. megalotis Baird. )—
Aston, Biol. Centr.-Am. Mamm. 1880, p. 151. (The Sonoran references
only.)

‘“ Largest of North American species. Head and body from 2.50 to 3.00
inches [—63.5 to 76 mm.|; tail about two-tenths shorter. Hind foot near .70
{[=17.8]. Ears large, moderately clothed with hair. Above mouse-gray, lined
with darker, and tinged with rusty ; on the rump and sides a fulvous wash.
Beneath soiled yellowish white.” —Aazvd, Mam. N. Am., p. 451.

The above is an excellent description of average adults. Immature speci-
mens are grayer with less of the fulvous wash, and with indistinct blackish ear
spots, asin 2. dychei, Occasionally the fulvous on the back in adults shades

126 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [|Vol. VII,

on to areddish tinge. The upper surface of the tail is distinctly darker than
the sides and lower surface, well clothed with short hairs, wholly concealing the
annuli, except in worn specimens. Feet soiled whitish.

Measurements.—(See Table II, p. 141.) In compiling the table obviously
immature specimens were excluded, although a number of * young adults’ are
embraced in several of the series, as in those from Aztec and Provo, thus tending
to lower the general average.

Geog. Dist.—Northeastern Sonora northward through western New Mexico
and eastern Arizona to Northern Utah. ‘The localities given in the following
table indicate more in detail the known distribution of the species.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.

noe Locality. Date. Collector.
mens.
t | NearSanduis Springs; Sonora: |soen sou eect Dr. C.B. Kennerly.!
I Orie Ua chucae Atiz mtr Sed |e ere sere tees Dre 2. BY Wilcox
5. | RainbankayAtiz a5 eee see “March 2-I4.. Price and Condit.®
1 ieity AGG Nin soa caosene JENN Pio). SB aae ee Vernon Bailey *
T "| silver City NEG Mlexeri: n= a DeEC barrier C.-P. Streatome
I WasiViemasta Nie Neem. nee April 6): cn. shy silo sek ee z
2 |) dA. ING MIG a5 pop eoseec March 19, 20...| C. P. Rowley.?
33 Se re Eee oe DEC 5-0 seca J. A. Loring.?
7 ik live, Plata ING Mier corstcie net Mch. 30-Apr.11.| C. P. Rowley.”
34 ss a Serr iit Wee. TO-T2s. 5s J. A. Loring.
I Riverview. Uitahe-e-m— users April 25a raster 'C. P. Rowley.?
r | Blatt City, Utah. 325.2055: May 8822s [sae rh
4| a a ees eRe eh Nov 8.705 seer J. A. Loring.4
4 Noland’s Ranch, S. W. Utah..| Nov. 23..-..... < ss
3 Fairfield, Utah..... ..-.-..| June 24, 25....] Vernon Bailey.4
I Manti, Utah. . Peat ae Deco 0s. See. alla eee eee 2
1 | Camp Floyd, Wiehe, ca. etude ae Cas vice arthy.
|i slin Cowes Wiel. cope - Se PATNI eerie pores Vernon Bailey.”
15 Provo; Uitahiea. fate- 6 = Nov. 11- Dec. its se oe
2 Latvon, Witkin see on auoe b\| OCU C2 Rees ae fe ss
Be Osdenn Utama meres ttey- tars Oct. 1=3 5 =e a a
126
1 Received from U.S. Nat. Mus. 3 , Receiv ed from Dr. C. Hart Merriam.
2 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. * U.S. Dept. Agr.

R. megalotis was described from two specimens (Nos. 1039,
skin, and 1040, alcoholic, U. S. Nat. Mus.) taken by Dr. C. B. R.
Kennerly, between Janos and San Luis Spring, Sonora, near the
boundary line of southwestern New Mexico, the former of which
is properly to be considered as the type. Of these specimens
only the skull of No. 1039 appears to be extant. ‘This specimen,

ee ee Ee ee

eeimmetind

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Retthrodontomys. 127

through the kindness of Mr. True, Curator of Mammals in the
U.S. National Museum, I have the opportunity to reéxamine’
in the present connection. ‘This skull, taken in connection
with Baird’s excellent description of the external characters,
appears to leave no question of the propriety of applying the
name to the species now so well represented by specimens from
New Mexico, Arizona and Utah, among which is a small series
from Fairbank, Arizona, a point about one hundred miles north-
west from the type locality of the species. ‘The Fairbank speci-
mens are not appreciably different from large series from the San
Juan Valley in northwestern New Mexico and southeastern Utah.
Specimens from central and northern Utah are so closely similar
that I am unable to specify any differences. In a series of 13
specimens from Winslow, Arizona, the tail averages slightly longer
than in any of the series from New Mexico and Utah, and on this
account has been referred to the next form rather than here.

Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti, subsp. nov.
DESERT HARVEST MOUSE.

Similar in coloration to R. megalotis, but with a considerably longer tail.
Tail 50 to 52 per cent. of the total length, instead of 46 to 48 per cent., as in
R. megalotis proper.

Type, 333575, U. S. Nat. Mus. (Dept. of Agr. Coll.), 9ad., Oasis Valley,
Nye Co., Nevada, March 16, 1891 ; F. Stephens.

Measurements.—(See Table III, p. 142.)

Geog. Dist.—Southern Nevada and Inyo Co., California.

Specimens Examined.—(See next page.)

In coloration, general size, size of the ears, hairiness of the tail,
and in other external features, there is very little difference
between examples from the Death Valley region of California and
adjoining portions of Nevada and specimens from northern Utah
and thence southward to western New Mexico and eastern Ari-
zona. The fulvous suffusion of the dorsal surface is possibly a
little stronger and more of a brownish cast than in the Death
Valley specimens, but the average difference in this respect is so
slight as to be thoroughly masked by the wide range of individual
and seasonal variation shown by any of the larger series, and

1 See this Bulletin, V, 1803, p. 70.

128 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.’ :

speci- Locality. Date. Collector.
mens
13.) | Winslow, Amiz. 0.2 446 Manyara ae C. P. Streator.
2 | Grapevine Mts., Esmeralda Cox
INGWio ca aGp ec coesognesn bond Mch.22 & June 9} F. Stephens & E.
W. Nelson.
26 | Ash Meadows, Nye Co., Nev....| March 4-12....| Fisher, Stephens,
Nelson & Palmer
16 | Oasis Valley, Nye Co, Nev......| March 15-18.. -| F. Stephens.
L | |sPanaca.leincolny Cory Neva ese) i cay, 20 reper rier Vernon Bailey.
12 | Pahrump Valley, Lincoln Co., Nev.| Feb. 17—Mch. 16,| E. W. Nelson.
4 | Pahranagat Valley, Lincoln Co.,
INGA ga cdcooue foued cothecs May 24-26..... Vernon Bailey.
5 | Vegas Valley, Lincoln Co, Nev..| March 11-16. .. a
30) || one Pine wiinyoiCowCallaee see Dec. 5-17 and | Bailey, Nelsonand
tine 7-0) eer Fisher.
5 Keeler pimyoi Gory Calera ee Dec. 8-I0...... E. W. Nelson.
6 | Owens Valley, Inyo Co., Cal....| June 26- ee 10;| F. Stephens.
1 | Emigrant Springs, Inyo Co., Cal. April 15.
I | Twelve Mile Spring, Inyo Co.,
Calleectacinn darn ener eee ebuer, <1et-te E. W. Nelson.
5 | Grapevine Ranch, Inyo Co., Cal .| April 2-4....... F. Stephens.
20 | Olancha, Owens Lake, Inyo Co.,
Cali iriganc: tape aero May 16-22. .. os
2 | Ash Creek, Owens Lake, Inyo Co.,
Calor ce heigs eter: ake eae eee MAP SIO). 6 dla eB oc ES
Io | Cartago, Owens Lake, Inyo Co.,
Calbss 2.5 55 tiie cel seco aes esd rere oe
g: | Panamint Valley, Inyo Co., Cal..| Jan. 8-10o...... Bailey and Fisher.
6 | Panamint Mts., Inyo Co., Cal...) April 5— Re 277) 3\ Brae _Nelson.
I | Shepherd Cajfion, Inyo Co., Cal..| Jan. 3.....
3 | Resting Springs, Inyo Co., Cal..| Feb. 9-18 .. ..| Fisherand Nelson.
3 Satatova springs) bnyvo Con Galee sheet ony nrre Vernon Bailey.
5 | Death Valley, Inyo Co., Cal.....| Feb. 3 & June 20,| Fisher and Bailey.
L )|eArousevitss myo Cor Galhar. April 25........| F. Stephens.
I Furnace Creek: Inyo)Co:, Calé=— =| Aprallio... 2. bd
I Bishop Creek, Inyo Co., Cal. ...} August 9.......
189

1 All received from U.S. Dept. Agr.

therefore is scarcely serviceable as a diagnostic feature. On the
other hand, the difference in the relative length of the tail seems
too important to be ignored, amounting to at least 4 per cent.
Thus in 2. megalotis the tail is decidedly less than half the total
length, while in 2. megalotis deserti it equals or exceeds one-half
the total length. In a series of about 100 examples of 2. mega/otis
proper it is exceedingly rare to find one in which the tail verte-
bree equal one-half the total length, while in a still larger

PR neg mn gt ne oe

LE TO EP ee

——=

1895.] Allen, Species of the Genus Reith: odontomys. 129

».
series of deserti specimens rarely occur in which the tail length
does not equal or slightly exceed half the total length. In the
average there is a difference of 4 per cent. in the relative length
of the tail in the two forms, with only an exceptional overlapping
by individual extremes. These differences are well shown in the
tables of averages and extremes of the two forms (see pp. 141, 142).

A small series of five specimens from the Panamint Mountains,
Inyo Co., California, seems to offer an exception to the general
rule obtaining in the series from neighboring localities, in this
series the tail dropping down to the length proper to 2. megalotis.
Whethei a larger series might not alter this ratio, or whether the
series indicates a local short tailed form within the range of the
long tailed style cannot at present be determined.

The series from Winslow, central Arizona, agrees so well in
tail-length with the desert group that it is provisionally referred
heie, although on geographical grounds it would seem more natu-
rally referable to true megalotis. ‘The coloration is also slightly
different from that shown in series from other points, so that
possibly the Winslow series may indicate the presence of a slightly
differentiated local phase in central Arizona.

There is quite a wide range of variation in the coloration of the
upper parts in specimens from the same locality, strictly compara-
ble as to sex, age and season, specimens varying from pale grayish
brown, washed with fulvous to much darker grayish brown washed
with dark cinnamon.

Reithrodontomys longicauda (Aazrz).
SONOMA HARVEST MOUSE.

Reithrodon longicauda BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 451. Petaluma, Sonoma
Co., California.

Ochetodon longicauda COvuES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, p. 186; Mon.
N. Am. Roden. 1877, p. 126.

Adult.—Above yellowish brown, heavily lined with black, the profusion of
the intermixed black hairs usually forming a distinctly blackish area along the
median line of the back; sides paler, less blackish and more yeliowish, with a
rather broad fulvous lateral line, extending from the cheeks to the rump, vary-
ing in intensity and distinctness in different individuals. Below dingy grayish
white, often with a tinge of yellow, and sometimes with a more or less distinct
fulvous patch on the breast. Ears dusky, thinly clothed with yellowish brown

[ May, 7895.] 9

130 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

hairs, with, as in nearly all the forms of the genus, a tuft of rusty brown hairs
at the anterior base. Feet soiled white ; tail rather sharply bicolor, dusky
above, grayish white below, covered with short hairs, only partly concealing
the annuli.

Young.—Above nearly uniform mouse color ; below plumbeous, washed with
gray. Ear with an elongated dusky spot near the base of the outer edge, which
is usually obsolete in adults.

Young adults are duller and more uniformly colored above than adults, and
generally lack the blackish median area along the back.

Summer and early autumn specimens are usually paler, with less black, than
winter and early spring specimens.

Measurements.—Average and extremes of 6 specimens from Glen Ellen,
Sonoma Co., Cal.: Length, 136.5 (129-144) ; tail vertebree, 72 (68-79); hind
foot, 17 (16-18) ; ear (from skins), 11.2 (10.5-12); ratio of tail vertebrz to
total length, 52.2 (50-54.8). This is about an average series, from near the type
locality. Measurements of other series are given in Table IV (p. 142). The
tail varies from 50 to 56 per cent. of the total length, averaging about 53 per
cent.

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.

35
6 Locality. Date. Collector.
Ao
ay
As kchamas dichamealCoyn@alearner IDaeh BON Silo oone C. P. Streator.
Gn eesvalleGolusal Conn Callie (umes — 8 er F. Stephens. '
3 | Lower Lake, Lake Co., Cal..... Aprile 2325 eee Sy
ro} Glen Bllen; Sonoma 'Co:, Gall. -=) Jan, 10-29-27: 2.2 C. P. Streator.!
3) | Hairtield ssolanolC€o.) Cale wee Neb A =O tb teeiee a -
2;| Novato; Marimi Cor, Galen fain S828 sapere eeeenaer: es e
5 |) Nicasio, ManmiGomyCallmine oc: March6-9....... C. A. Allens:
5 ne e Rp erty wae Rebs 7523s C. P. Streator.!
I | Jackson, Amador Co., Cal...... Manchisa\eaene es
1 | Martinez, Contra Costa Co., Cal.| April 13......... F. Stephens.!

20 | Walnut Creek, ContraCostaCo.,‘‘ .| Feb. 14-20......| C. P. Streator.!
Lo) |) racy. san) JoaquiniCo:, (Cal (||, anos TOs ire J. E. McLellan.!
3 | Berkeley; Alameda Go:, \Cal .-...| Reb: 27-29 0. 241"@> Ra wtreaton:
T4 | San Mateo, San Mateo Co., Cal..| Feb. 5-g........ J. E. McLellan.!
11 | Portola, Santa Cruz Co., Cal....| March 20-28.....| R. L. Wilbur.*
45 | La Honda, x ‘** ....| Dec. 24-Jan. 1...} Price & Wilbur.®
16 | Monterey, Monterey Co., Cal ...| Sept. 30-Oct. 2..| Vernon Bailey.'
In Rsane | acinto,mWonterey Gor Gal.) © chrono F. Stephens.

2 \ebaciticl Groves si. =. Bi Oet. (Guat wi. eee J. H. Oliver)

I | Posts, Ae : - oe arehenien ee sere J. E. McLellan.'

7 \ Sut eS ue - al Marchi4=03t cei oe ve
5 | Jamesburg, me Hi ve |ovlarch! 18—2 eee ee *

Lt fie ay ele aa ——
! Received from U.S. Dept. Agr. 2 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

3 Received from W. W. Price.

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. I31

Geog. Dist.—California, west of the Sierra Nevada, from the coast region
of Monterey County north to Mendocino County, and in the interior from San
Joaquin County north to Tehama County. Probably further south, irregularly,
in the Coast and San Bernardino ranges of mountains.

Specimens Examined, 175, as shown by the foregoing table.

Fourteen of the 15 specimens on which Baird based his 2.
longicauda were from Petaluma, and the other from San Fran-
cisco, California. As shown above, the region of the type locality
is well represented in the present material. Baird’s measurements,
based on alcoholics, fall much under the average, taken from
fresh specimens, due probably to the presence of a rather large
proportion of more or less immature examples.

The table of measurements (see p. 142) apparently indicates
more or less variation in size with locality, but this is more appar-
ent than real, since in the series giving large measurements all of
the specimens are practically adult, while those giving smaller
averages contain examples that are not fully grown, although as a
rule, obviously immature specimens were thrown out in making
up the table.

Reithrodontomys longicauda pallidus (2/oads).
SAN DIEGO HARVEST MOUSE.

Reithrodontomys pallidus RHOADS, Am. Nat. XXVII, Sept. 1893, p. 835.
Santa Ysabel, San Jacinto Mts., San Diego Co. Cal. (Type in Am. Mus.
Nat. Hist.)

Paler and slightly larger than 2. Jongicauda.
Adult.—Above grayer, less fulvous, and less varied with blackish than 2.
longicauda. Averages about 8 to 10 mm. longer, with slightly larger ears, as

shown by the measurements (Table V), in comparison with the table for
R. longicauda (Table IV).

Measurements.—(See Table V, p. 143.)

Geog. Dist.—Southern California and northern Lower California, from
Monterey County on the Coast and Merced County in the interior southward.
Appears to develop slightly differentiated local phases in some of the southern
mountain ranges.

Specimens Examined.—(See next page.)

Respecting Mr. Rhoads’s &. pallidus, | find myself greatly em-
barrassed as to which of three courses to pursue in the matter,

132 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.

No. of
speci- Locality. Date Collector.
mens 7 : =
2 | Boulder Creek, Monterey Co.,Cal.| Oct. 15.......... Vernon Bailey.!
i |ebear Valleys San BenitoiGor) Cal s\timer2 2 eer J. E. McLellan.!
I oss Banos Merced! Go. Galina mi) cnens eee : =
30) \sHresnos resno Co @al sea March 3-6....... C. P. Streator. !
1 uhneeshiverss) dilate Go Gallager ial liya2 ee etter nr TS Palmers
| Wemoore, Keamnosi Cons Galera Feb. 27 J. E. McLellan?
© |) KermiRiver, KerniG€oiCalkeeee: ethos S33 Poet Vernon Bailey.!
7 | San Emigdio Canon, Kern Co., ,
Calle etic wegnessucte crereoie sisicer Oct 18, Tor. .| E. W. Nelson.!
i |tehachapi isernl Com Calero ei RNS), 5 Ss sh hoe J.E McLellan!
Dy | AdobeiStation samen) ase seciricner Oct 3): seen ie E. W. Nelson.!
r ORI Fort Rejon, 0) ers aes (hulye aes <2 een or T. 'S. Palmer
5 | San Simeon, San Luis Obispo
Cor. Cals ene sen Peo ee INN OP) ao stone de E. W. Nelson.!
5 | San Luis Obispo, San Luis Obispo
Goss Calne iias 5 Seeminelepe ~ Nov. 26, 27 Ss
Sa ozo; ‘San Luis Obispo Co., Cal. OGt20 7 a. bee or de
2 Morro, INO Va EON > ctr ter ub
2a | SPAS Robles, fa! 4 March 12, 13 F. Stephens. !
4 | Jolon, oe os March 31-April 2,| J. E. McLellan.!
3 | Santa Maria, te ef Deer 20a visa E. W. Nelson.!
5 Gaviote Pass, Santa Barbara cae
Call joa dikeyspeto gavel forte acne = DEC O-T2seralior a
4 | Santa Inyez Mission, Santa Bar-
baraGos Call Vy ey acta eat Weet4e savers am coe iG
2ealsanta Barbara, Santa Barbara
Cot Cal Saino set Ronee rane. DEC MEQ sce prs F. Stephens.!
2 | Carpentaria, Santa Barbara Com
(CPE em aie, sana hale Wa Ss ASDECS TQ) Seine ere E. W. Nelson.!
2 | Los Olivos, Santa Barbara Co.,
Galliss orocts tate otis Ape eee Miarchy6i> = sci F. Stephens.!
4 | Hueneme, Ventura Co., Cal..... Bie: 2215) crore neta os
3. | Ventura River, Jal a eas Dee, 21-23 ae E. W. Nelson.!
3 | Montalva, oo Veni Re: Reb. e20s meee F. Stephens.!
7 S| Sis Weeruiley, ae pe aS ae Dec. 29-Jan. 4...| E. W. Nelson.!
4 | Burbank, Los Angeles Co., Cal.'.) March 10-12..... C. P. Streator. !
7 | San Fernando, nf March 18=22..... S
4 | Santa Monica, se Heb; TO—rewseeeyae F. Stephens. !
I Calabasas, re Reb iy2) 7) aceuiee
2 | Las Virginus Creek =| DEED! 22 ecrerarersiewets By
3 Réche Cajfion, San Bernardino
Os Call pss) pays eyes hoe se Sept. 22=245.-h 1. \
2 | San Bernardino Peak,San Bernar-
dino; Co Call yt coe es ase Oct. 2. eer J. E. McLellan '!
2 | Elsinore, Riverside (on Cal eect INOW. 22 y= <i erecenrens F. Stephens. !
I Temascal, PRE NGVi cia: See _
2 Radec, nein Wale Feb; (9-5). cickeneiee “a
I Riverside, AGN Ge Sept 2O ner a
it || Sei Marcos, San Diego Co., Cal.| Nov. 11......55% F. W. Koch.!
I Dulzura, ‘Oct. 1S2a cesar C. H. Marsh.!
I | Twin Oaks, JUNE Ake. < coe F. W. Koch.!
3 | San Jacinto Mts., “ ne th —27ieeyae a
1 | San Jacinto, i" OctvoRe.sieates I’. Stephens. !

! Received from U.S. Dept. Agr.

1895. | Allen, Spectes of the Genus Reithrodontomys. 133

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Continued.

2 Collection Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

namely: (1) To refer 2. pallidus to R. longicauda as a pure syno-
nym of the latter; (2) to treat 2. pallidus as one of several local
phases of 2. longicauda ; (3) to let the name stand in a subspecific
sense for a generally dispersed paler southern form of 2. long7-
cauda, as opposed to true /ongicauda of the region from about
Monterey and Merced Counties northward. Through lack of
material for properly working out the problem I have provisionally
adopted the latter course.

There is rather less difference between the representatives of
the /ongicauda group from the plains and open valleys of south-
ern California, and those from Sonoma and adjoining counties,
than would be anticipated, considering the very diverse physical
conditions of the two regions. Yet that the former are reasonably
separable from the latter as a subspecies is fairly evident ; but
when we take into account those inhabiting the more or less
isolated wooded mountainous districts of the southern counties,
as the San Jacinto, Santa Ynez, and other ranges, the matter is
much complicated. With no questions of synonomy in the way,
I should not hesitate to name the form inhabiting the arid plains
and valley districts of the southern half of the State, for which
the name pallidus of Rhoads is unfortunately not strictly
pertinent, being based on a dark, rather small mountain phase
from the San Jacinto Mountains. His description was based
apparently on three specimens, one of which (evidently immature)
was from “ San Bernardino,” while the other two (borrowed from
this Museum) were from Santa Ysabel. One of the latter (No.

134 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. VU,

3289 2 ad.) he selected for his type, “owing,” he says, “to the
more typical character’ of the specimen ; adding: “ Duplicates
of pallidus from the San Bernardino Valley southward, will
probably confirm its good specific characters.” In reality the
San Bernardino animal is very different from the form he has
designated as his type. Indeed, this type specimen proves to be
the darkest example in a series of eighteen (recently received by
this Museum) from the original type locality, and which as a
series seem to be very doubtfully separable from true /ongicauda,
from which they are much less different than from the form so
well represented in the material before me from the southern
border of San Diego County, and various other points further
northward.

Should the form from Santa Ysabel (San Jacinto Mountains)
prove entitled to recognition, it should of course bear the (unfor-
tunately rather inappropriate) name /ad//:dus, thus leaving the
real pallid form of southern California eligible for a new sub-
specific designation.

Reithrodontomys arizonensis, sp. nov.
CHIRICAHUA HARVEST MOUSE.

Reithrodontomys longicauda ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894, p.
320 (in text).

Adult,—Above brown, lined with black, and washed with reddish fulvous,
including the whole top of the head ; middle of back slightly darker than rest
of the dorsal surface ; fulvous of sides strongly golden, forming a prominent
broad lateral line, extending from the cheeks to the tail. Below grayish white,
the fur plumbeous at base, with a rust-colored patch on the breast. Ears
blackish, particularly along the outer border above ; feet soiled white ; tail
nearly naked, indistinctly bicolor, dusky on the dorsal surface, gray below.

Young.—Grayish brown above, ashy plumbeous below. Tail sparsely
haired, the hairs only partly concealing the annulations.

Measurements.—Type: Length, 152; tail vertebrae, 78; hind foot, 18 ; ear,
13; ratio of tail vertebree to total length, 51.3. Four adults measure : Length,
149 (145-152); tail vertebre, 78(74-80); hind foot, 17 (16-18); ear, 13
(12.5-14).

Type, No. $448, Am. Mus., 9ad., Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, July 8,
1894; B. C. Condit (Price Collection).

1895.| Allen, Spectes of the Genus Retthrodontomys. 135

Specimens Examined.—Five examples, four adult and one immature, col-
lected on Rock Creek in the Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona (alti-
tude about 8000 feet), July 7-9, 1894, by B. C. Condit.

This species finds its nearest relative in 2. /ongicauda of Cali-
fornia, from which it differs in more reddish coloration, particu-
larly on the head. In size it is also considerably above the
average of R. Jongicauda, (Geographically the two forms are
widely separated, so far as known &. longicauda not being found
east of the San Jacinto Mountains in southern California.

Reithrodontomys mexicanus (De Saussure).

? Mus tazamaca Gray, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 79 (apud Alston). Coban, Guatemala.
Nomen nudum.

Reithrodon mexicanus DE SAUSSURE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 109, pl.
ix, fig. 1 (Hesperomys mexicanus on plate). ‘* Habite les montagnes de la
province de Véra-Cruz.”—? ALSTON, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 756=-Mus taza-
maca GRAY.

Reithrodon sumichrasti DE SAUSSURE, ibid. 1861, p. 3. ‘* Mexican tellus.’

Ochetodon mexicanus COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1874, p. 186; Mon.
N. Am. Roden. 1877, p. 128 (exclusive of Louisiana specimens).—ALSTON,
Biol. Cent. Am. Mamm. 1880, p. I51.

’

Description.—‘* La couleur du pelage est un brun-fauve, qui devient tout a
fait fauve sur les cOtés, ou méme fauve-orangé. Plus bas le fauve devient pale,
la ot il est en contact avec le blanc du ventre. Les levres, le bas des joues,
le menton, la gorge et toutes les parties inférieures sont d’un blanc assez pur, un
peu lavé de fauve par places, surtout a la poitrine et ala gorge... .Les poils
sont d’un gris ardoise, avec le bout seulement roux ou blanc. Les oreilles sont
brunes ;....Les pieds antérieurs sont blancs, sauf en dessus, jusqu’a l’origine
des doigts, ot ils sont gris. Les pieds postérieurs sont obscurs, avec les orteils
blancs. La queue est noiratre, écailleuse, unicolore et garnie de poils gris.assez
obscurs ; elle est surtout poilue vers le bout ; 4 sa base, les poils sont rares et trés-
courts ; mais ils devienment plus longs vers son extrémeté.’”’"—De Saussure, |. c.

Measurements.—‘‘ Longueur du corps et de la téte, 0™, 068; de la queue,
O™. 092 ; du pied postérieur, 0™, o1g.—Hauteur des oreilles 4 la face externe,
0™, orr ;—largeur des oreilles, 0™, o10.”"—De Saussure, |. c.

Coues (I. c., p. 130) gives the measurements of g specimens from the State of
Vera Cruz (3 skins from Tehuacan, and 6 alcoholics from Orizaba, Cordoba,
and Mirador), which, reduced to millimetres, are, for the 6 alcoholics, as fol-
lows: Length, 150 (141-157); tail vertebrae, 87 (82.5-g1); hind foot, 19.5
(18.3-20.5); ear, 12.7 (11.5-14.5); ratio of tail vertebre to total length, 58
(57-60). One of the skins (No. 7007a, U. S. Nat. Mus.) is slightly larger,
giving the following: Length, 171.5 ; tail vertebra, 95; hind foot, 20.3; ear,
12.7; ratio of tail to total length, 55.5—but this skin is probably overstuffed.

136 Bulletin American Museum of Natura: History. |Vol. VU,

The only specimen of this species before me is No. 7007a, U.
S. Nat. Mus., which was compared with De Saussure’s type (bor-
owed by Dr. Merriam some years ago from the Geneva Museum)
by Dr. Merriam, Mr. ‘True and myself, Nov. 24, 1890, with which
it was found to agree. It was collected by Mr. F. Sumichrast at
Tehuacan, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, a locality which comes
within the habitat of the species as given by De Saussure —
““Habite les montagnes de la province de Véra-Cruz.” The
measurements quoted above from Coues agree very closely with
those given by De Saussure, the average length of six specimens
exactly agreeing with that given by De Saussure.

Reithrodontomys mexicanus intermedius, subsp. nov.
Rio GRANDE HARVEST Mouse.
Similar in size and proportions to R. mexicanus, but very much paler.

Adult,—Above grayish brown, washed with pale yellowish, varied slightly
with darker hairs over the median area of the back, lighter on the sides, and
becoming more yellow along the lateral line. Below white, the hairs plumbeous
at base and broadly tipped with white. Ears brown, darker towards the
margin on the outer surface, thinly haired, the very short hairs on the apical
third of the inner surface rufous. Feet soiled white. Tail dusky, nearly
unicolor (the lower surface a little lighter than the upper), nearly naked, the
annuli nearly always conspicuously visible.

Young.—Paler and more nearly uniform above, with less of the pale fulvous
wash ; beneath with less white to the tips of the hairs; the dusky ear mark
more conspicuous.

Measurements.—Type, 2ad.: Length, 194; tail vertebrae, 108 ; hind foot,
21; ear (from skin), 13 ; ratio of tail vertebrze to total length, 54.6.

Fifteen specimens from Brownsville, Texas, measure: Length, 178 (160-
198); tail vertebrae, 98.7 (90-110); hind foot, 20 (1g-21) ; ear (from skin), 12
(11-13); ratio of tail vertebrae to total length, 55.5 (53-58.5).

Type, No. #384, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 9? ad., Brownsville, Texas, Sept. 3,
1891 ; F. B. Armstrong.
Geog. Dist.—Southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, from Corpus Christi

southward; in the Rio Grande Vailey to about the mouth of the Pecos, and
thence east to Kerr, Bexar and Bee Counties, Texas.

Specimens Examined.—(See next page).

1895.| Allen, Spccies = the Genus Retthrodontomys. 137

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.

This subspecies differs strikingly in its paler coloration from
either R. mexicanus or R. mexicanus aurantius, as would be
naturally expected from the very different character of its habitat.
The name inzfermedius is given with relation to its intermediate
position geographically between these two forms.

Reithrodontomys mexicanus aurantius, subsp. nov.
LouIsIANA HARVEST MOUSE.

Ochetodon mexicanus CouES, Mon. N. Am. Roden. 1877, 128 (Louisiana
specimens only).
Resembling &. mexicanus, but more golden in coloration; much more
strongly colored than #. m. intermedius.

Adult.—Above strongly yellowish brown, with a distinctly blackish median
area ; sides rich orange rufous ; below white, commonly with a faint wash of
yellowish, and rarely with an indistinct fulvous breast patch.

Mceasurements.—Type, 6ad.: Length, 174 ; tail vertebrae, 95 ; hind foot, 20 ;
ear (from skin), 12 ; ratio of tail vertebrz to total length, 55. (For measurements
of additional specimens see Table VI, p. 143.)

Type, No. 32383, U. S. Nat. Mus. (Dept. Agr. Coll.), 4 ad., Lafayette,
La., May 24; 1892; R. J. Thompson.
Geog. Dist.—Coast region of Texas from Matagorda County northward

and thence eastward to Houma, La. (probably to the Mississippi River), and
north to Beebe, Arkansas.

138 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V1,

SPECIMENS EXAMINED.’

No. of
speci- Locality. Date. Collector.
mens.
By Viatarondar ilexasemr ceteris Hebagao serine Wm. Lloyd.
2 East Caranchua Creek, Mata-
model (Coys UES oocccoooues AMEN Onn, teroe os
I Selkirk Island, Matagorda Co.,
MREK aS Rie cevsteiers oc fonr teehee ane e2 ore. al Fe
t )| Blliothy Matacordal Gor MexaseeaimanseeAcer eee:
6 Barnard Creek, west of Columbia, |
revone, Co, WE shsacacc Feb. 24—Mch. 2,| a
g | Velasco, Brazoria Co., Texas....| March 10-13...| ee
A | Ibanayeiie, We oooanasuogoooedas May 24, 25 .....| R. J. Thompson.
5 | Avery, Iberia Parish, La....... Feb. 24-28 ....| E. A. Mellhenny.
I Houma; Terre Bonne Par, La-.| May 13). --..-- Vernon Bailey.
2 Beebe, White Co., Ark......... Atprileige meer B. H. Dutcher.
34

1 Received from U.S. Dept. Agr.

This form differs from R&R. m. intermedius in its very much
stronger coloration, the general color above being much darker,
with the middle of the dorsal area forming a decidedly blackish
band, and the fulvous much brighter, approaching an orange
shade. March specimens from Velasco are the brightest of the
series, but Louisiana specimens, particularly the Lafayette exam-
ples, closely approach them, although taken in May. Immature
specimens are paler than adults, and approach in coloration adults
of intermedius, as shown in two examples from East Caranchua
Creek (western border of Matagorda County, Texas), and by
some of the younger Louisiana specimens.

In 1877 Coues recorded (I. c., p. 130, first two lines of Table
XXXV) two alcoholic specimens from Grand Coteau, La.—the
first record of any form of the 2. mexicanus group from the
United States.

Reithrodontomys fulvescens 4//en.
SONORAN HARVEST MOUSE.

Reithrodontomys mexicanus fulvescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI,
1894, p. 319 (Nov. 7, 1894). Oposura, Sonora, Mexico,
Adult.—Above pale yellowish brown, conspicuously lined with black, darkest
along the median line ; sides paler, with a pale fulvous lateral line. Below
white, the hairs plumbeous at base. Ears dusky externally, rusty within,

1895. | Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. 139

clothed with fine short hairs. Tail indistinctly bicolor, dusky above, lighter
below, clothed with short hairs, concealing the annulations. Feet soiled white.

Measurements.—Total length (type), 183; tail vertebra, 102; hind foot,
1g ; ear (from skin), I1.5.

Three adults measure : Total length, 176 (169-183); tail vertebra, 110 (gg
102); hind foot, 19 ; ratio of tail to total length, 57.

Geog. Dist.—Known only from Oposura, Sonora, Mexico.

Specimens Examined.—Oposura, Sonora, June 1, B. C. Condit (Am. Mus.
ate ELISt.), 3.

Since publishing the original description (I. c.) of this species
1 have been able to compare the Oposura specimens with large
series of the A. mexicanus group from various points along the
Gulf coast from central Louisiana to the mouth of the Rio
Grande. As shown above, these are not only separable from true
R. mexicanus from Vera Cruz, Mexico, but are themselves separa-
ble into two well-marked subspecies, both of which are very
unlike the Oposura specimens. Considering the wide geograph-
ical area and physical barriers separating the Oposura animal
from the forms inhabiting the coast region of Louisiana, Texas
and eastern Mexico, and its strongly marked color differences, I
am led to give the Sonora form full specific rank, although it
evidently belongs to what may be termed the 2. mexicanus group.

I have before mea single specimen, in rather poor condition,
from Mazatlan (No. go65, U. S. Nat. Mus., Mazatlan, Dec., 1868,
F. Bischoff). It is much brighter in color than 2. fulvescens, and
probably represents still another form of the A. mexicanus group,
peculiar to the west coast of Mexico.

Reithrodontomys costaricensis, sp. nov.
COSTARICAN HARVEST MOUSE.

Adult.—Above ferrugineous brown, finely lined with blackish hairs, passing
into brighter, more orange rufous on the sides; below white, usually with a
slight wash of yellow, and sometimes with a distinct patch of fulvous on the
lower throat and breast. Ears brown, covered with short hairs. Feet whitish,
the hind feet with a dusky median stripe above. Tail very long, dusky brown,
almost unicolor, nearly naked, the few very short, bristly hairs not concealing
the annulations.

140 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Young.—Above brown faintly washed with rusty, the sides brighter, with a
distinct brownish fulvous lateral line.

Measurements. —Length (type), 197; tail vertebrie, 111 ; hind foot, 20.5;
ear (from skin), 12: ratio of tail vertebrae to total length, 56.4.

Four adults measure : Length, 196 (194-1098) ; tail vertebrae, 114 (106-123) ;
hind foot, 20.5 (19.8-21.3) ; ratio of tail to total length, 58.

Type, No. $388, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4 ad., La Carpintera (alt. 6000 ft.),
Costa Rica, July 15, 1891 ; George K. Cherrie.

Specimens Examined.—\La Carpintera, Costa Rica, July, November and
December, George K. Cherrie, 17 (2 are alcoholics).

Geog. Dist.—All the specimens thus far examined are from La Carpintera,
Costa Rica, from an altitude of about 6000 feet.

The large size and strongly reddish coloration of this species
render comparison with any other described species of the genus
unnecessary. In size, proportion and coloration it closely resem-
bles my Hesperomys (Vesperimus) (=Peromyscus) cherrii. In
coloration it also closely resembles Peromyscus aureolus of the
United States. .

141

of the Genus Retthrodontomys.

2é5 O

Allen, Spec

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142 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

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Allen, Species of the Genus Reithrodontomys. 143

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Article IV.—ON THE OSTEOLOGY OF AGRIOCHCERUS.

3y J. L. WortTMAN.
PLATE I.

Although the genus Agriocherus has been known for many
years, and has always been abundantly represented in our collec-
tions by numerous complete skulls, yet it was not until the past
year that we have obtained any information regarding the
remainder of its skeletal structure. The first intelligence of the
very curious organization of its feet was published by Professor
Osborn and myself in the description of a remarkable hind foot’
from the Protoceras layer of the White River beds, obtained by
the Museum Expedition in 1892. On account of the large claw-
like ungual phalanges, and in the complete absence of teeth, we
referred it to the order Ancylopoda, established by Cope, and
considered it to represent a distinct subdivision of this group
(Artionychia). Professor Scott, upon careful examination of the
specimen, shrewdly surmised that the foot probably pertained to
a species of Agriocherus.

The explorations of the past year have demonstrated the cor-
rectness of this surmise, and he has added to our knowledge of
the genus by a description of a portion of the fore limb.” He
has also, in the same paper, discussed at some length the system-
atic position of the genus within the Artiodactyla. Another
important addition to our knowledge of the probable ancestral
genus has recently been made by Professor Marsh in the descrip-
tion of a new form (Hyomeryx breviceps) from the older Uinta beds.*

During the past year the expedition from the American Mu-
seum into the White River beds, near the same locality where the
hind foot was found, was fortunate enough to discover a more or
less complete skeleton of Agriocherus latifrons, together with
numerous skuils and other important parts of the skeleton of dif-
ferent individuals of other species, so that the materials are now

1* Artionyx,a New Genus of Ancylopoda,’ Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Feb., 1893, pp 1-18.

* * Notes on the Osteology of Agriochcerus,’ Amer. Philos. Soc , May, 1804, pp. 244-251.

3* Description of Tertiary Artiodactyles,’ Amer. Jour. Sci., Vol. XLVIII, Sept., 1894, pp.
250-274.

[| June, 1895.| [145] LO

146 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

at hand to enable me to give a tolerably thorough account of the
osteology of one of the species at least. Another considerable
addition to the materials that I was fortunate enough to obtain, was
found in the Cope Collection, which the Museum has recently
acquired, consisting of a complete skull associated with numerous
limb bones and vertebre of a single individual, collected by my-
self in 1879 in the John Day Basin in Oregon. This specimen
has aided me materially in supplying the missing parts in making
the restoration. It may be added here that the association of the
large claw-like terminal phalanges with the teeth, in at least two
of our White River specimens, leaves no room for doubt as to the
correctness of the determination that this type of ungual phalanx
belongs to Agriocherus.

It is the object of the present paper, therefore, to present as
complete an account as possible of the osteology of this group,
together with a critical review of the species which have been
described as belonging to it. Following this I will take up the
question of the systematic position of the group.

OSTEOLOGY.

Skull.—This part of the osteology has been so thoroughly
described by Leidy, Cope, and Scott, that little remains to be
said concerning it. It may not be amiss, however, to recall] some

FY TTT, MU -
ens TT

Fig. 1. Side view of skull of Agr zocharus major. One-third natural size.

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 147

of the more important characters in which it differs from its nearest
cotemporary selenodont allies—the Oreodontide—as well as
those characters in which it resembles them. The general out-
line of the skull is very much like that of the earlier Oreodonts,
especially Oreodon culbertsont, with which Leidy compared it in
his original description. It is rather elongated and narrow, with
moderately elevated, compressed, overhanging occiput. ‘The
face is but little bent down on the basicranial axis, and the form
and relationship of the facial bones, with the notable exception
of the premaxillaries, are practically the same as in Oreodon. The
otic bullz are always inflated, they are not filled with cancellous
tissue, and the foramina at the base of the skull are similarly
disposed as in Oreodon. An apparently constant exception to
this latter correspondence, however, is seen in the presence of a
moderate sized foramen, generally equal to or slightly larger than
the foramen opticum, which opens just in front of the sphenoidal
spine, in Agriocherus. It is situated above and a little posterior
to the foramen opticum. The office of this foramen, as well as its
homology, is difficult to determine, but judging from its size and
direction I am inclined to regard it as the foramen rotundum.

The principal characters in which the skull of Agriochwrus
differs from that of Oreodon may be enumerated as follows : In
Agriocherus the premaxillaries are reduced and practically eden-
tulous. In our collections there are three skulls of different
species, in which these bones are in a good state of preservation,
and they show that the premaxillaries were not in contact in the
median line ; they are small and project but little in advance of
the canines. There is a single, small, shallow alveolus upon
either side from which the incisors had apparently been shed
early during life. In all the cotemporary Oreodonts, on the other
hand, the premaxillaries are well developed; they are in contact
in the median line, and always bear their full complement of
incisors. Some of the later forms, however, show a marked ten-
dency to incisor reduction.

In Agriocherus the posterior rim of the orbit is not enclosed
by bone, whereas in Oveodon the bony ring of the orbit is com-
plete, and there is always a distinct preorbital pit or fossa which
is absent in Agréochwrus. In the more primitive Oreodont genus,

148 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1,

Protoreodon, however, the orbit is open posteriorly as in Ag7zo-
cherus, and there is no lachrymal pit.

The dentition of Agriocherus presents some striking resem-
blances to the true Oreodonts ; in other respects it more nearly
approximates /Zyopotamus, while in others still it possesses char-
acters peculiarly its own. The most characteristic Oreodont
feature is seen in the enlargement of the first inferior premolar
into a caniniform tooth, while the true canine is small, incisi-
form, and so placed as to form a continuous series with the
incisors. ‘The upper canine is large, considerably curved, and
has a characteristic D-shaped pattern on cross section, as is seen
in all the Oreodonts. The characters in which the dentition of
Agriocherus departs from that of Oreodon are especially seen in
the presence of a diastema between the canines and premolars
in the upper jaw and between the caniniform first premolar and
the second premolar in the lower jaw. In Oveodon all the teeth
are arranged in a continuous series.

The structure of the molars presents many important differ-
ences from those of Oreodon ; the crowns are lower, less seleno-
dont, the valleys are much more open, and the angles of the
superior teeth more rounded off. In Oveodon the external median
buttress is compressed from before backwards into a vertical
plate, whereas in Agriochwrus it forms a wide loop. If it were
not for the absence of the anterior intermediate cusp, the molars
of Agriocherus would resemble those of Wyopotamus very closely.
The only genus known to me in which the structure of the
superior molars is strictly comparable is Aerycopotamus of the
Indian Miocene, and it would not indeed be surprising to find,
when the osteology of this latter genus is more fully known, that
the two are quite closely related.

The Vertebre.—There is no single specimen in our collection
which contains a complete vertebral column, so that the exact
number of vertebrae cannot be made out with certainty. In one,
however, in which the limbs are more or less complete, the poste-
rior five dorsals, all the lumbars, the sacrum, and nineteen of the
caudals are preserved. In this specimen there are six lumbars,
and if we allow thirteen as the number of the dorsals, we will

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 149

then have the highly characteristic dorso-lumbar formula for all
the known Artiodactyla.

The at/as presents the same general outline as that seen in the
Artiodactyla. The articular cavities for the condyles of the skull
are deep and spacious and are overhung by the anterior superior
part of the arch. In Oreodon and all the recent genera this part
of the arch is interrupted by a wide notch which shortens its fore
and aft extent. In Agriochwrus this notch is very narrow, and is
continued upwards and backwards as a deep groove which sepa-
rates the spine into two low indistinct tubercles. ‘lhe transverse
processes are well extended laterally, somewhat broader in front
than in Oreodon, and project backwards
further behind the facets for the axis.
They are perforated by moderate sized
foramina for the passage of the vertebral
artery, which does not appear to be the
case in any specimen of Oreodon which I
have examined. Anteriorly, the foramen pig. Top view of atlas
for the exit of the suboccipital nerve is %Aszicherus suyotianus.
large and conspicuous, while the inferior
tubercle is small. The facets for the axis are more transverse,
and not so oblique as in Oveodon, resembling more nearly the

sheep or deer in this respect.

The axis, as described by Scott,’ differs from that of Oreodon.
This is especially to be seen in the character of the spine. In
Agriocherus it is unusually high and prolonged in front, so as to
overhang the odontoid slightly, while behind it is not so produced,
reaching no further than the extremity of the
posterior zygapophyses. In Oveodon the spine
is much lower, but little produced in front, but
greatly thickened and extended posteriorly. The
odontoid, as already well known, is intermediate
between the peg-like form of the pig and the Fig. 3. Side view
hollow half-cylinder of the higher forms. In ee co

- 2 : Two-fifths natural
some of the larger specimens in our collection | size.

1 Beitrage zur Kentniss der Oreodontide, p. 361. It is also stated in the same paper (p. 322)
that the atlas of Oreodon has the transverse processes perforated by the vertebral canal. In
all the specimens in our collection the transverse processes are imperforate, but the position of
the canal is frequently indicated by a pit of variable dimensions.

150 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

the odontoid is almost as highly developed as in any of the living
genera. The remaining cervicals are very much like those of
Oreodon ; they are provided with prominent hypopophyses and
moderately developed neural spines, which increase rapidly in
length from before backwards.

The dorsals resemble those of Oreodon very closely, so far as
can be determined from our somewhat imperfect material of this
region. ‘The spine of the first
dorsal, however, is much longer
than that of the corresponding
vertebra of this genus. The
posterior six have rather elong-
ated, slightly keeled centra, with

Fig. 4. Front view Fig.5. Side view nearly flat oval faces. In the
of cervical of Ag77- of cervical of Agyz- :
ocherusguyotianus. ocherusguyotianus. Ninth, tenth, eleventh and
i vofitths natural voniths natural twelfth, the zygapophyses are
nearly flat, while those of the
thirteenth begin to assume the
tongue and groove pattern of
the lumbars. The neural spine
of the ninth is high and back-
wardly directed, that of the
tenth being more nearly vertical.
From this point backwards the
spines have a more forward
direction. The transverse pro-
cesses begin at the eleventh and
Fig. 6. Anterior Fig.7. Sideviewof become more and more promi-

view of first dorsal of first dorsal of A grzo- :
Agriocherus guyo- cherus guyotianus. nent posteriorly. Metapophy-

tianus. Two-fifths Two-fifths natural < atte
natural size. size. ses are fairly well indicated on
the last two dorsals.

The Zumébars are six in number. The second, third and fourth
have moderately strong ventral keels, the two last being practi-
cally without this structure. The centra increase in size and
length from before backwards, the last two being markedly flat-

tened vertically ; the central faces exhibit a slight convexity both

in front and behind, except that of the last lumbar, where it joins
the sacrum, which is nearly flat. ‘The spines are broad and ele-
vated, and the metapophyses well developed. ‘The zygapophyses

1895.| Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. ISI

exhibit a well-marked double tongue and groove (<a

articulation, a feature so highly characteristic of tak iP :
the Creodonts. In Oveodon this tongue and Ge 7 Y
groove is always apparently single, at least all Se a7
the specimens I have examined fail to show any reer |

trace of the double structure. i ik:
cat - Fig. 8. Side view
The sacrum is composed of three vertebra, of second lumbar of

Agriocherus lati-

and resembles that of Oreodon as nearly as can /rvexs._ One-third
: natural size.
be determined.

The number of the cauda/s cannot be stated with certainty;
there are, however, nineteen preserved in one specimen, and if
one is permitted to judge from the way in which they would ordi-
narily taper, at least three or four should be added to this number.
The proximal ones are short with well-developed neural arches
and zygapophyses ; these latter structures disappear in the fourth
or fifth caudal, while the arch continues to the seventh or eight.
They lengthen rapidly towards the middle of the tail, after which
they again become shorter. There is no evidence of chevrons
having existed, although it is not at all improbable that they were
present.

The 7zés do not present any characters worthy of especial men-
tion, further than to say that the anterior ones were stout and con-
siderably flattened. The middle ones were larger, indicating a
spacious chest, while towards the posterior end of the series they
become more rounded and smaller.

The sternum is represented in the collection bya single seg-
ment, which I take to be the second sternal bone. It may be
described as an elongated bar, expanded at either extremity and
greatly constricted in the middle. It is grooved upon its ventral
aspect, and exhibits at either antero-inferior
angle a prominent process ; posteriorly it is not
so broad as it is in front. Upon either side
about midway of the bone, in a deep salcus, is
seen a facet for a rib, presumably the second.
In all the recent forms of the Artiodactyla the
cartilaginous ribs join the sternum at the point
where the segments meet, except the first, which ee at iG)

- sternal bone of Ag77-
is located near the anterior extremity of the dcharus latifrons.

1 i 5 One-third natural
manubrium. If our specimen is to be homolo- gic

152 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. V1,

gized with the manubrium or anterior sternal bone, then the
relatively great expansion of its anterior extremity is peculiar.
I have not seen a specimen of this part of the sternum of O,eodon,
so that I am unable to state whether there is any resemblance
or not.

fore Limb.'—The fore limb of Agriocharus is found to differ
from that of Oreodon in many important particulars when the two
structures are carefully compared. Aside from the great differ-
ences seen in the character of the ungual phalanges and carpus,
presently to be described, the limb is both relatively longer and
more robust than in any of the Oreodonts. While Agriocharus
latifrons is nearly of the same size as the larger specimens of
Oreodon culbertsoni, yet the long bones are more than one-third
longer ; this disproportion extends also to the elements of the
manus, but the whole foot, especially the metapodials, ate more
nearly equal to those of O. cu/bertsont.

The scapula of Agriocherus latifrons in our collection is repre-
sented only by its distal third, including the glenoid cavity,
coracoid, acromion and part of the spine, in good state of preser-
vation. Ina smaller specimen of A. guyotianus, from the Oregon
beds, however, the whole bone is sufficiently preserved to admit
of a determination of its more important characters. Its general
proportions are very similar to those of Oreodon culbertsoni, with
some slight exceptions. The spine divides the dorsal surface
into two subequal fossz, of which the supraspinous is slightly
the larger. The acromion is prominent, somewhat thickened and
pointed, and projects in such a way as to overhang the neck of
the bone. As in Oveodon, a small though distinct metacromion
process is present. In Oreodon this process is narrow and termi-
nated by a point, while in Agriocherus it is placed relatively
further back from the acromion, being at the same time more
extended along the crest of the spine and not so distinctly
pointed. It is interesting to note that this process has almost
entirely disappeared in the later selenodont Artiodactyles, being
represented only by a slight thickening of the crest of the spine,

' Scott has described a part of the fore limb of one of the larger species of this genus (* Notes
on the Osteology of Agriocharus,’ Amer. Philos. Soc., May, 1894, pp. 243-251). but as his
materials were not complete, I have thought best to give a description of our specimen in full.

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 153

which is located far back near its middle. In the Suellines, on
the other hand, it is strongly developed, but situated at a still
greater distance from the glenoid cavity. The coracoid is small
and less distinctly constricted off from the rim of the glenoid
cavity than in Oreodon. The glenoid cavity is more oval in form
than in Oreodon, its greatest diameter being in the transverse
direction. While the neck of the bone is relatively shorter and
thicker than in Oreodon, the axillary and coracoid borders exhibit
practically the same relations to the rest of the bone. The
vertebral border is not well preserved in any of our material.
The humerus, as already remarked, is pro-
portionately much longer and to a slight extent
more robust than the corresponding bone in
Oreodon. ‘The head has nearly the same
shape, but does not overhang the shaft to the
same extent. The greater tuberosity is prom-
inent and distinct, but it does not rise above ore pe. ae ps
the articular surface to the same extent as is (f2%%s (atuyrons. One-
seen in either Oreodon or any of the recent
forms of the Artiodactyla; its antero-posterior extent, however, is
considerable, and its posterior portion is as much elevated as its
anterior, which is, apparently, not true of any other form with
which I am acquainted. The lesser tuberosity is large and prom-
inent, but does not rise above the level of the articular surface
as it does in Orveodon, the pig, camel, sheep and deer. The
bicipital groove is wide, deep and single, and the inconspicuous
deltoid crest reaches far down the shaft in marked contrast to its
proximal position in many of the recent genera.

The characters of the distal end of the humerus appear, at
first glance, so remarkable that one would hesitate to place it in
the ungulate series, but a more careful study reveals the fact that
its nearest affinities are in all probability with the primitive
Artiodactyla. That which causes it to appear so remarkable at
the first glance is its great breadth as well as the unusual size of
the internal condyle. Another marked feature, which gives to it
a distinctly carnivorous appearance, is the cylindrical form of the
shaft and its decided antero-posterior flattening as it approaches
the distal end. What may be described as an extremely constant

154 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VX,

and highly characteristic feature of the recent Artiodactyle
humerus is its very straight internal border, together with the
lateral flattening of the shaft. If a line be drawn down this
border it will just cut the inner edge of the distal articular sur-
face. ‘This is exemplified in its greatest per-
fection in the Bovide and Cervide, although
it is almost equally true of the camels and
pigs. In all these forms the internal condyle
has quite completely disappeared, which gives
to the whole distal end of the bone a laterally
compressed appearance. Now in Oreodon we
meet with some important deviations from this
type of humerus; the internal border is not
so straight, the shaft is not so compressed
laterally, and there is an internal condyle of
moderate proportions present. It can readily
be seen, however, on placing the humerus of a
deer and an Oveodon side by side that these
parts of the two bones are very much alike,
and it is also to be remarked that in those
particulars in which Oreodon departs from the
deer, in these respects it approaches Agriv-

cherus.

Fig. 11. Humerus of 2 4
Agihas aoe The distal end of the humerus of Oreodon
Front view. One-third . P
natural size. and all the recent genera differs from Agrio-

cherus not only in the size of the internal
condyle and the relative breadth, but also in the peculiar and
characteristic way in which the comparatively thin internal border
of the anconeal fossa is prolonged downwards so as to form the
most dependent part of the bone. The camels furnish an
exception to this rule, the flange of the inner trochlea reaching as
low or a trifle lower than this process. In Agrtocherus the inner
border of the anconeal fossa is thick, rounded off below, and
passes into the internal condyle, the most dependent part of the
bone being formed by the flange of the inner trochlea.

The distal articular surface of the bone presents a number of
interesting characters which are quite in keeping with the other
peculiarities already noted. ‘The surface is rather imperfectly
divided into an internal and external trochlea by a low, thick,

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 155

inconspicuous carina, which is placed nearer the outer than the
inner side. It results from this that the inner trochlea is much
the larger of the two, as is so markedly the case in all the recent
forms of Artiodactyles, but not so in Oreodon. The inner boundary
of this trochlea is indicated by a prominent flange, which does not
extend more than halfway around to the posterior side. When
looked at from below, the upper or anterior profile of the surface
is seen to descend at first greatly towards the middle, then more
abruptly to form the principal groove of the internal trochlea,
after which it rises again to correspond with the carina. The
external trochlea is deeper, narrower and terminated externally
by a prominent flange. The whole distal end of the bone more
nearly resembles that of a bear than an Ungulate. A marked
difference, however, is seen in the comparatively deep anticubital
fossa, which in the bear is but slightly developed. As compared
with Orveodon, the main differences are seen in the disparity in size
between the two trochlee and the weaker development and
breadth of the carina. In Oreodon the two trochlez are subequal,
whereas in the recent genera the internal greatly
exceeds the external in breadth, as in Agriocherus.
The radius is long and rather slender in propor-
tion to its size. The proximal articular surface is
divided into three facets, which when applied to
the humerus, cover a large part of its distal ex-
tremity. The innermost of these facets is placed
somewhat obliquely to the head of the bone, is
slightly cup-shaped, and looks upwards and in-
wards. In conjunction with the inwardly project-
ing shelf-like facet on the ulna, it covers the inner
part of the internal trochlea of the humerus when
the bones are placed in apposition. It is separated
from the median or central facet by an inconspic-
uous ridge ; this latter facet forms a wide shallow
depression, being limited in front by the thickened,
prominent edge, which is fashioned into an indis- ass ie
tinct tubercle. When applied to the humerus, this of Agriocherus
latifrons. An-

surface serves to receive the carina of that bone. _ terior view.
One-third nat-

The outer of the three facets is of a lunate pattern, ural size.

I 56 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

beginning in front near the middle of the head and passing out-
wards and backwards to terminate at its postero-external angle.
It presents a curious bevel, so that its surface looks upwards, for-
wards and outwards, being at the same time slightly concave from
side to side. When the radius is placed in its natural position,
and the fore arm extended, a wide space is left between the ante-
rior part of this facet and the outer trochlear surface of the
humerus. It is only when the forearm is strongly flexed that it
engages with its proper articular surface of this latter bone, and
it is a matter of no little interest to note that the mechanism of
the joint is such that when this extreme flection is made the outer
border of the whole manus is rotated to that extent that the palmar
surface looks almost directly inwards. If there is anything in the
hypothesis, that the particular way in which the foot has been used
is responsible for its modification, then we have a very. distinct
reason why the fourth digit should have been equally developed
with the third, so as to produce the paraxonic type. That part of
the head of the radius which is applied to the ulna is greatly flat-
tened, and is provided with a long, narrow, transverse facet reach-
ing entirely across the bone. There can be no doubt, therefore,
that the radius was capable of considerable movement upon the
ulna, but owing to the flattened character of the facet this move-
ment was not a rotary one.

The shaft is, in its proximal third, considerably flattened from
before backwards, but towards its distal portion becomes thicker
and more angulated. The distal end is expanded and marked
upon its anterior surface by distinct tendinal grooves for the
extensor muscles. The facets for articulation with the scaphoid
and lunar are distinct, although this is not plainly indicated in
front. Posteriorly the scaphoid facet is produced into a rounded
transverse ridge, which is received into a corresponding depression
of this bone. The facet for the head of the lunar is excavated,
as is the anterior part of the scaphoid articulation. Neither of
these facets present any marked obliquity.

The wna is long and slender, and shows no tendency to that
extreme reduction seen in the later Artiodactyla. The olecra-
non is relatively short, stout and thick, and is provided with a
distinct groove at its posterior end, as in Oreodon, Protoceras,

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 157

Leptomeryx, and in the Carnivora. The office of
this groove was probably for the accommodation
of the tendon of the triceps during extreme
flexion of the forearm upon the humerus. ‘The
sigmoid cavity is of moderate depth, and its
inferior boundary rises up into a rudimental
coronoid process. The internal part of the
articular surface of this cavity projects as a con-
siderable ledge, which is not covered by the
radius when these bones are articulated. The
shaft is stout and heavy in its proximal portion,
but is decidedly flattened and thinner in its
middle and distal portions. It is deeply grooved
upon its outer and inner sides. The distal end
is expanded somewhat, and displays an antero-
posteriorly rounded surface for articulation with
the cuneiform, and a distinct postero-external
facet for articulation with the pisiform.

A comparison of the ulna and radius of Agrio- Fig. 13. Ulnaof Ag-
cherus with those of Oreodon shows a great num- Rpt One
ber of similarities. The head of the radius in“ ™™"S*
Oreodon is not so broad, but at the same time
covers the ulna more completely ; this results principally from the
less developed internal shelf which forms the floor of the sigmoid
cavity. The inner side of the shaft of the ulna is not grooved in
Oreodon, whereas it is deeply grooved in Agriocherus. The distal
end of the radius is slightly different in the two genera, but not to
such an extent as to indicate a very wide separation. The distal
end of the ulna in Oreodon shows no distinct facet for the pisiform,
being very much rounded from before backwards; in Agriocherus
it is thicker, not so rounded, and has a distinct facet for the pisi-
form.

The Manus.—The carpus of Agriocherus is in many respects
exceedingly primitive for that of an artiodactyle Ungulate. If the
serial arrangement was the primitive one for the Ungulata, as
Cope has suggested, then the shifting of the proximal upon the
distal row has made less progress in this respect than in almost
any other Artiodactyle yet described. The cuneiform rests exclu-

158 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

sively upon the unciform, the lunar almost wholly upon the mag-
num, while the scaphoid is largely supported by the trapezoid and
trapezium ; it has, however, developed a considerable contact
with the magnum as well, but not to the same extent seen in the
large majority of other members of the order. Another striking
feature of the carpus is the vertical flattening of many of its ele-
ments, especially the scaphoid.

The scaphoid, as just observed, is chiefly remarkable for its great
width in proportion to its height. In the Artiodactyla in general
this is a high and narrow
bone, but in Agriocherus it
may be described as flat and
broad. When viewed from
above it presents a subcircu-
lar outline, somewhat more
narrowed upon its inner than
its outer side. The radial
facet is cup-shaped, with the
anterior lp rounded off.
Upon its distal surface there
is a narrow, antero-posteri-
orly directed, internal facet
for articulation with the mag-
num, and a larger external
oblique facet for articulation
with the trapezoid. There ts

| 1 no facet for the trapezium,
I tf h although this bone is present
J and of considerable size.
Fig. 14. Fore foot of Agrzocherus latifrons.
One-half natural size. The facet for the magnum

is divided into two parts, an
anterior, nearly plane, and a posterior, concave portion for the
articulation with the head of this latter bone. Upon the outer side
this facet passes into the surface by which the scaphoid articulates
with the lunar. The internal or trapezoid facet is much the larger
of the two, and is also divided into two parts, separated from each
other by an indistinct oblique ridge ; the posterior of these is con-
cave, like that for the head of the magnum, and serves to receive
the posterior elevation of the trapezoid. The anterior part of the

1895.| Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 159

facet is nearly flat, with but a slight concavity. Near the middle
of the distal surface of the bone, where the anterior and posterior
divisions of these two facets meet, is a prominent tubercle.

A comparison of the scaphoid of Agriocherus with that of
Oreodon shows many important differences in detail. In Agrio-
cherus it is unusually low and flat, whereas in Oreodon it is rela-
tively high and narrow, approaching more nearly in shape that of
the modern type as seen in the pig, deer, sheep and camel. In
Agriocherus the radial facet is concave with the anterior lip com-
paratively little rounded off, while in Oveodon it consists of a
prominent, transversely convex, and a posterior, deeply concave
portion of nearly equal extent. In Agriocherus the magnum
facet has little obliquity, and is almost as broad in front as behind;
in Oreodon this facet is very oblique and is much broader in front
than behind. Another important difference is seen in the relative
size and shape of the trapezoid facet. In Agriocherus it displays
a posterior convex and an anterior nearly flat surface, while in
Oreodon there is but a single division, which is saddle-shaped. In
Oreodon, again, there is a distinct facet for the trapezium, notwith-
standing its reduced size, whereas in Agriocherus this facet is
completely wanting. :

The Zunare is quite as characteristic as the scaphoid ; it has the
same general shape as that of the Oreodonts, but its relationship
to the surrounding bones is very different. It differs from all the
recent forms, and agrees with the Oreodonts in the great develop-
ment of the anterior wedge-shaped process which projects down-
wards in front between the unciform and magnum. The length
and size of this process gives the bone a high and narrow appear-
ance, the head being strongly convex from before backwards.
The facet for articulation with the scaphoid is narrow and elonga-
ted; that for the cuneiform is flat and vertical, and becomes
continuous with a vertical articular face upon the ulnar side of
the wedge-shaped process where it touches the unciform. The
distal surface is made up of a deep, transversely excavated, poste-
rior part for articulation with the head of the magnum, and an
anterior, more or less flattened, oblique portion which rests upon
the inner oblique shelf of the same bone. Upon the ulnar side
of this excavated facet, and more or less continuous with it, is a

160 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VII,

small facet which receives a spur-like lateral process from the
unciform. It results from this arrangement that the lunar rests
almost wholly upon the magnum, the contact with the unciform,
with the exception of the small lateral spur just mentioned, being
vertical. In Oreodon, on the other hand, this arrangement is just
reversed, the vertical contact being with the magnum instead of
the unciform, upon which the lunar principally rests. There is,
however, a small oblique facet posteriorly which serves to receive
the head of the magnum. So different, indeed, is the lunar in
the two genera that one would readily mistake the one from the
right side of one as pertaining to the left side of the other, and
conversely.

The cuneiform is relatively smaller than in Oveodon, and of
considerably less extent ; its ulnar facet is deeply concave from
before backwards, and the facet for the pisiform is of much the
same shape and proportions as in Oveodon. The facet for the
unciform is single, more or less cup-shaped, and differs from that
of Oreodon, in which there is an additional facet at the postero-
external angle of the bone.

The pisiform resembles that of Oreodon in its general form, but
it is relatively longer, heavier and with a more expanded distal
extremity. The two facets are subequal, whereas in Oreodon that
for the cuneiform considerably exceeds that for the ulna.

The wnciform, while it resembles that of Oveodon in a general
way, nevertheless exhibits a number of striking differences. The
prominent posterior hook projects backwards, downwards, and
slightly outwards. The cuneiform surface is very convex from
before backwards, and the postero-internal angle terminates in a
lateral spur which projects under the lunar. Just in front of this
spur is an almost vertical, concave facet with the concavity direc-
ted inwards, which articulates with the anterior descending pro-
cess of the lunar already mentioned ; at a considerable distance
behind this facet, at the base of the hook, is a small, indistinct
articular surface, which is the only point where the magnum
touches the unciform. The distal face is occupied by three
facets—an outer one, greatly elongated from before backwards,
for the support of the fifth metapodial; a middle larger one for
the fourth, and an inner oblique one for the outer process of the

1895.]

Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 161

third. As compared with Oreodon the posterior hook projects
less strongly outwards, and the proximal surface is much less
oblique. The internal spur in Oreodon is swollen into a large
process, which forms the chief support for the lunar, having
usurped the principal function of the head of the magnum. The
cuneiform facet is relatively much smaller than in Agriocherus,
and is, moreover, double. The facet for the articulation of the
descending process of the lunar is much larger and less vertical,
while that for the articulation with the magnum is a small vertical
circular area, upon the radial side of the inwardly projecting
spur.

The magnum differs widely from the corresponding bone in
Oreodon, almost if not more than Oveodon does from the modern
type, as seen in the pig, camel and deer. It is proportionally
larger and stronger than in Oreodon, and has a much greater
posterior breadth. Upon its proximal surface the prominent,
strongly convex head rises abruptly from the scaphoid and lunar
facets in front ; it is divided by a faint ridge into two portions
for articulation with these two bones, of which that for the lunar
is much the larger, and displays a marked obliquity from without
inwards. In Oreodon the head is placed much nearer the anterior
margin, is strongly keeled in front, and its obliquity is from
within outwards—just the reverse of that seen in Agriocherus.
In Agriocherus the lunar facet in front is broad and transverse,
while that for the scaphoid is small and more or less vertical.
In Oreodon again this condition is reversed, the scaphoid facet
being broad and transverse, and that for the lunar being small
and vertical. In Agriocherus the posterior part of the magnum
is as broad as the anterior, and it is terminated behind by a stout
rounded process. In Oveodon the bone narrows very rapidly
behind and terminates in a slender, inwardly projecting, hook-
shaped process, which winds around the head of the second
metacarpal, developing a distinct facet in this situation. Were it
not for the presence of this hook, one might easily be led to
mistake the two bones of the same side in these genera for the
opposite bones of the same species. The distal surface for the
support of the third metacarpal does not present any characters
worthy of especial remark.

[ June, 1895.) ay |

162 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VIA,

The ¢rapezotd is nearly double the size of the corresponding
bone in Oreodon. It articulates with the magnum by two distinct
facets, a larger, anterior, and a smaller, posterior one ; its facet
for the scaphoid is broad and nearly flat in front, but rises into a
prominent tubercle behind. Upon the radial side there is a
small though distinct facet where it articulates with the tra-
pezium ; its distal surface is saddle-shaped, and is occupied
entirely by the head of the second metacarpal. The only notice-
able difference between Agriochwrus and Oreodon as regards this
bone, is seen in the relative size and the facet for its articulation
with the magnum. In Orveodon there is but a single facet.

The trapeztum of Agriocherus, at least in the species under
consideration, is not only remarkable for its connections, but what
is still more surprising, it gives evidence of having supported a
more or less opposable pollex. It is the smallest of the carpal
elements and considerably reduced in size, but not so much so as
to have been entirely functionless. Its proximal part bears two
distinct facets for articulation with the trapezoid and the second
metacarpal. One of the surprising features about it is that it has
no connection with the scaphoid. Distally it displays a distinctly
saddle-shaped facet for articulation with the metapodial of the
pollex. Taking into consideration the fact that the bones of
both sides are preserved, and that when placed in position they
fit accurately, there can be no mistake regarding the move or less
opposable position, at least, of the first digit. I(t differs from that
of Oreodon, in which the trapezium is small, nodular, and articu-
lates with the scaphoid ; the direction of its metacarpal facet,
moreover, indicates that the pollex projects in the same line as
the other digits.

The metacarpals are somewhat longer and more slender than
those of Oreodon, and the difference in length between the third
and fourth is less marked. When the phalanges are added, how-
ever, the third digit is seen to be a little longer than the fourth.
In length, the third metacarpal exceeds the others, after which
come the fourth, second, fifth and first in the order named. In
the matter of robustness, the second surpasses all the others, the
fifth being smaller and decidedly more slender. With the notable
exception of the pollex the metacarpals are articulated in the

1895.| Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 163

same way as those of Oreodon, as is also the case in the manner
in which they are supported by the various carpal elements. The
distal ends of the metacarpals, like those of the metatarsals, are
very rounded and prominent, especially upon their dorsal surface,
in this respect resembling the Carnivora much more than the
Ungulates ; in this they differ markedly from those of Oveodon.
In all there is a strong keel, which is confined to the palmar aspect
of the extremity. The metacarpal of the pollex is represented in
the collection by only its distal portion, which is imbedded in
matrix in such a manner in connection with the metacarpal of the
second digit as to leave no room for doubt as to its presence ; it
is relatively larger than the corresponding bone in Oreodon, and
is mucn compressed laterally. Its proximal end is not preserved,
but judging from the saddle-shaped facet at the distal end of the
trapezium, it is fair to presume that it had a corresponding
surface.

The phalanges, especially those of the proximal and median
rows, are decidedly longer and more slender than those of Oreo-
don, having at the same time the heads much more laterally
expanded. This feature is indeed so strongly marked that one
would readily mistake any of the proximal phalanges for those of
a cat; this likeness is not confined to the head alone, but
extends to the distal extremity as well, where the narrow, deeply-
grooved facet is very feline in appearance. ‘The median phalanges
are high and strongly compressed from side to side, in marked
contrast to those of Oreodon, in which they are broad and de-
pressed ; their proximal ends are more deeply grooved than in
this genus, and the dorsal extremity of the articular facet is pro-
duced into a prominent overhanging spine, which is but faintly
indicated in Oreodon. The distal articular facets are carried
much further back upon the dorsum of the phalanges than they
are in Oreodon, a fact which points to a much greater flexibility
of the ungues and constitutes a nearer approach to the modern
condition found in so many of the Artiodactyla. It is, however,
in the ungual phalanges that the most striking peculiarity of
Agriocherus is seen, and did not the remainder of the skeleton
bear the unmistakable stamp of its ungulate affinities, one would
be led to place it in another order. So remarkable is their shape

164 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1,

that they merit the name of claws
rather than that of hoofs. They
are high, compressed, and curved,
ending in a blunt downwardly pro-
jecting point ; the dorsum is strongly
s keeled and much curved, while the
eee ns eae ley: ae plantar aspect is broader and less
fronss 2 and 3 Creodon cullerison’- curved... The proximal vartamiam
surface is deeply excavated to fit
the strongly convex surfaces of the median phalanges. The
ungual phalanges of Oveodon are simply hoofs of the ordinary
primitive Artiodactyle type, so that no comparison is necessary.

The Hind Limb.—There is no great disproportion in length
between the fore and hind limbs of any of the species of Agrzo-
cherus, so far as our material will permit one to judge. The
femur slightly exceeds the humerus in length, the tibia is a trifle
longer than the radius, and the manus and pes are subequal.

Fig. 16. Pelvis of Agriochavus guyotianus. Vwo-fifths natural size.

The fel/vis in its general form closely resembles that of Oreodon.
The ilium is prolonged in front of the acetabulum somewhat
more than the ischium is behind it, the disparity in length between
the two bones being about equal to that seen in Oreodon. It is
considerably expanded, and its anterior inferior angle is produced
into a prominent hook-shaped spine. The narrow contracted
portion, just in advance of the acetabulum, is of moderate length,
and the transition into the expanded portion is more gradual than
in Oreodon, where it is quite sudden. In the pig, deer and sheep,
the concavity of the ilium is divided into a superior and an _infe-
rior portion by a longitudinal ridge, which terminates at the

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 16 5

anterior border in a well-marked tuberosity. No trace is seen of
this in the camel, as is also the case in Agriocharus and Oreodon.

The ischium, again, resembles that of Oreodon more closely
than any form with which I have compared it. Its posterior
border is thin and of considerable vertical depth, passing by a
well-rounded border into the pubis below. It, however, exhibits
three thickenings, one of which is superior, one posterior, and one
inferior. In the pig the ischium terminates posteriorly in a stout
trihedral bar of bone, which is directed upwards at a considerable
angle. The plate which bounds the obturator foramen posteri-
orly, however, exhibits a considerable thickening upon its lower
edge. In the sheep, camel and deer, the ischium has near its
posterior termination a stout transverse spur projecting outwards ;
in the camel the ischial tuberosity is at the base of the spur,
while in the sheep and deer it is considerably behind its base.
Agriocherus, therefore, resembles the pig more
in this respect than any of the Selenodonts.

The pubis is short and rather weaker than in
Oreodon. The ileo-pectineal eminence is well
marked, and the pubic symphysis short; the
obturator foramen is of moderate size and has
an oval form. The acetabulum is deep, and the
cotyloid notch is rather wide and backwardly
directed.

Of the femur, the head is very globular and
is more exserted from the neck than in any of
the recent Artiodactyla. The great trochanter
does not rise as high as the top of the head of
the bone, the digital fossa is deep, and the inter-
trochanteric line rather indistinct. The neck is
rather more elongated than in recent forms, and
the whole proximal end of the femur has rather
more of a carnivorous than ungulate appear-
ance. The shaft is nearly straight, almost
circular in section, and displays but a faint devel-
opment of the “zea aspera. ‘The distal extremity
has considerable antero-posterior extent, and

ig. 17. Femur of
does not exhibit the fore and aft flattening 4 A ersocheras Tass

ons. One-third
noticed by Professor Osborn and myself in our Mera ae.

166 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. VU,

original description. A comparison of the original specimen with
our present material shows that this feature of the distal end of
the femur was altogether due to crushing, and does not represent
the natural shape of this part of the bone. The whole distal
extremity rather closely resembles that of Oreodon, the differences
being of comparatively little importance.

Tibia and Fibula-—The latter of these bones is represen-
ted in the collection by only its articular extremities, so that a
complete description cannot be given. The head of the tibia
presents the usual Artiodactyle pattern, and
differs little from that of Oreodon, the sheep or
camel. The shaft is relatively more slender and
elongated than that of Oveodon, and the cnemial
process is not extended so low down. The
remainder of the description of the two bones I
take from our original statement :

“The internal malleolus is remarkable for its
development and the manner in which it articu-
lates with the astragalus. It is long, stout, and
slightly hook-shaped, reaching at least half-way
down the inner side of the astragalus when the
bones are placed in position. The hook is direc-
ted to the outer side of the ankle, and is received
into a deep excavation upon the inner face of
the ankle bone. In the pig the internal malle-
olus is small and overlaps the inner side of the
astragalus but slightly, but in Oreodon it is much
larger and overlaps the astragalus considerably.
PR meee It also has a tendency to become hook-shaped
ee Pivots in this form. ‘The remainder of the articular

surface is shaped very much as in the pig, being
deeply grooved to receive the condyles of the astragalus, with a
median tongue or ridge which fits accurately into the intercon-
dylar groove of this latter bone.

“The shaft of the fibula, so far as it is preserved, is slender and
much flattened. Its distal extremity is expanded to a greater
extent than in the pig, and, as in all the Artiodactyla, it articu-
lates with both the astragalus and calcaneum, ‘The articular

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriochwrus. I 67

surface, by means of which it joins the astragalus, consists of a
beveled edge upon the upper outer surface of the external con-
dyle of this bone, anteriorly. In the Artiodactyla, owing to the
vertical dimensions of the astragalus, the fibula overlaps it con-
siderably, so that the articulation between these two bones is
confined entirely to the outer side of the astragalus.

“Tarsus.—The tarsus presents so many striking resemblances
to that of the Artiodactyle Ungulates that its description is perhaps
best accomplished by instituting a comparison between it and
some generalized members of this order, of which the pig isa
good example.

“ The astragalus is relatively broader and of less vertical depth
than that of the boar. This results from the shortness of the
neck and the inward extension of the navicular portion of the
head. Its superior or trochlear surface presents two unequal
condyles, strongly convex from before backward, and separated
by a deep groove. The external condyle, the larger of the two,
is limited in front by a deep transverse notch which separates it
sharply from the cuboidal facet, in front or below. This notch
is much more pronounced than in the astragalus of the pig. The
inner condyle is smaller and presents a somewhat sharper crest,
owing to the excavation of its inner side for articulation with the
internal malleolus. In its lower or anterior extremity it is well
rounded, and of a somewhat scroll-like pattern, terminating
abruptly in a distinct overhanging ledge, which separates it from
the navicular facet. This ledge is absent from the astragalus of
the boar, as is also the scroll-like appearance of the lower part of
the condyle, but traces of it are to be seen in Oreodon. The distal
extremity or head of the astragalus is occupied by two facets for
articulation with the cuboid and navicular. It joins the trochlear
portion by a short neck, and is placed quite as obliquely upon this
part of the bone as in that of the suillines. The cuboid and
navicular facets are strongly convex from before backwards, and
in their articulation with these bones form as perfect a ginglymus
as is to be seen in any of the Artiodactyla. They are sharply
separated from each other by a prominent fore and aft ridge,
which passes backwards to form the inner boundary of the

168 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

sustentacular facet behind. The cuboid facet is the smaller of
the two, and can be said to have but a limited extension back-
wards. It narrows greatly at the middle of the under or anterior
surface, and become continuous with the sustentacular facet
behind. In the pig, and to a somewhat less extent in Oreodon, it
is continued well around to the posterior surface, but it is
separated from the sustentacular facet by
a well-marked ridge. This facet, while it
is strongly convex from before backwards,
is little or not at all concave from side to
side. ‘The navicular facet on the other
hand is not only very convex fore and
aft, but presents first a convexity and then
a marked concavity laterally from within
outwards, as in the pig. One feature in
which it differs markedly from thé astra-
galus of the pig, and for that matter, of all
the Artiodactyla, is its great backward
extension, reaching as far as the middle of
the posterior surface of the bone. By
reason of this backward extension of the
navicular facet, the facet for the sustentac-
Fig. 19. Hind foot of dg- ulum tald is very oblique and beveled con-
riocherus major. Front J
view. siderably externally. It covers the larger
part of the posterior surface of the bone.
“The calcaneum resembles the corresponding bone of the pig
very closely. ‘This is especially noticeable in the small susten-
taculum, the narrow distal extremity where it articulates with
the cuboid, together with the prominent articular face by which
it articulates with the fibula. As compared with that of the pig,
the tuber is relatively shorter, the distal end is somewhat nar-
rower, and the fibular facet has a greater antero-posterior extent.
Upon the outer side just below the fibular facet is a prominent
bony ridge for the attachment of the external lateral ligament,
beneath which is a shallow fossa, which is scarcely indicated in
the calcaneum of the boar. Upon the end of the tuber is seen a
well-marked groove, located somewhat to the inner side, which
serves for the passage of the tendon of the A/antarzs muscle.

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. I 69

“The cuboid, as compared with that of the pig, is much de-
pressed. Posteriorly it bears a process of moderate dimensions as
in the Artiodactyla in general. Upon its upper surface are the
two facets for the calcaneum and astragalus, that for the calca-
neum being almost flat and inclined downwards and forwards,
while the astragalar facet is strongly concave. Distally two
facets can be distinguished for articulation with the fourth and
fifth metapodials respectively. They are relatively broad and
flat. At the posterior edge of these articular surfaces, immedi-
ately beneath the backwardly projecting bony process, is to be
seen a slight groove for the passage of the long peroneal tendon
as it crosses the plantar surface of the foot. This groove is espe-
cially well developed in the pig, being almost completely con-
verted into a foramen. In Oreodon it is less developed. ;

“The navicular is also much flattened from above downwards,
resembling in this respect the corresponding bone of the Perisso-
dactyla, rather than that of Artiodactyla. It is strongly cup-
shaped above to receive the convex navicular portion of the head
of the astragalus, and much flattened below where it articulates
with the codssified ecto- and meso-cuneiforms. Upon its inner
face is seen a moderately weak ¢uberculum, to which the tendon
of the anterior tibial muscle (@é4éal/is anticus) is attached. Its
chief peculiarity is found, however, in the enormous hook which
is developed upon its posterior surface. This hook is broad,
much flatttened from behind, and completely overhangs the ecto-
meso-cuneiform, as well as the proximal ends of the neighboring
metapodials. Although less prominent it appears to be univer-
sally present in the Artiodactyla and as universally absent in the
Perissodactyla.

“ Features of the Double Ginglymus.—lIt is interesting to note in
this connection, and a matter of no slight significance, that a
similar hook is developed upon the navicular of the lagomorph
rodents. In this widely separated group we also find that the
foot is of the paraxonic type, that the fibula articulates with the
calcaneum, and that there is a distal ginglymus present (astragalo-
navicular). It would thus appear that these characters, arising
as they have independently, in at least two distinct and widely

170 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

separated orders, are necessary concomitants, and dependent upon
the same or similar causes for their production.

“The ecfo- and meso-cunciforms are completely coéssified, there
being no trace of the suture visible. This compound bone is
broad and flat, and rests upon the second and third metapodials.
The articulation with these bones is by a broad flattened surface,
which is also true of the articular surface by which it supports
the navicular.”

The ento-cuneiform is a long slender styliform nodule articula-
ting by a double facet with the navicular and compound cunei-
form ; upon its anterior internal face is seen another elongated
facet by which it joins the posterior surface of the head of the
second metatarsal. When in place, it hes anterior and internal
to the navicular hook. In our original description we erroneously
supposed that a hallux was present, but our present material shows
that this bone did not support a metatarsal. The hallux was
therefore absent. The general shape and connections of the
bone are similar to that of Oreodon.

The Metatarsus.— Of the metatarsals, the two median ones,
mts. [Il and IV, are almost if not quite equal in size and length.
The lateral ones, mts. II and V, are practically so, the disparity
in their length being slightly greater than that found in the pig.
While the outer one (mt. V) is a little the longer of the two, the
inner one (mt. II) is the stronger. This appears also to be true
of all the more generalized Artiodactyla in which four toes are
present. In the rabbit, on the
other hand, mt. II, is both longer
and stronger than mt. V, and
this is also true of the median
pair, the inner one slightly ex-
ceeding its fellow in size and
length.

“The two outer metatarsals
(1V and V) are supported wholly
by the cuboid, while the two
inner ones (II and III) are

Fig. 20. Hind foot of Agriocherus major. sHppertes es _compouss
Side view. cuneiform. Just as in the lower

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 171

Artiodactyla and in the rabbit there is no tendency to displacement
of any of the metapodials. The distal ends of the metapodials
have prominent well-rounded articular heads, very similar to those
of the digitigrade Carnivora. These facets are continued well
backward upon the dorsal surface, and are constricted off from
the shafts by deep grooves, indicating that the main flexure of the
foot took place at this point, as figured by Gaudry in Chalicothe-
rium, and that the animal was truly digitigrade. Distal keels are
present, but are confined to the plantar surface.

“The Phalanges—The proximal phalanges are quite remark-
able for the character of the articular surfaces by which they join
the metapodials. When looked at from the side these surfaces
are seen to be directed more upwards than backwards, almost to
the same extent as represented by Gaudry in Chalicotherium.
This indicates two things, viz.: that the proximal ends of the
metapodials were raised from the ground, and that the distal end
of the phalanx was carried slightly upwards when the bones were
placed in their natural position. This view is further carried out
by the character of the articular surface at the distal end of the
phalanx. It is directed more downwards than forwards, which
would give the succeeding phalanx a downward trend again, so
that the first two phalanges would describe a gentle curve. ‘This
is well exemplified in the cat. The second or median pha-
langes are shorter than the proximal, and are more compressed
from side to side. Distaly they exhibit a grooved articular sur-
face almost equally divided between the upper and lower moieties
of the bone, for articulation with the large compressed claws or
ungues. There is nothing to indicate that the ungues were
strongly bent down upon the middle phalanx, as represented by
Gaudry. If one can imagine a digitigrade bear it would come
very near representing the manner in which the phalanges were
articulated in Artionyx | Agriocherus].

“The ungues are large, strongly compressed, and considerably
arched upon the dorsal surface. They are a little hook-shaped.
The proximal ends are deeply excavated (representing almost a
semicircle), to receive the distal ends of the median phalanges.
There is no trace of a bony sheath or median cleft developed.”

172 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. VU,

The foot described above is from the larger species of the
Protoceras Beds. In the smaller 4. Zadifrons from the lower beds
the foot is longer, more slender; the phalanges are considerably
longer and resemble those of the fore foot.

Pee iii

Fore foot of Meryco- Fig. 23. Fore foot of
Oreodon. After Scott.

Fig. 21. Fore foot of Fig. :
Merychyus. After Scott. here “After Scott.

SUMMARY OF COMPARISON WITH OREODON.

In the foregoing description I have compared the bones of
Agriocherus very closely with those of Oveodon, and it now re-
mains to summarize the likeness and differences. Agritochwrus
resembles Oveodon in the following important characters: (1)
‘The upper canines are enlarged and have the distinctive D-shaped
pattern on cross section. (2) The first lower premolar is en-
larged and caniniform, the lower canine being incisiform. (3)
The form of the skull is practically the same, and the foramina

~ he

1895.| Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 173

have nearly the same arrangement. (4) In the fore limb the
scapula, humerus, ulna and radius are very similar in the two
genera. (5) The lunar has a prominent downwardly projecting
beak which excludes the magnum from contact with the unciform
in front. (6) Both have five digits in the manus. (7) In the
hind limb the pelvis, tibia and fibula are similar, as is also the
case with tarsus. (8) The ecto- and meso-cuneiforms are united.

Agriocherus differs from Oreodon in the following characters,
which may be regarded as of equal importance: (1) Loss of
incisors in Agriocherus. (2) Molariform pattern of the fourth
superior and inferior premolars, and the presence of a diastema
in both jaws. (3) The molars are very different in structure.
(4) The neural spine of the axis is different, and the transverse
processes of the atlas are perforated. (5) There is a double
tongue and groove articulation of the lumbar vertebre. (6) The
lunar rests largely upon the magnum instead of upon the unci-
form. (7) The trapezium does not touch the scaphoid. (8)
The pollex has an opposable position and saddle-shaped articular
facet. (9) The terminal phalanges are claw-like and not hoof-
like.

COMPARISON WITH THE ANOPLOTHERID2.

In many of its osteological features Agviocherus resembles the
Anoplotheroids. This is seen in the form of the skull, in the
humerus, ulna and radius, as well as in the pelvis, femur, tibia
and fibula. A very distinctive resemblance to Agriocherus is
seen in the molariform fourth premolars of Dichodon cuspidatus,
while the only approach to the claw-like terminal phalanges is
seen in Dzplobune. Zittel says of them :' “Die Endphalangen
zeichnen sich durch schmale, seitlich zusammengedriickte, ge-
kriimte, fast Krallenartige Beschaffenheit aus.” Another very
marked peculiarity of this genus is seen in the way in which the
lunar rests almost wholly upon the magnum, and has also a lateral
contact with the unciform, just as in Agriocherus. This resem-
blance between the two forms is further strengthened by the
presence of the peculiar beak-like process which wedges in
between the magnum and unciform. In the drawing given by

1 * Handbuch der Palzontologie,’ p. 373.

174 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. Vi,

Zittel the magnum and unciform are represented as being in
contact, with the lunar very loosely articulated. It is probable
that if a closer fit of these bones were made the unciform and
magnum would be separated in front.
Notwithstanding the re-
A B semblances to Agrioche-
rus to be found in these
various members of this
family, there are at the
same time many well-
marked differences. The
upper canine of the Ano-
plotheroids is but little
elongated, and does not
have the characteristic
D-shaped pattern on cross
section ; the first inferior
premolar is not canini-
form, and the molars have
a large and distinct an-
Fig. 24. Fore foot of Diplobune. After Zittel terior intermediate cusp.
The ecto- and meso-cun-
eiforms are always distinct, and the toes are reduced to two or
three. In some instances the reduction of the digits and the

elongation of the podial elements has gone almost as far as in any
of the modern Pecora.

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF AGRIOCHGRUS.

In attempting to discover the more exact relationship of Ag7zo-
chwrus, 1 think we may safely assume, from what has already been
said, that it is a member of the Artiodactyla. We can further-
more exclude the Suillines as being little or no nearer to it than
the original or common ancestor of the whole group. ‘There can
be little doubt that the Selenodonts early split into two divisions,
of which one retained the anterior intermediate cusps of the
molars, while the other kept the posterior intermediate cusps. In
the higher development of each of these lines the intermediate
cusps disappeared, leaving a tetraselenodont molar, According to

}
|
|
j

1895.| Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. 175

Schlosser it was the latter of these lines which gave origin to the
modern Selenodonts, while the former became entirely extinct.
It is possible, however, that the camels represent an independent
off-shoot.

In Agriocherus the molars are tetraselodont, and until we
know more of its ancestry it is impossible to say with certainty
from which of the two lines it has descended. If, however, we
can form any judgment from the great similarity of its skeletal
structure with that of the group with the anterior intermediate
cusp in the superior molars, viz., the Oreodonts, Anoplotheroids
and Anthracotheroids, then we must conclude that its nearest
affinities are with these forms. There is one character that
opposes itself to this view, and that is the opposable position of
the pollex. We probably know the direct ancestors of the
true Oreodonts in Protoreodon of the upper Eocene, and accord-
ing to Scott,’ there is no hint of this position of the pollex
seen in the manus of this form. While it tends in a measure to
bridge over the differences between Agriochawrus and Orcodon, it
nevertheless is much nearer to the latter than the former in all of
its essential characters. ‘The terminal phalanges are quite as dis-
tinct hoofs as are those of Oreodon, and the scaphoid is high and
narrow. ‘The relationship of the lunar to the surrounding bones
is also decidedly more oreodont than agriocheerid.

Before we can understand the meaning of the peculiar position
of the lunar in Agriocharus it is necessary for us to know what
the original arrangement of the carpal bones was in the Artiodac-
tyla. Cope has shown that the arrangement in Phenacodus was
serial, and he believes that this was the original position of the
carpal elements in all the Ungulates. This it may be said is not
at all an improbable view, and there is much evidence to support
it. Now if this were the case in the ancestors of the Artiodac-
tyla, then we must look upon the Oreodonts as an extreme form
in which the lunar has shifted almost completely from the mag-
num across upon the unciform. In fact, Prod/oreodon furnishes us
with very strong presumptive evidence that this is true, for in this
ancestral form we find the lunar with a much larger contact with
the magnum. Agriocherus, on the contrary, is yet more primitive

' Mammalia of the Uinta Formation, pp. 496-400.

176 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

in that the lunar has made but a slight advance upon the unciform.

I cannot see that there is any evidence whatever to support the
view expressed by Scott,’ that the lunar of Agriochwrus originally
rested equally upon the unciform and magnum, and later shifted
to the radial side so as to rest almost wholly upon the magnum.
The much more probable view, it seems to me, is that Agvzochwrus
is more primitive in this respect than either Ovcodon or its ancestor
Protoreodon, and that the lunar, as well as the other bones of the
proximal row, had just begun to shift towards the ulnar side. This
is a conceivable explanation of the opposable position of the pollex.

Regarding this latter character of Agriochawrus, it may be said
that it is the only instance of its kind known among the Ungulata.
While it is true that the pollex was to a large extent functionless
in this Miocene representative, yet at the same time it raises some
interesting questions. Is it possible that the remote ancestors of
the Artiodactyla had opposable thumbs, and that they were more
or less arboreal in habit ; or are we to suppose that the position of
this digit came to be more or less opposable as a consequence of
and during its progressive atrophy? We know of no analogous
instance within the whole range of the mammalia. It is hardly
conceivable that the thumb could have at first had a position in
line with the other digits, then became opposable, and _ finally
reverted to its original condition. Did these characters stand
alone I would be tempted to regard them lightly, and as of com-
paratively little importance, but it must not be forgotten that we
have associated with them the remarkable form of the ungual pha-
langes. The meaning of all this may be more profound than one
would perhaps be led to consider after a hasty review. That
Agriocherus displays many striking resemblances in the structure
of its skeleton to the group already mentioned, there can be no
question, but before we construct its phylogeny, and finally deter-
mine its position, I think it would be wise to wait until we know a
little more of the forms that went before.

THE SPECIES OF AGRIOCHGRUS.

The genus Agriocherus was originally described by Leidy’ as
representing a distinct family. This author referred three species

1 * Notes on the Osteology of Agriochcerus,’ Amer. Philos Soc., 1894, pp. 243-251.
2 Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1850, p. 121.

i iat

MP vay

—

Lc SEO

wae 2 -

1895. | Wortman, Osteology of Agriocherus. r77

to it, all of which were from the White River Miocene deposits
of Dakota. Subsequently Cope added three more species from
the John Day beds of Oregon, together with another genus under
the name of Coloreodon, to which he referred two species from
the same locality." Within the past year Marsh has described a
third genus under the name of Agrzomeryx from the White
River beds.” The only characters by which either Coloreodon or
Agriomeryx is distinguished from Agriocharus is the possession
of three superior premolars, whereas the typical species have
four. In our collection there are two skulls which agree in every
particular with Leidy’s description of Agriocherus latifrons ; in
one skull there are three superior premolars upon each side, while
in the other there are three upon one side and four upon the
other. This character is therefore shown to be variable within
the limits of a species, and cannot be used to define a genus. It
may be that the three-premolar types have other characters of the
skeleton which will separate them into a distinct genus, but as the
evidence now stands the names of Cope and Marsh must be
regarded as synonyms of the original genus Agriocharus.

The following analysis of the species is somewhat modified after
Cope.*

1.—Superior premolars, 4.
(a) Otic bullz much inflated, ovoid, and produced in direction of long
axis of skull ; muzzle short and wide ; internal wall of inf. Pm. 4

complete ; frequently only three sup. premolars; Oreodon beds,
Vi LIN rd RO ERA as meta onine 6 a nici GOR ICe er eneee A. latifrons Leidy.

(4) Otic bullze less inflated, more or less quadrate in outline and elonga-
ted in same direction as last species ; muzzle longer and narrower;
internal wall of inf. Pm. 4 not complete; sup. Pms. always 4;
Wreodon bedss Wihite Riven. sae sence oe A. antiquus Leidy.

(c) Otic bullze small, more or less mammiform, triangular in outline, not
reaching below point of postglenoid from which it is widely sepa-
rated, and with large anteriorly projecting process in front at
junction with skull; muzzle relatively long and narrow ; internal
wall of inf. Pm. 4 complete ; nasals pointed posteriorly. John
IDEN ljsoeas aanns Boas bas oOe .. ...-A. guyotianus Cope.

(/) Otic bullz proportionately much larger than in last species, greatly
flattened in front and projecting much below point of postglenoid,
which it joins internally ;. muzzle short, broad and concave above.
[Cite DES aa y-G AR Ais or We eone Ahora tee nO nae A. trifrons Cope.

1 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1879, p. 375.
2* Description of Tertiary Artiodactyles,’ Amer. Jour. Sci., 1894, Vol. XLVIII, p. 270.
3 * Synopsis of the Species of Oreodontidz,’ Proc. Amer. Philosoph. Soc., 1884, p. 503-572.

[ June, 1895.] 12

178 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. VIL.|

(e) Otic bulle large, quadrate in outline, very obliquely directed and
constricted in the middle ; muzzle broad, flattened above; nasals
trucate posteriorly ; postglenoid robust. John Day beds.

A. ryderanus Cope.
Il.—Superior premolars, 3.

(a) Species large ; otic bullz greatly inflated, ovoid, and produced in
direction of long axis of skull; nasals narrow and _ pointed
behind ; palatonareal border opposite anterior cusp of third molar.
ELOLOCETAS DEUS aN bem AVG etter tera eee A, major Leidy.

(4) Species large ; otic bullae: unknown; palatonareal border opposite
posterior cusp of third molar ; sagittal crest posterior, commencing
opposite preglenoid border. John Day beds.

A. macrocephalus Cope.

(¢) Species small ; otic bullae unknown ; palatonareal border opposite
posterior cusp of second molar ; sagittal crest anterior, commenc-
ing opposite optic foramen. John Day beds.... A. ferox Cope.

There is a large species found in the Oreodon beds of the
White River formation which I have not been able to identify
with certainty on account of lack of material ; this may yet prove
to be Leidy’s 4. major when more complete material is obtained ;
it will then probably become necessary to recognize another
species from the Protoceras layer, which I have here called major.
If this supposition is correct the large species from the upper
beds would take the name of A. gaudryz, which Osborne and
myself have already described.

The succession of the species is natural and easy as we pass
from the lower to the upper beds. A. /atifrons from the Oreodon
beds of the White River stands in direct ancestral relation with
A, major of the Protoceras beds. This is especially seen in the
character of the bullz and the disposition to discard one of the
superior premolars. From this three-premolar type we pass by
easy steps to A. macrocephalus and A. ferox of the later John Day
horizon. In like manner the four-premolar type with the long
narrow muzzle and comparatively little inflated otic bulle, A.
antiguus, begins low down in the White River. This form was
undoubtedly the progenitor of 4. gwyotcanus and its relatives of
the John Day.

My especial thanks are due to Professor Marsh for the oppor-
tunity of examining his beautiful material relating to the earlier
Eocene Artiodactyla, as well as to Professor Scott for the loan of
specimens.

Butietin A. M. N. H. ; Vou. VII, Prats I.

ibis

\ ee. SS \
ae SS :

RESTORATION OF Agriocherus latifrons.

About one-eighth natural size.

Article V.—ON THE NAMES OF MAMMALS GIVEN
BY KERR IN HIS “ANIMAL KINGDOM,’ PUB-
LISHED IN 1792.

By J. A. ALLEN.

In May, 1791, Robert Kerr, F.R. & A.SS. E., etc., issued a
prospectus of an English translation of “The Systema Nature
of Linnezeus, as lately published, by the learned Professor Gmelin
of the University of Goettingen,” with numerous additions “ from
the writings of such Zoologists, Voyagers, and Travellers, as had
not fallen under the observation, either of the great Linnzus, or
of his excellent successor.” It was proposed to publish the work
in parts, to form, when completed, four quarto volumes. The
“first half-volume”’ was brought out in 1792, the preface to
which (from which the above information is derived) bears date
“February, 1792.” Part 1 of Volume I comprises “the class of
Mammalia”; Part 2 begins the class of Birds, but ends abruptly
(in the only copy I have seen) at p. 644, in the midst of the
genus Corvus. Whether any more was published I am unable to
state, but the work was not only discontinued at an early stage,
but only a small edition of the part relating to the Mammalia
appears to have been issued, it being a very scarce publication,
and one which has been rarely cited by subsequent authors.’

Part I has the following title-page :

1 The copy in hand is the property of the Boston Society of Natural History, for the tempo-
rary loan of which I am indebted to the Secretary of the Society, Mr. Samuel Henshaw. It
was presented to the Society by the late D. H. Storer, M.D., in 1865.

[179]

180 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VXI,

Pages v—xii contain ‘To the Public,’ followed by a ‘Systematic
Catalogue of the Mammalia,’ occupying 14 unpaged leaves. Then
follows a free translation of Gmelin’s ‘Systema,’ with extended
interpolations, including several new genera (or subgenera—these
groups are treated in both senses in different parts of the work),
and a large number of supposed new species and varieties.

An important part of the work, from a nomenclatural point of
view (and a part easily overlooked and not easy of citation), is
the ‘Systematic Catalogue of the Mammalia,’ occupying the 14
unpaged leaves following the author’s address to the public.
According to the marginal numbers, the work treats formally of
808 species and varieties of mammals (not including domesti-
cated varieties), of which about 250 are additional to those given —
by Gmelin. Most of the technical names by which they are
designated are here published for the first time, but some are from
Pallas, Erxleben, and other early authors,’ overlooked or ignored
by Gmelin.

In the main Kerr’s work, considered as a compilation (which
it purely is), is creditable for its time, displaying much research
and a fair appreciation of his subject. Unfortunately he yielded
to the temptation of naming everything mentioned, however
vaguely, by previous authors, including scores of albinistic and
melanistic phases of well-known species. His names, however,
all require consideration, from the fact that names once employed
are preoccupied for use later in other connections. Scattered
through this nomenclatural chaff are names of many valid species,
here first formally introduced into zodlogical nomenclature. ‘These
include a considerable number of Australian mammals described
and figured by Governor Phillip in his ‘Voyage to Botany Bay’
(1789) under merely vernacular names, as well as many gleaned
from other trustworthy sources. Many of these names have
gradually come into use (mostly in recent years), but they have —

! In most cases Kerr, in his citations, gives no clue to their origin.

1895.| Allen on Kerr’s Names of Mammats. 181

7
often been attributed (especially formerly) to Turton,’ Shaw or
other writers; others have been wholly overlooked,’ including
several generic names, many specific names, and a large number
of varietal names. As Kerr’s names cannot be ignored, the
sooner they are brought to light the better, in the interest of
ultimately reaching a stable nomenclature.

The present investigation was begun with the purpose of treat-
ing only such names as relate to North American mammals. Later
the scope was extended to embrace such other names as evidently
had an important bearing upon the nomenclature of exotic species.
Finally it was decided to include all of Kerr’s names not obviously
founded on albinistic or melanistic conditions, or upon hybrids
and varieties due to domestication.

GENERIC NAMES.

Kerr’s new generic (or subgeneric) names are :
D

Sapajus= Cebus Erxleben, 1777.

Sagoinus= Cal/ithrix Erxleben, 1777.

Sukotyro—apparently a fabulous beast, mentioned by the traveller Nieuhoff.

Lynx=Zynx Rafinesque, 1818.

Myocastor= MWyopotamus Geofiroy, 1805. Type, by elimination, J/yocastor
coypus.

Cricetus=Cricetus Cuvier, 1817.

Myotalpa. By elimination=S7phneus Brants, 1827. Type, Mus ‘alpina

Pall.

Of these seven genera, two Sapajus and Sagoinus, are respec-
tively almost pure synonyins of Cedus and Callithrix of Erxleben,
and are hence untenable as used later in a restricted sense by
Lacépéde (1803). A third, Swkotyro, has no status, having a

1 Turton’s translation of Gmelin’s ‘Systema Nature,’ in seven octavo volumes, under the
title ‘A General System of Nature,’ etc. (Vol. [, Mammals, Birds, Amphibia, and Fishes, 1806)
is mere trash in comparison with Kerr's work. In Turton’s translation, **amended and enlarged
by the improvements and additions of later naturalists,’ all references to previous writers are
systematically and purposely omitted, **as,’’ says the author, ‘‘they would so considerably have
enlarged the bulk of the work, without adding a proportional value.” On the other hand, Kerr
gives at least references to the authors on which his names are based, though failing to indicate,
as a rule, whether the names additional to those employed by Gmelin are his own or from
Schreber, Erxleben, Shaw, Pallas, or other preceding writers. Apparently Turton (fortunately)
imposed very few new names, but copied nearly all of Kerr’s, which, owing to the scarcity of
Kerr’s work, have been largely credited to Turton. To distinguish the names really given by
Turton hence requires familiarity with the writings of preceding authors.

Shaw alsorarely cites Kerr, even when using Kerr’s names. Most of the names from Kerr,
_ duly accredited prior to 1876, are the few cited by Shaw in his ‘ General Zodlogy ’ (1830-01).

2 Mr. Oldfield Thomas has brought to light and established many of Kerr’s names which had
eared previous writers (c/, especially, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) 1V, 1879, pp. 306, 307.
and his British Museum ‘Catalogue of the Marsupialia and Monotremata’ (1888). 1 have
cited such as relate to the Pinnipedia (Mon. N. Am. Pinnipeds, 1880), the Cetacea (Bull. U. S.
Geol. Surv., VI, No. 3, 1882), and the North American Sciurid# and Muride.

182 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VII,

mythical basis, as shown by Kerr’s description and figure. ‘Two
others, Zyzx and Cricefus, are in current use, but wrongly accred-
ited to later authors. The remaining two, JZyocastor and A/yotalpa,
must supplant later names that have long been in current use.

The status of the four tenable generic names of Kerr may be
shown as follows :

Genus Lynx Kerr.

Lynx KERR, Am. King. I, 1792, Syst. Cat. Nos. 288-299, and p. 41, 155.

The genus Zyvx, commonly attributed to Rafinesque (Am.
Month. Mag., I, Oct., 1317, p. 437, and 7rd, Ti, Nov, 18172
46), was instituted by Kerr in 1792. It forms his second division
of Felis, and is characterized as follows :

So ee SIUNINIRIESE Lynees.
‘* With short tails, and pencilled ears.”’

It contains nine species and three subspecies, namely :!

“288. Caspian Lynx. 1. Lynx Chaus.
289. Mountain Lynx. 2. Lynx montana.
290. Persian Lynx. 3. Lynx Caracal.
291. Bengal Lynx. 4. Lynx bengalensis.
292. Booted Lynx. 5. Lynx nubiensis.
293. Barbary Lynx. 6. Lynx lybiensis.
294. Common Lynx. 7. Lynx vulgaris.
295. White Lynx 2. Lynx vulg. alba.
296. Yellow Lynx. y. Lynx vulg. melina.
297. Thibet Lynx. 0, Lynx vulg. maculata.
298. Canadian Lynx. 8. Lynx canadensis.
299. American Lynx. g. Lynx rufa.”

In the body of the work (pp. 155-158), where the species are
formally described, the name Zynzx is combined with Fe/és, e. g.,
F \elis| Lynx canadensis = Felis (Lynx) canadensis.

Genus Myocastor Kerr.

In his ‘ Systematic Catalogue of the Mammalia,’ Nos. 458-521,
Kerr divides the ““ Murine Quadrupeds”’ (= Muridz) as follows :
" * Beaver Rats. Myocastores.
** Rats and Mice. WZures.
*** Hamsters. Cricett.
*k** Mole-Rats. AZyotalpe.

1 From his ‘Systematic Catalogue,’ not paged.

1895.|

Allen on Kerr’s Names of Mammats. 153

The Beaver-Rats include two species only—(1) ‘‘ Webbed
Beaver-Rat, Myocastor Coypus”; (2) ‘‘ Musquash, Myocastor zibeth-
tcus.”’ As Cuvier, in the year 1800, instituted the genus Fiber
for the Muskrat, only the Coypu was left in the genus J/yocastor,
which thus became its type by elimination. Hence the genus
Myopotamus Geoffrey (1805), based on the Coypu, and since in
current use, must be treated as a synonym of A/yocastor Kerr.

Genus Cricetus Kerr.
Cricetus KERR, An. King. I, 1792, Syst. Cat. Nos. 509-515, and pp. 42, 242-
246.

The name Crice/us, usually attributed to Cuvier (1817), was
used by Kerr for a division of his ‘Murine Quadrupeds’—in a
generic sense in his ‘Systematic Catalogue,’ and in a subgeneric
sense in the body of the work. The species included under
Cricetus are the following :’

1. Cricetus acredula=Wus migratorius Pall. (1771)=Mus accedula Pall.
(1778).
2. Cricetus germanicus=J/«us cricetus Linn.
3. Cricetus germ. niger= Jus cricetus niger Schreber.
Cricetus arenarius—J/ws arenarius Pall.
Cricetus pheus=J/us pheus Pall.—type of Cricetulus Milne-Edw. (1867).
Cricetus songaricus= us songaricus Pall.
Cricetus furunculus= Jus furunculus Pall.

Ns nas

Genus Myotalpa Kerr.
Myotalpa KERR, An. King. I, 1792, Syst. Cat. Nos. 516-521, and p. 246.

Kerr gives a short diagnosis (1. c., p. 246) of AZyotalpa, and adds
in a foot-note: “The animals of this subdivision of the genus
| Mus| are named Mures subterranei, by Dr. Gmelin; but the
word J/yo/a/pa is preferred in this edition, as being better adapted
for the purpose of a subgenus.”

Myotalpa is thus explicitly proposed in a subgeneric sense, but
in the “Systematic Catalogue’ is used in generic name, as follows :
1. Myotalpa talpina=J/us talpinus Pall. Type of EWobius Fischer, 1814.

8. Myotalpa talpina nigra=J/us tal/pinus Pall, in part.
2. Myotalpa capensis= J/us capensis Pall. Type of Georychus Uliger, 1811.

1 Syst. Cat., Nos. 509-515.

184 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

3. Myotalpa maritima=J//us sutllus Schreb. (1787)=Alus maritimus
Gmel. (1788). Type of Bathyergus Mlliger, 1811.

4. Myotalpa aspalax=J/us aspalax Pall. (1788)=A/us myospalax Laxmann
(1773). Type of Siphneus Brants, 1827.

5. si i typhla= Spalax microphthalmus Giilden. (1770) (gen. et sp.
nov.).

The last species enumerated under JZyota/pa had already been
made the type of a genus Sfa/ax, and the other four have been
successively raised to generic rank. As JZyotalpa must be
preserved it will have to stand, by the rule of elimination, for the
species last removed from J/yotalpa, namely, AZyotalpa aspalax,
Stphneus of Brants thus becomes a synonym of JZyotalpa Kerr
(restricted). }

It also appears that Bathyergus maritimus (Gmel.) Illiger should
stand as Bathyergus suillus (Schreber),’ as Schreber not only used
this name on his PI. cciv B, but in the page heading to p. 715.

Apparently, also, Spalax muicrophthalmus Giildenstaedt (Nov.
Comm. Petrop., XIV, 1770, p. 409, pll. vill, ix) has priority over
Mus typhlus Pallas (Nov. Sp. Glires, 1778, pp. 76, 174, pl. viii).
Hence the species commonly known as Spalax typhlus (Pall.)
should stand as Spalax microphthalmus Gilden.

The species currently known as Szphneus aspalax (Pall.) Brants
should not only take the generic name JZyotalpa, as shown above,
but AZus aspalax Pallas (Nov. Sp. Glires, 1778, pp. 76, 165, pl. x) is
antedated by AZus myospalax Laxmann (Sibir. Briefe, 1769, p. 75);
hence the name in full should be AZyotalpa myospalax (Laxm.).

Kerr’s five species of JAZyota/pa will thus stand as follows :

Myotalpa talpina (Pall.) Kerr, becomes Ellobuis talpinus (Pall.) Fischer.
Myotalpa capensis (Pall.) Kerr, becomes Georychus capensis (Vall.) Ill.
Myotalpa.maritima (Pall.) Kerr, becomes Bathyergus suillus (Schreb.).
Mvotalpa aspalax (Pall.) Kerr, becomes Myotalpa myospalax (Laxm.),
Myotalpa typhia (Pall.) Kerr, is Spalax microphthalmus Giilden.

Qe Po

SPECIES AND VARIETIES.

These are taken up in the order in which they stand in Kerr’s
work, and include all that seem entitled to consideration. ‘The

1 Mus suillus SCHREBER, Siiugeth. Th. IV, p. 715, pl. cciv B (circa 1787). ;
Mus maritimus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., 1, 1788, p. 140 (cites Schreber, as above, and his refer-
ences, and no others),

1895.| Allen on Kerr's Names of Mammals. 185

i.
changes from current nomenclature are indicated by heavy-faced
type.

In some cases Kerr’s names are here allocated on the basis of

his references as currentiy synonymised by standard authorities,
some of the works to which Kerr refers being inaccessible at
the present writing.

Simia satyrus' pongo Ae, No. 3=Anthropopithecus troglodytes (Gy.).

Simia satyrus jocko Aev7, No. 4=Simia satyrus Zin.

Simia lar minor Avrvr, No. 6=Hylobates lar (Gmze/.).

_ Simia lar argenteus Kerr, No. 7=? Hylobates lar (Gme/.).

Simia suilla Aevr, No. to=Cynocephalus mormon (Zzzz.).

Simia (Papio) sylvicola Aer, No. 17=Simia sylvicola Shaw (1800). Not
determinable.

Simia (Papio) variegata Aev,, No. 18=Simia sublutea Shaw (1800). Not .
determinable.

Simia (Papio) cinerea Kerr, No. Ig97=Simia cinerea Shaw (1793)=?Simia
leucophzea /. Cuv.

Simia (Papio) livea Kerr, No. 20=Simia dentata Shaw (1800). Not deter-
minable.

Simia (Papio) cristata Aev7, No. 22. Not determinable.

Simia (Cercopithecus) hamadryas ursinus Aev7v, No. 25=?Cynocephalus
hamadryas (£77272.).

Simia (Cercopithecus) veter albibarbatus Aerr, No. 27=Simia ferox Shaw
(1800)= Macacus silenus (Z777.).

Simia (Cercopithecus) silenus albibarbatus Aev7v, No. 29=Kerr’s No. 27,
as above.

Simia (Cercopithecus) silenus tie-tie Aer7, No. 30. Not determinable.

Simia (Cercopithecus) silenus purpuratus Avy, No. 31=Macacus silenus
(Linn.).

Simia (Cercopithecus) «thiops torquatus Aev7, No. 39=Cercocebus collaris
Gray (1843). Gray’s Cercocebus collaris is identified by Gray himself with the
Mangabey a collier blanc of Buffon, which is the sole basis of Kerr’s S. (C.)
aethiops torquatus. Hence, Cercocebus torquatus (X¢77r).

Simia (Cercopithecus) aygula monea Aerr, No. 41. Not identifiable ; not
Sinita mona Schreb.

Simia (Cercopithecus) nictitans barbatus Ae77, No. 43. Not determinable.

Simia (Cercopithecus) sinicus pileatus Kerr, No. 45=Simia pileata Shaw
(1800). Hence, Macacus pileatus (Kerr).

Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber nigrofasciatus A’erv7, No. 48 ) —Cercopithecus

Simia (Cercopithecus) ruber albofasciatus Aevr, No. 49§ patas (Schreb.).

Simia (Cercopithecus) talapoin niger Kerr, No. 51. Not determinable.

! [nitials of specific names are here uniformly reduced to lower-case ; Kerr generally employed
capital initials for all substantives used for specific or varietal names.

186 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Simia (Cercopithecus) nasuus Aev7, No. 55=Simia nasalis Shaw (1800)=
‘© Simia nasica Audeb.” (circa 1800). Hence, Nasalis nasuus(Xerr). Kerrt’s
name appears to have eight years’ priority over either zasica or nasalis. The
name 7asica is sometimes wrongly attributed to Schreber.

Simia (Cercopithecus) capistratus Aevr, No. 56=Prude Pennant=? Nasalis
nasuus (evr).

Simia (Cercopithecus) luteolus A’evv, No. 57=Simia flavescens Shaw (1800).
Not determinable.

Simia (Cercopithecus) fulvus Aer, No. 58=Simia fulva Shaw (1800)=Cerco-
pithecus mulatta Zé. (1780). Not determinable.

Simia (Cercopithecus) viridens Aevr, No. 59=A_ variety of Pennant’s
Tawny Monkey. Not determinable.

Simia (Cercopithecus) hircinus Arr, No. 60-=Simia hircina Shaw (1800)=
Goat Monkey Pennant. Not determinable.

Simia (Cercopithecus) regalis Avr, No, 61=Simia comosa Shaw (1800)=
’ Cebus polykomos Z27.—=Colobus polykomos (Zimm.).

Simia (Cercopithecus) badius Aer7v, No. 62=Simia ferruginea Shaw (1800)=
Colobus temminckii AZ (1820), Hence, Colobus badius (K¢e77). .

Simia (Cercopithecus) fuscus Aev7, No, 63=Simia annulata (Shaw). Not
determinable.

Simia (Sapajus) exquima Aer, No. 67=L’Exquima uffon=Cercopithecus
diana (Zinzz.).

Simia (Sapajus) trepidus fulvus Aerv7v, No. 69=Sajou gris Auff.=Cebus
griseus Desm. (1820)=Cebus apella (Zinzn.).

Simia (Sapajus) capucinus albulus Aev7, No. 73=Cebus hypoleucus //umé.
(1811), et auct. Hence, Cebus albulwvs (Xe77).

Simia (Sapajus) variegatus Aev7, No. 77=Simia antiquensis Shaw (1800)=
Chrysothrix, sp. Not determinable.

Simia (Sagoinus) jacchus moschatus Avr, No. 80. Not determinable.

Lemur podje Aerr, No. 103=Le Tarsier Auffon—Lemur tarsier Erx/. =
Tarsius spectrum (Pad//.).

Lemur prehensilis Aerv, No. 104=Little Maucauco Pennant=Lemur muri-
nus Miller=Microcebus, sp. ?

Vespertilio vampyrus helvus Aev7, No. 108=Lesser Rougette Pennant. Not
determinable.

Vespertilio labialis Aev7, No. 115=Peruvian Bat, var. 3, Pennant= ? Noc-
tilio leporinus (777. ).

Vespertilio pictus rubellus Aevy, No. 124=Striped Bat Pennant, in part=
Kerivoula picta (Pall.).

Vespertilio cephalotes melinus Arr, No. 129=Molucca Bat Pennant, in
part=Harpyia cephalotes (Pa//.).

Vespertilio americanus Aerr, No, 136=Clayton’s Bat Pexnant= ? Vesper-
tilig americanus 7wr/on (1806)=? Vespertilio americanus Ord (1815).

Bradypus pentadactylus Aerv, No. 140=Bradypus ursinus Shaw (1791)=
Melursus ursinus (.S/azw).

|
|
|

1895.| Allen on Kerr's Names of Mammals. 187

Myrmecophaga jubata sima Aerr, No. 143. Not determinable. ? Orycte-
ropus, Sp.

Myrmecophaga pentadactyla Aerr, No. 145=Myrmecophaga striata Shaw
(1800)=Le Tamandua Buffon. (Anim. fict.)

Dasypus maximus err, No. 158=Dasypus gigas Cuvier (1817)=Dasypus
giganteus Desm. (1820). As all are based on Buffon, Hist. Nat., X, plate xli,
hence, Priodon maximus (err).

Dasypus longicaudatus Kerr, No. 160=American Armadillo Watson, Phil.
Trans., LIV, p. 57, pl. vii, and Cachicame ou Tatou a neuf bandes Buffon,
X, p. 215, pl. xxxvii=Dasypus peba Desm. (1820)=Dasypus longicaudus
Wied (1826)=Tatusia novemcincta (Z7zn.). For those who reject zovemen-
cincta Linn., the species will stand as Tatusia longicaudatus (Avrr).

Sukotyrus indicus Aer, 163. Mythical.

Elephas americanus Aer, No. 165=Elephas americanus Cuvier (1798)=
Mastodon giganteum Cuvier (1817). Hence, Mastodon americanus (A¢7r).

Kerr’s name was based on Pennant’s ‘‘ American Elephant,” which is in
reality a Mastodon, as shown from the following transcript from Kerr :

“*In America, on the banks of the Ohio, are found, several feet below the
surface, in a marshy place called Big-bone-swamp, great numbers of tusks and
grinders, supposed by many to belong to the Elephant: But the grinders are
totally different, being covered uniformly with enamel, and furnished with a
double row of high conic processes, like those of carnivorous animals ; whereas
those of the Elephant are composed of alternate perpendicular layers of bone and
enamel, and are ribbed transversely on their upper surfaces, like those of grami-
nivorous quadrupeds: Hence the species must be entirely different; and Mr.

Pennant has chosen to suppose that they have belonged to an unknown species
of this genus, which he names the American Elephant. Hist. of Quad., p. 71.”

The earliest reference by Cuvier to this animal I have seen is the foilowing :
“C'est l’elephas americanus de Pennant.”—{Tableau élémen. de I’ Hist.
Nat., 1798, p. 149). Here he simply gives a Latin rendering of Pennant’s
name. Later (Régne An., I, 1817, p. 116) he gave it the name Mastodon
giganteum, as cited above. ;

Elephas americanus Kerr antedates by fifty years the name E/ephas amert-
canus given by DeKay in 1842 to remains of a fossil Elephant from the State
of New York. In this latter sense the name is of course untenable.
Trichechus manatus siren Aerr, No. 170. Mythical.

Phoca greenlandica nigra Kerr, No. 180=Phoca greenlandica Faér.

Phoca hispida quadrata Aevr, No. 182=? Halichcerus grypus (/aér.).
Phoca chilensis Aevr, No. 186=? Macrorhinus leoninus (Zz77.) juv.

Phoca mutica Kerr, No. 187=Phoca longicollis Shaw. Not determinable.
Phoca testudo Kerr, No. 189. Not determinable.

Phoca laniger Kerr, No. 191=? Erignathus barbatus (/aér.) juv.

Phoca punctata Kerr, No. 192. Not determinable.

Phoca maculata Kerr, No. 193. Not determinable.

Phoca nigra Kerr, No. 194=Collotaria ursinus (Zz7z.). juv.

Canis lupus niger Kerr, No. 236=Black phase of Canis lupus nubilus (Say).

188 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Canis lupus albus Aer, No. 237=? Canis lupus mexicanus (Zzzz.).

Canis vulpes alopex americanus Aevr, No. 249. Not determinable.

Canis vulpes chilensis Aevrv, No. 258. Not determinable.

Canis vulpes australis Aervr, No. 259=Loup-renard Bourgainville=Canis
antarcticus Shaw, 1800. Hence, Canis (Pseudalopex) australis (A¢77).

Felis leopardalis Aer, No. 266. Not determinable.

Felis cougar Aevr, No. 272=Felis concolor Lizz.

Felis mexicana Aerv, No. 274. Not determinable. Not Felis mexicana
Desm. (1820), nor of De Saussure (1860).

Felis bengalensis evr, No. 275=Felis bengalensis Desm. (1822). Hence,
Felis bengalensis Kerr.

Felis catus aureus Kerr, No. 286. Not determinable. Not Lynx aureus
Raf. (1817)—Felis aureus Desm. (1820).

Felis (Lynx) montana Aerr, No, 289=Lynx montanus Aa/. (1817).

Felis (Lynx) bengalensis Aerr, No. 291=Felis caracal, var. c. (Desm.)
(1820)=Felis caracal 0 bengalensis /%scher (1830).

Felis (Lynx) nubiensis Aev7, No. 292=Felis caracal, var. 6. Desm. (1820)=
Felis caracal y nubicus zscher (1830). ;

Felis (Lynx) lybiensis Kev, No. 293=Felis caracal, var. a. Desm. (1820)=
Felis caracal (3 algiricus “ischer (1830).

Felis (Lynx) vulgaris maculatus A’ev7, No. 297. Not Felis maculata //ors/,
& Vig. (1829)=Lynx rufus var. maculatus Aad. & Lach. (1851), for which |
here propose the name Lynx texensis.

Felis (Lynx) canadensis Kerr, No. 298=Lynx canadensis A’af. (1817).
Hence, Lyx canadensis Kerr.

Viverra nems Kerr, No. 303=? Herpestes griseus 72nd. (1811).

Viverra gallica Kerr, No. 322=La Genette de France Luffon, Hist. Nat.
Suppl., III, 1776, p. 237, pl. xlvi=Viverra nigra Desm. (1820) = Paradoxurus
typus /. Cuv. & Geoffr. (1821): Hence, Paradoxurus gallica (Kerr).

Viverra prehensilis Aerr, No 327—=Cercoleptes caudivolvulus (7a//.). Not
Viverra prehensilis Blainy. (1816)=Paradoxurus hermaphroditus (Pall.) Bland-
ford.

Viverra maculata Kerr, No. 331=Viverra maculata Shaw (1800)=Dasyurus
maculatus (Kerr) Thomas.

Mustela (Lutra) paraguensis Aevr, No. 334=Chironectes minimus (Zzmm.) Z//.

Mustela (Lutra) chilensis A’¢7v7, No. 335=Lutra felina (47o/.) Shaw.

Mustela (Lutra) canadensis Aevr, No. 337—=Mustela lutra canadensis
Schreber, Pl. cexxvi B. Tlence, Lutra canadensis (.Schreder) Kerr.

Mustela (Lutra) guianensis Aer, No. 339=Chironectes minimus (Z7mm.) //.

Mustela afra Kerr, No. 343= Mustela javanica Seda. Not determinable.

Mustela guianensis Avrvr, No. 348=? Galictis vittata (Schreber).

Mustela laniger Aev7, No. 349. Not determinable.

Mustela zibellina americana Aervrv, No. 352—Mustela americana 7zr/on,
Hence, Mustela americana (Kerr) 77/on.

Mustela zibellina nigra Aev7, No. 353= Mustela pennanti “7«/,

1895.| Allen on Kerr’s Names of Mammals. 189

Mustela melina Kerr, No. 362. Not determinable.

Ursus indicus Kerr, No. 376=Ursus indicus Shaw (1800)=Mellivora indica
(Kerr).

Didelphis virginiana Kerr, No. 386=Didelphis virginiana Shaw (1800)—
Didelphis marsupialis virginiana (Kerr).

Didelphis guianensis Ker7, No. 389=Didelphis murina Zinn. (apud Thomas).

Didelphis caudivolvula Aer7, No. 392=Pseudochirus peregrinus (Bodd.)
Thomas (apud Thomas).

Didelphis tridactyla Kerr, No. 397=Potorous tridactylus (Kerr) Thomas.

Didelphis vulpecula Kerr, No. 398=Trichosurus vulpecula (Arr) 7'homas.

Didelphis maculata evr, No. 399=Didelphis viverrina Shaw (1800)—
Dasyurus viverrinus (Shaw) Thomas. Nec Viverra maculata Arr, No. 331—
Dasyurus maculatus (e77) Thomas.

Didelphis volans Ke77, No. 400=Petauroides volans (Avrr) Thomas.

Talpa flava Kerr, No. 405=Talpa flava Zimm. (1777)=Talpa flavescens
Lrxl.=Scalops aquaticus (Z77272.).

Talpa fusca Kerr, No. 408=Talpa fusca Zimm. (1777)=Scalops aquaticus
(Linn.).

Sorex arcticus Xe7r, No. 416. Not determinable.

Sorex arcticus cinereus Ae7v7, No. 417. Not determinable.

Sorex czruleus Ker7, No. 422=Sorex cerulescens Shaw (1800)—Sorex
(Crocidura) ceruleus Shaw.

Sorex mexicanus Ke7v7, No. 423—=Tucan of Fernandez. Not determinable.

Sorex albipes Kerr, No. 424. Not determinable.

Sorex quadricaudatus Aev7, No. 425=Sorex tetragonurus Zizm.—Sorex
vulgaris Linz.

Sorex liricaudatus Kerr, No. 426=Sorex carinatus Zimm. Not determinable.

Sorex unicolor Kerr, No. 427=Sorex unicolor Shaw (1800)=Sorex con-
strictus Zimm. Not determinable.

Hystrix mexicana Kerr, No. 438=Hystrix mexicana Shaw (1801)=Syne-
theres mexicanus (A‘e77)} Aston.

Cavia aguti cunicularis Kev, No. 446. Not determinable. In part=genus
Capromys.

Cavia magellanica Kerr, No. 452=Cavia patachonica Shaw (1801)=Dolich-
otis magellanica (Aer) Thomas.

Castor fiber solitarius A777, No. 456=Castor fiber Zinn.

Mus pilorides fulvus Aev7, No. 461. Not determinable.

Mus americanus Ke77, No. 463. Not determinable.

Mus messorius Kev7, No. 47i1=Mus messorius SZaw—=? Mus minutus Pa//.

Mus agrarius americanus Kerr, No. 473=Mus leucopus Aa/. (1818)=Pero-
myscus leucopus (Aaf.). A7us americanus is pre-occupied by Kerr’s No. 463.!

Mus minutus flavus Kev, No. 475. Not determinable.

Mus moschatus Ke77, No. 481. Not determinable.

' Kerr appears to have considered it admissible to use the same vavze/a/ name under differ--
ent species of the same genus, repeated instances of which occur in his work.

190 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

Mus mexicanus Kerr, No. 483. Not determinable.

Mus virginianus Kerry, No. 484. Analbino. Not determinable.

Mus rutilus minor Kerr, No. 494=? Evotomys rutilus (/a/Z.).

Mus arvalis nigricans Kerr, No. 500. Not determinable. Not d/us nigri-
cams Raf, 1818.

Mus lemmus sibiricus Ke7v7, No. 505. Not determinable.

Mus lene Kerr, No. 507=Mus lenensis Pad/.

Mus tschelag. Aev7, No. 508. Not determinable.

Mus (Myotalpa) talpina nigra Aevr, No. 517=Ellobius talpinus (Pa//.).

Arctomys suslica evr, No. 527=Mus suslica Gri/den. (1770)= Mus citellus
Linn. (1766).

Arctomys zemni Ke77, No. 529=? Ellobius talpinus (Pa//.).

Arctomys hudsonia Kerr, No. 531=Tailless Marmot Pennant. Not deter-
minable.

Sciurus albipes Arr, No. 539. Not determinable. Not Sciurus albipes
Wagner (1857).

Sciurus niger albirostro Aevv, No. 541=Sciurus niger £7772. (in part).

Sciurus virginianus Aevr, No. 547=Sciurus virginianus Turton —=Sciurus
niger cinereus (Z7772.).

Sciurus badjing Kerr, No. 539=Sciurus plantani Zjwng (1801). Hence,
Sciurus badjing Kerr. (cf. Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) IV, 1879,
Pp. 397):

Sciurus zestuans fasciatus A777, No. 563=? Sciurus <estuans (/77772.).

Sciurus variegatus minor A777, No. 566. Not determinable.

Sciurus scrotalis Ave, No. 569. Not determinable.

Sciurus bancrofti Aev7, No. 570. Not determinable.

Sciurus guianensis Avev7, No. 571. Not determinable.

Sciurus capensis Aerr, No. 573=Myoxus inauris Z7mm. (1783)=Myoxus
africanus Shaw (1801)— Xerus capensis (Ae77) Thomas. Hence, Xerus inauris
(Zimm.). Sciurus capensis Kerr and J/yoxus tnaurus Zimm. (III, p. 275)
were both based on the Earless Dormouse of Pennant.

Sciurus (Petaurus) virginianus Ae77, No. 575=Sciuropterus volans (Z7777.).

Sciurus (Petaurus) petaurista Ae77, No. 579=Sciurus petaurista Pa//., in part.

Sciurus (Petaurus) petaurista niger Ae77, No. 580=Sciurus petaurista Pa//.,
in part.

Sciurus (Petaurus) norfolcensis Aervyv, No. 582=Petaurus sciurea (Shaw,
1794) Thomas. Hence, Petaurus norfolcencis Aerr. The name nor/fol-
cencis has been objected to as not geographically pertinent.

Dipus egyptius Aerr, No. 588a—=Mus egyptius //asse/g. (1752 and 1762).

Dipus sibiricus Ae77,No. 5884,

Dipus sibiricus major Ae77, No. 589,

Dipus sibiricus medius Avex, No. 590, !

Dipus sibiricus minor Ae, No. 591,

Dipus sibiricus pumilio A’, No. 592,

All based on Pennant, ‘‘ Hist.
Quad., No. 292.”

1895. | Allen on Kerr’s Names of Mammals. IQ!

.
Dipus labradorius Xerxr, No. 596=Dipus hudsonius Z7zm.=Zapus hudsonius

(Zimm.) Coues.

Dipus circassicus Kerr, No. 597. Not determinable.

Moschus pygmzeus leverianus Xevv, No. 634. Not determinable.

Moschus sinensis Kerr, No. 638. Not determinable.

Cervus alces fossilis Kerr, No. 640—=Cervus giganteus Go/df. (1821)—Cervus
hibernus Desm. (1822)=Cervus megaceros //ar/ (1826), ete. Hence, Alces
(Megaceros) fossilis (Kerr).

Cervus tarandus groeenlandicus Kerr, No. 641=Cervus tarandus 3 greenlandicus
Gmel.=Rangifer tarandus greenlandicus (Gmel.)—zo¢ Kerr.

Cervus tarandus caribou Kerr, No. 643—Cervus tarandus ) caribou Gmwe/.=
Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmel.)—vzo? Kerr.

Cervus elaphus minutus Xervv, No. 649. Not determinable.

Cervus axis maculatus Kerv7, No. 651=Cervus axis Zr-x/.

Cervus axis unicolor Kerr, No. 652—=Cervus axis, 3 Gme/.—=Cervus unicolor
Schreber (1792).

Cervus axis major Kerr, No. 654—=Great Axis Pennant.

Cervus porcinus maculatus Kerr, No. 656=Cervus porcinus Zz. (1777),
also of Schreb. (pl. ccli) and Gmelin.'

The following thirteen species of Cervus (Nos. 662-675) are given as ‘‘ Un-
certain Species.” They are based on Fernandez, Barrere, Buffon and Pennant.

Cervus temama KXer7, No. 662=Tama-macame //ernandez=Mazama tema
Raf.” (1817)=Cervus rufinus Bourc. & Puch. Hence, Mazama temama
(Kerr).

Cervus cuguapara Kerr, No. 663=Cuguacu-apara M/arcgrave—Cervus cam-
pestris /. Cuv. (1817), at least in part.

Cervus caguete Kerr, No. 664=Cuguacu, ete. Marcgr. Not determinable.

Cervus sylvaticus Kerr, No. 665=Cervus mexicanus Gwe/. (in part)=Biche
des bois Barrere—Cervus rufus F. Cuv. (1817), in part.

Cervus paludosus Kerr, No. 666=Biche des polétuviers Barvrere. Not
determinable. Probably not Cervus paludosus Desm. 1821, but Desmarest’s
name is rendered untenable.

Cervus mazame Kerr, No. 667= Mazame Buffon. Referred by F. Cuvier to
his Cervus campestris, and by Goldfuss to his C. leucogaster.

Cervus cariacou Kerr, No. 668=Cariacou Buffon=? Cervus rufus #. Cuzier
(1817).

Cervus barallou evr, No. 669=Biche de barallou Auffor. Not deter-
minable. :

Cervus nemorosus Kerr, No. 670=Biche des bois Buffox. Not determinable.

1 Under the genus Cerzzs, Gmelin cites Schreber’s plates, while Schreber’s text to the same
plates cites Gmelin, showing that the plates of Schreber’s in question were published long in
advance of the text relating tothem. Kerr does not cite either, but bases his new names on
Pennant and Buffon.

2 See Merriam, Science, N. S. I, 1805, p. ro.

192 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol.VI11.|

Cervus pratensis Kerr, No. 671=Biche des savanes Luwffon. Not deter-
minable. Sometimes referred to Cervus campestris F, Cuvier.

Cervus indicus Kerr, No. 672. Based on Pennant’s description and figure
of a pair of antlers supposed to have come from India.

Cervus squinaton Arr, No. 673. Based on Pennant’s allusion to a kind of
Deer so-called in the country west of Hudson Bay.

Cervus anomalus Ae77, No. 675. Based on the malformed antlers of a deer,
supposed to have come from America. Not determinable.

Antilope saltans err, No. 688=Antilope euchore ‘‘/orster”’ Schreber, Pi.
celxxii. ‘This plate is cited by Pennant (3d ed., I, 1793, p. 94), and is thus
probably of even date with Kerr.

Ovis ammon europea Kerr, No. 733=Ovis musimon “ Schreder,” auct.=
Ovis musimon ‘ Pallas ” Schreb. Siuget. Pl. cclxxxviii A. The plate is
credited (Sauget. Theil V, i, p. 1471) to ‘‘ Fr. Cuv. et Geoffr. mammif, 18°
livr.,” published in 1819= AZgoceros musimon Pa//., Zool. Rosso-Asiat., I, 1831
(181t ?), p. 230, Pl. xix, fig. 7(skull). This is the earliest use of the name in
a specific sense by Pallas that I can find, and Wagner (Schreb. Sauget. Th. V,
p. 1372 and PI. cclxxxviii 4) evidently thence derived it. Hence the name of
the Corsican Sheep or Monflon should stand as Ovis europa (Av7r).

Bos arneé Aer7v, No. 746=Bos arnee Shaw (1801)=Bos bubalis Lz27.=
Bubalus bubalis (77772.).

Bos barbatus Ae77r, No. 758. Not determinable.

Sus tajassu minor evr, No. 780=Dicotyles tajusu (Z777.) juv.

Sus tajassu patira Ker, No. 781=Dicotyles tajacu (Z277.) juv.

Delphinus phoczena albus Ae77, No. 803. Not determinable.

Delphinus phoczena fuscus Aev7, No. 804. Not determinable.

Article VI.—ON A COLLECTION OF MAMMALS FROM
ARIZONA AND MEXICO, MADE BY MR. W. W.
PRICE, WITH FIELD NOTES BY THE COLLECTOR.

By J. A- ALLEN.

The collection on which the present paper is based numbers
about 1500 specimens, collected mainly from January to September, '
1894, by Mr. W. W. Price, with the assistance of Mr. B. C. Condit
and others, as noted below. The collection was made chiefly in
Cochise County, Arizona, but includes several outlying localities
in Pima, Graham and Apache Counties, Arizona, and in northern
Sonora. The whole collection was sent to the American Museum,
but later one-half of it was purchased by the Field Columbian
Museum of Chicago, the other half remaining here.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. Price for the field notes incor-
porated in the present paper, and for his account of the physical
characteristics of the areas visited, including an itinerary of the
trip and a descriptive list of the localities where collections were
made. Also for a supplementary list of species observed but not
represented in the collection. The field notes are presented in
connection with the technical remarks on the species to which
they relate, and are distinguished by being enclosed in marks of
quotation, and by the initials “W. W. P.””. The more general
matter furnished by Mr. Price is given under special headings,
bearing his name.

In this connection it gives me pleasure to acknowledge my
indebtedness to Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the Division of
Ornithology and Mammalogy, United States Department of Agri-
culture, for the loan of material to aid in the identification of some
of the more obscure species.

The collection here under notice is exceptionally important for
the large series of many of the species represented, and for the
large number of specimens gathered from a few limited areas.

1 About 25 specimens, collected in November and December, 1804, at Sentinel and Phcenix,
have come to hand just as this paper goes to press, adding two species to the Price Collection.

[ June, 1895.) [193] 13

194 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

The principal localities at which collections were made appear to
have been very thoroughly worked, so far as the smaller mammals
are concerned, though perhaps none of them exhaustively, owing
to the small amount of time spent at each.

The following communication from Mr. Price contains impor-
tant information respecting the localities visited and the general
character of. the region.’

I.—ITINERARY OF THE EXPEDITION, AND DESCRIP-

TION OF THE REGION EXPLORED.
By W. W. PRICE.

/tinerary.—On the 3d of January, 1894, in company with Mr.
B. C. Condit and Mr. M. P. Anderson, I arrived at Tucson,
Arizona, and began an extended collecting trip in southern Ari-
zona and northern Sonora, Mexico. For eight months we were
continually in the field, covering a distance on long and short
trips of over 2000 miles, the greater part of the way with pack
animals and through almost impassable mountains. From March
to September we were assisted in our work by Mr. L. H. Miller.
The mammal part of our collection consists of about 1500 speci-
mens collected in various parts of the region.

A brief itinerary of our expedition is as follows: We began
work at Fort Lowell, a deserted military post, about seven miles
east of Tucson, on the Rillito Creek. We remained in the neigh-
borhood of Fort Lowell until January 25, when we moved camp
to the Huachuca Mountains, about ten miles north of the Mexican
line. From this point we made various excursions through the
mountains and one ten-days’ trip into the Santa Cruz Mountains,
Sonora, near the town of Santa Cruz. On the zoth of February
we moved to Fairbank on the San Pedro River, remaining there
until March 16, with the exception of four days spent at Fort
Lowell, March 6-10. On the 16th of March we went by team to
Camp Rucker, in the Chiricahua Mountains, about 75 miles east

''To prevent incongruity in nomenclature, the scientific names of genera and species in Mr.

Price’s contributions to the present paper have been changed, where necessary, to make them
conform to those herein adopted. Otherwise his notes are published as written.

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 195

of Fort Lowell. From that point Mr. Condit went south to San
Bernardino Ranch, on the Mexican border, about ro miles west
of the New Mexico line. I remained in the Chiricahua Moun-
tains, when not on excursions to and from San Bernardino Ranch
andthe Huachuca Mountains, until July ro. Mr. Miller remained
at Fort I.owell until May 18, when he moved to the Huachuca
Mountains ; from there he moved to the Chiricahua Mountains,
July 8. Here he stayed until September 5. May 12 Mr. Condit
broke camp at San Bernardino Ranch, went into Sonora as far
south as Oposura, returning to my camp in the Chiricahua
Mountains the latter part of June. On July ro Mr. Condit and
I began our trip north, a distance of over 200 miles, to Holbrook,
a station on the Atlantic and Pacific Railway, making various side
excursions e# route into the Graham and White Mountains. Our
work ended at Holbrook, Arizona, September 1.

Characteristics of the Region —Briefly, Arizona is divided by a
great plateau extending across the entire Territory from north-
west to southeast. Here are found the two most lofty groups of
mountains in Arizona, the San Francisco Mountains in the north-
west and the White Mountains in the southeast portion of the
plateau. ‘This height of land, usually called the Mogollon Mesa,
slopes gradually on the north into the desert of the Little Colo-
rado River; on the south it drops abruptly from 3000 to 5000
feet into the desert region of the Colorado and Gila Rivers. It is
with this southern half of the Territory that we have most to do.

Southeastern Arizona and northeastern Sonora are made up of
narrow alluvial river. bottoms, plains more or less level and sandy,
destitute of trees and often of brush, and irregular mountain
ranges, indescribably abrupt and jagged. The Gila River with
its two main branches, the Salt and San Pedro Rivers, drains
southern Arizona; the Rios Yaqui and Sonora drain northeastern
Sonora, flowing into the Gulf of California. The chief mountain
ranges in southeastern Arizona are the Santa Catalina, Santa Rita,
Rincon, Huachuca, Chiricahua and Graham Mountains; in north-
eastern Sonora are the Sierra Canonca, Sierra Azula, Sierra Ajos,
Sierra Huasavas, and the great backbone of western Mexico, the
Sierra Madre, which begins near the United States border. ‘The

196 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. V1,

general trend of these mountains is from north to south, and they
are lifted from 4000 to 6000 feet above the plains at their base.

Climate.-—The climate of Arizona is excessively dry, the rain
falling chiefly during the months of July and August. ‘There is
also a scanty and irregular rainfall during January, February and
March, but the summer rains are most to be depended upon.
However, some years it is exceedingly scanty. During 1891
and 1892 a drought prevailed over Arizona and Sonora;
hundreds of thousands of cattle died, and even the people in the
latter country were reduced almost to starvation. In the Hua-
chuca Mountains the streams had mostly dried up, and many
pines and oaks on the hillsides died for want of water. ‘There are
no general rainstorms during the summer, but intense thunder-
storms occur, usually very local in character, and centering about
the mountains. Rains may water abundantly one district and grass
be luxuriant, while five miles away the ground may be as dry and
bare as a floor. Cloudbursts are of frequent occurrence, happen-
ing usually in the mountains. After the summer rains the whole
country is transformed. On the hot, bare plains suddenly appear
luxuriant grasses and beautiful plants, changing the region into a
veritable garden. ‘The winter storms are different, usually begin-
ning after a cold south wind has blown for several days ; the sky
is leaden gray. ‘These storms of sleet and rain continue for two
days at a time. However, little rain falls and spring pasture upon
the plains amounts to very little.

In summer, on the lower plains and deserts, the heat is intense,
often reaching 110° to 115° F. in the shade. In the mountains,
above 6000 feet elevation, the weather is delightful. The coldest
weather recorded at 6000 feet elevation, at the base of the Hua-
chuca Mountains during February, was 18° above zero.

Life Areas.—South of the Gila River, there appear to be five
pretty well-defined life zones. ‘Too much confidence, however,
must not be placed in the figures, for what is true in one range
may be greatly varied in another. Considering the wide extent
of territory and its conformation, it is impossible to map it in any
but a very general way.

1895.| Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 197

r. This is the desert zone proper, reaching an elevation of about
3000 feet. The characteristic plants are cacti in great abundance
and variety. Lepus allent and Spermophilus |= Anisonyx| tereti-
caudus are characteristic mammals.

2. The upper desert zone, ending at about 5500 feet elevation,
includes most of the grassy plains of southern Arizona. The
cacti are here few in species and number. The Prairie Dog
(Cynomys), and two small Spermophiles (.S. macrospilotus and 5S.
cryptospilotus) are characteristic of this region.

3. This zone extends from about 5500 to about 7000 feet above
sea level. This is the black oak, juniper, and pifion zone. In it
is found Sztomys |=Peromyscus| rowleyé pinalis ; it is the highest
limit of the Common Jack-rabbit (ZLepus textanus eremicus).

4. The pine zone extends to nearly gooo feet, and is character-
ized by the yellow pine, white oak, and maple. In the Huachuca
Mountains, Sezurus arizonensts huachuca is found in this zone, and
S. rowleyt pinalts finds its limit in the lower portions.

5. The fir and aspen belt reaches the summit of the mountains,
above 9500 feet in elevation. ‘This is practically the Canadian
life-zone. Some Canadian plants are found here, and the Ruby-
crowned Kinglet and Pine Siskin breed commonly. ‘The charac-
teristic mammals are White-footed Mice (S. a. [=/P. leucopus |
rujinus), and a species of Sorex.

List of Crtef Localities from which Collections were obtained.—
Fort Lowell——This is a deserted military post on the Rillito
Creek, about seven miles east of Tucson. It is equally distant
from the base of the abrupt Santa Catalina Mountains. On the
south, the great plain of Tucson, bare or covered with brushy
Larrea or mesquite, stretches away for scores of miles; on the
north rise gravelly hills which slope up to the mountains. ‘These
hills are covered with giant cacti and other desert shrubs. Along
the bed of the Rillito grow cottonwood, willow, mesquite, walnut
and ash trees.

Fairbank.
River, about thirty miles north of the Mexican border. The river

A town, 3800 feet elevation, on the San Pedro

198 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. VU,

bottom is alluvial at this point, and many gardens and fields of
alfalfa flourish. Bare hills and plains stretch down to the river
on each side. A few cottonwoods and willows are found along
the river.

San Bernardino Ranch—A cattle ranch on the Mexican
border about ten miles west of the New Mexican line. Large
springs, which are the headwaters of the Yaqui River, rise here,
furnishing much water for the irrigation of alfalfa fields. ‘The
surrounding country is of a black malpais or lava formation.

Oposura.—A town of considerable importance on the Yaqui
River in Sonora, about 150 miles south of the border. It is at an
elevation of about 1800 feet, and closely shut in by rocky hills.
Some mining is carried on, and the river-bottom is cultivated,
sugar cane being one of the principal productions.

Willcox.—A small town on the Southern Pacific Railway, in the
center of the Sulphur Spring Valley, at an elevation of about
4ooo feet. The surface of the surrounding country is level, and
in places covered with mesquite brush. ‘There are several alkali
flats near the town, destitute of any vegetable life, and covered
with water during the rainy season.

Showlow.—Vhe name of a settlement on Showlow Creek, at
the edge of the pine belt, on the northern slope of the Mogollon
Mesa. There are grain and corn fields along the creek, and sheep
are pastured in the woods.

FLolbrook.
near the junction of the Little Colorado and Puerco Rivers. The
flats along the river are intensely alkaline and sandy. A bluff of
red sandstone and cemented pebbles extends along the right bank
of the river, a half mile distant from the station. ‘The elevation

A station on the Atlantic and Pacific Railway

is about 4ooo feet.

Cooley's Ranch.—Vhe name of a ranch on the White Mountain
divide, between Fort Apache and Holbrook. It is in the midst
of a luxuriant forest of yellow pines, and at an elevation of about
7000 feet.

1895.| Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 199

Huachuca Mountains.—A range of mountains in southern
Arizona, lying west of the San Pedro River. They are about 25
miles in length, 5 to 8 miles in width, and reach an elevation of
about 10,000 feet. The range is surrounded on all sides by rather
level, grassy plains.

Huasavas Mountains—A range of mountains lying about 20
miles northeast of the town of Oposura, Sonora. ‘The surround-
ing country is exceedingly rough, and the summit is reached
by one steep trail. Mr. Condit spent several days in these
mountains, and from him I learn that the summits are well
wooded with yellow pine, and that the highest peaks are probably
8500 feet above sea level.

Chiricahua Mountains—This range is situated in the south-
eastern corner of Arizona, and is the most extensive range in the
region. The Sulphur Spring Valley bounds the range on the
west, and the San Simon Plains touch it on the east. ‘The lower
slopes are heavily wooded with juniper and oak, and the upper
regions with pine, fir and aspen.

Graham Mountain —This is one huge mountain, with lower
spurs, rising nearly 11,000 feet above the sea level, and fully 6500
feet above the plains at its base. The range is about 20 miles in
length and 12 or 15 across. ‘The lower slopes are covered with

oak and pine, and on the comparatively level summit are deep

forests of fir and aspen. ‘This mountain appears to be a con-
tinuation of the Chiricahua range, though geologically it is dif-
ferent, being formed almost entirely of granite.

White Mountains.—Vhis was the loftiest and most extensive
range of any of the mountains visited. This group is one of the
two lofty projections from the great Mogollon Mesa; the San
Francisco group to the northeast is the other. ‘The elevation is
about 12,000 feet, and the highest peaks reach timberline. Im-
mense forests of Douglas fir stretch down the ridges. In its
recesses are found Rocky Mountain Jays, Grouse, and a few
bands of EIk.

200 Bulletin American Museum of Natural eee [Vol. VII,

Il ANNOTATED: List OF THE*>MammMALs.GCornm-
LECTED:

[The external measurements given in the following list are the collector's
measurements taken from the specimens before skinning, unless otherwise stated,
and are of course in millimeters. |

1. Dorcelaphus' couesi (Cowes & Yarrow). SONORAN.DEER.

Cervus mexicanus BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p. 053 (excluding synonyms) ;
in part only or not at all the Cervus mexicanus of Gmelin and Jater authors,
Baird excepted.

Cariacus virginianus var. COUES & YARROW, Wheeler’s Geog. and Geol. Surv.
West of tooth Merid. V, 1875, p. 72.

“Cariacus virginianus var, Couesi ROTHROCK MSS.” zdid. p. 72, and, by
implication, in text, p. 75.

A small Deer, evidently the same as Cervus mexicanus Baird, is
represented by seven specimens in the Price Collection, six of
which were taken in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Sonora, Feb.
12-15 (B. C. Condit), and the other in the Huachuca Mountains,
Jan. 28 (Price and Condit). They agree essentially with Professor
Baird’s description, based on a female taken at San Luis Springs,
Sonora, so far as the description goes. It may be the same also
as Lichtenstein’s Cervus mexicanus, described from specimens
sent alive to Berlin, in 1825, by Herr Graf, from “ Mexico,” with-
out indication of the exact locality at which they were taken.
The Cervus mexicanus of Gmelin, however, is a vague composite
species, only in part referable to Deer from Mexico, and in all
probability has no relation to the little Sonoran Deer described
by Baird. The specimens here under consideration are from a
point probably not more than fifty miles from the type locality
of Baird’s Cervus mexicanus. As this name is clearly untenable
in the present connection, the name cowesz, proposed by Roth-
rock, may be employed for its designation.

Above grayish brown, rather paler than the winter coat of wirgintanus, the
hairs being broadly banded with blackish brown subterminally, and tipped
with whitish ; darkest along the middle region of the back, paler and slightly
yellowish on the sides ; belly white ; axillar region pale buffy ; ears dusky, the

1 According to ne Oldfield hpiiass Diecsithes "Gloues (1842) * panels anid antedates *
Cariacus Lesson (1842). C/. Thomas, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) XV, p. 193, Feb., rae

1895. | Allen on Mammats from Arizona and Mexico. 201

hairs tipped with gray ; a narrow blackish nose band, and a small spot of black-
ish on each side of the lower jaw near the end. Tail yellowish brown above
(the hairs brownish dusky at base) ; below white ; no black anywhere at the
surface of the hairs. Distal half of legs yellowish brown in front, lighter
behind.

Antlers of the D. wirginianus style, but much smaller, with much shorter
tines. The basal point (in four full-grown bucks) varies from one to two inches
in length, and the longest point varies from three to four inches.

Measurements.—Vhe only external measurements available are: ‘‘ Ear,
140 mm. ; tail, 225.” The skull of an old male (largest of the series) meas-
ures as follows: Total length, 246; basilar length, 227; zygomatic breadth,
115 ; lower jaw, length, 188; height at coronoid, 95; height at condyle, 61;
distance between base of antlers, 66 ; distance between points of antlers, 283.

“Common in brushy tracts of country. On Feb. 12-15 a half-
dozen deer were shot in the Santa Cruz Mountains in Sonora. I
shot a young buck April 2 in the Chiricahua Mountains which
was shedding, having lost the greater part of its winter coat.”—
Wi ..b.

A very good account of this little deer can be found in Coues
and Yarrow (I. c.), quoted from Rothrock.

2. Lepus alleni Mearns. ALiEN’s Jack Rapsir.

Lepus allent MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. II, No. 4, 1890, p. 294.
Rillito, Pima Co., Arizona.

Represented by 13 fully adult specimens, taken at Fort Lowell,
Jan. 5-21, by Price and Condit. ‘The -collector’s measurements
from the fresh specimens may be summarized as follows: ‘Total
length, 626 (600-700) ; tail vertebra, 70 (45-90); hind foot, 136
(130-145); ear, 160 (156-165). ‘Iwo specimens, both females,
measure respectively in total length 680 and 700, but no others
exceed 630, and none fall below 600, five ranging between 600 and
630.

“This splendid hare is abundant about Tucson and in lower por-
tions of the desert belt. It is found both on the gravelly hills
bordering the Rillito at Fort Lowell, and on the immense mes-
quite and Zarrea plains of Tucson. It is somewhat shy, and hard
to secure, except with a rifle. One rarely comes upon it suddenly.
I have never seen it start up with the quick rapid flight of Z.

202 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

textanus. It has a slow, apparently awkward gait, but its leaps
are long, and it gets over the ground with surprising rapidity. In
color and habits it is so very different from any other American
hare, the wonder is that it should have so long remained unde-
scribed.” —W. W. P.

3. Lepus texianus eremicus 4//en. ARIZONA JACK
RABBIT,

Lepus texianus eremicus ALLEN, Bull. Am, Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894, p. 347.
Separates issued Dec. 7, 1894.

Five Fort Lowell specimens and tiree Fairbank specimens
(taken Jan. 11 to April 18), present the following measurements :
Total length, 576 (565-625) ; tail vertebra, 78 (72-95) ; hind foot,
128 (123-138); ear, 134 (128-140).

“The common Jack Rabbit is abundant over the entire region
to about 7000 feet elevation. In the desert region about ‘Tucson,
this species is somewhat supplanted by Zepus allent. In the White
Mountain region they occasionally wander from the pinion belt
up into the pines as far as Cooley’s Ranch.”—W. W. P.

4. Lepus sylvaticus pinetis A//en. Mountain Woop
Hare.

Lepus sylvaticus pinetis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894, p. 348.
Separates issued Dec. 7, 1894.

Represented by 2 specimens from the White Mountains, as
already described (1. c.). It differs from the Cottontail of the
lowlands by its darker coloration, much smaller ears, and much
more heavily clothed ears and feet.

““Two specimens only were taken by Mr. Condit in White
River Cafion, in the White Mountains, at about 8000 feet eleva-
tion. A few others were seen in the same locality among oak
Scrubs. Wis, bas

5. Lepus sylvaticus arizonze Aden. ARIZONA SAGE
Harr.—Represented by 22 specimens, taken as follows: Fair-
bank, 1 @ ad., March 5 (Price and Condit); San Bernardino
Ranch, 2 ¢6 ad., April 8 and 16, and 2 $9 ad., March 24-25

1895.| Allen on Mammats from Arizona and Mexico. 203

(B. C. Condit) ; Fort Lowell, 2 24 and 3 29, Jan. 8-18, and 2 99
and 344, March 21-25 (Price, Condit and Miller) ; Chiricahua
Mountains, 6 99, April, June, July and August (Price and Miller);
Huachuca Mountains, 1 2 juv., May 21 (Price and Miller).

These specimens appear to be all referable to the large-eared
Arizona ‘Cottontail... Winter specimens (January and March
examples) are purer gray on the rump and more heavily lined
with black than the worn summer specimens. The Fort Lowell
series of ro adults (5 taken Jan. 8 and 5 taken March 21-25)
give the following measurements: Total length, 357 (340-371) ;
tail vertebrae, 42 (35-50) ; hind foot, 80 (76-88) ; ear, 73 (69-78).

“Common over the entire region up to about 7000 feet (except
in the White Mountains), and occasional in the Huachuca and
Chiricahua ranges to 8500 feet elevation. About Fort Lowell it
is exeeedingly common, a dozen or more often being seen during
an evening’s walk. Common also about the deserted stables and

’

buildings of the post, furnishing fine sport for moonlight hunts,’
=o WR ae

6. Thomomys cervinus, sp. nov.
FAWN-COLORED GOPHER.

Above fawn-colored,' clearer on the sides, more or less obscured by dusky
over the middle of the back ; below gray, the fur plumbeous at base with long
whitish tips. Ears black, enclosed in a blackish area ; sides of the nose and
muzzle blackish ; inside of cheek pouches entirely pure white ; feet dull whitish;
tail thinly haired, pale grayish fawn color above, slightly lighter below.

Measurements.—Type (Price Collection), total length, 228 ; tail vertebrie,
63; hind foot, 28. ‘Two other specimens measure as follows: Length, 228 and
263 ; tail vertebrze, 63 and 79; hind foot, 28 and 32.

Type, No. *$2;5', Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 4 ad., Phoenix, Arizona, Oct. 20,
1894; J. Diefenbach.

The species is represented by three specimens, collected for
Mr. Price by J. Diefenbach at Phoenix, Arizona, Oct. 30, 1894,
and were not received for examination till May, 1895. They
were not marked for sex by the. collector, but are apparently all
males.

1 Ridgway, Nomen. Colors, pl. ili, fig. 22.

204 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1,

Thomomys cervinus is very different in coloration from any phase
of 7. fulvus | have ever met with. It is a large, pale form, about
the size of Z. fossor and 7. aureus, but very different in color

Fig. ra. Fig. 2a.

Fig. 1. Thomomys cervinus. Type, No. 4a, 6 ad., Phoenix,
Arizona. Natural size.

Fig. 2. Thomomys fulvus. No. 44h, 6 ad.,San Bernardino Ranch,
Cochise Co., Arizona. Natural size.

from either. In fact, in coloration, it bears a very close resem-
blance to Geomys lutescens from Phillips Co., Kansas, but the
pelage is longer, coarser, and less glossy. In cranial characters
it is allied to 7. aureus. The rostral portion of the skull is espe-
cially broad and heavy, and the whole skull massive in comparison
with 7’ fulvus (compare Figures 1 and 2),

aan

1895.| Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 205

7. Thomomys fulvus (Woodh.). Arizona Goruer.—The
series of Zhomomys numbers 112 specimens, all but three of
which (as noted above) seem to be referable to 7. fudvus. The
localities represented are as follows : Fairbank, Feb. 22 to March
14, 29 specimens ; San Bernardino Ranch, March 27 to April 22,
33 specimens ; Fort Lowell, March 8-17, 7 specimens ; Huasava
Mountains, Sonora, June 25, 26, 3 specimens ; Huachuca Moun-
tains, Feb. 20, 1 specimen ; Chiricahua Mountains, March 14 to
April 23, and June 4 to July 20, 24 specimens ; Graham Moun-
tain, July 19, 3 specimens ; White Mountains, July 28 to August
5, 8 specimens. They vary in age from half-grown young to
very old adults; representing, as they do, a period of over six
months, the variation in color and character of pelage is also very
great. Many of them are in molt, and thus often represent two
phases of pelage in the same individual. Aside, however, from
differences plainly due to either age or season, there is a wide
range of purely individual variation in both coloration and
cranial characters. It thus becomes necessary to consider some-
what in detail several of the larger series, as those from Fairbank,
San Bernardino Ranch, Fort Lowell, and the Chiricahua Moun-
tains, in connection with much material from other localities,
numbering altogether nearly 200 specimens that seem referable
to what is here called Zhomomys fulvus, including several speci-
mens from San Francisco Mountain, the type locality of the
species.

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.—(1) /atrbank Series.—Three rather
young specimens, for the most part in their first pelage, are dusky
brown, slightly tinged with fulvous gray, darker (in one specimen
black) along the middle of the back, more or less fulvous on the
cheeks and sides of the shoulders, and blackish below, the hairs
slightly tipped with ashy fulvous, or extensively tipped with
yellowish. Other more or less immature specimens are dusky
yellowish brown, more strongly dull yellowish brown on _ the
sides, and whitish below, from the long whitish tipping of the
hairs. Others are similar above to the last, but are strong rusty
or fulvous gray below. From this pelage the animal molts into
that of the adult, as shown by several specimens in changing
pelage.

206 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V1,

The adults are strongly yellowish brown, sometimes more or
less rufescent, the intensity of the tint varying in different individ-
uals, with generally a slight admixture of blackish tipped hairs
along the middle of the back, increasing in some specimens so as
to form a more or less broad median dorsal band. ‘Two specimens,
both old males, of the Fairbank series, are everywhere intense
glossy plumbeous black, except the feet (and in one specimen the
apical fourth of the tail), which are whitish, and the inside of the
cheek-pouches, which are pure white. These specimens are
doubtless simply melanistic, and are the only melanistic examples
I have met with in a series of hundreds of specimens of the
genus Thomomys.

(2) San Bernardino Ranch Series.—This, as regards the ages
represented and the amount and character of the color variations,
is almost an exact duplicate of the Fairbank series just described.
The adults, however, average slightly more rufescent, several of
them being strongly ferrugineous.

(3) Fort Lowell Series —These are also in general very much
like the Fairbank specimens. The adults, however, average a
little paler, as though somewhat bleached or faded, a difference
probably attributable to the fact that they were taken somewhat
later in the season.

(4) Chiricahua Mountains Series.—These differ quite strongly
from the others in being darker, through a much stronger admix-
ture of blackish tipped hairs, and the shorter and darker shade of
the fulvous apical portion of the pelage. Several of the middle-
aged specimens are quite dusky brown with a slight tipping of
dark yellowish brown. ‘The young of this series, which includes
a specimen not more than one-fourth grown, are not appreciably
different from the young examples in the other series, as both the
lightest and the darkest half-grown young are found in the present
series.

The specimens from the Graham and White Mountains corre-
spond very closely in every respect with those from the Chirica-
hua Mountains.

For comparison with these, good series are available from Fort
Verde and Bradshaw, Arizona, from Santa Ysabel and Dulzura,
San Diego Co., Cal., and from San Pedro Martir, Lower Cali-

-
fe

1895.| Allen on Mammats from Arizona and Mexico. 207

fornia. Specimens from any of the series can be almost exactly
matched by specimens from each of the other series, except per-
haps the San Bernardino Ranch series, which differs as a whole
from any of the others in being less grizzled and redder. In
general effect there is scarcely any appreciable difference between
the Bradshaw, Santa Ysabel, and San Pedro Martir series, and
between these again and those from the mountains of southeastern
Arizona, including also those from the Graham and White Moun-
tains to the northward.

Measurements.—Of this series of 109 specimens only 75 can be
considered as sufficiently adult to be made the basis of compara-
tive measurements. Females greatly preponderate in all of the
series, so that out of the 75 specimens, of which measurements
are given below, only 25 are males. The males average larger
than the females, but old females often equal or exceed in size
the smaller males.

MEASUREMENTS (AVERAGES AND EXTREMES) OF 75 SPECIMENS
OF Thomomys fulvus.

Sex and) |
Locality. No.of | Total length. | Tail vertebra. | Hind foot. Ear.
Specim.
| |
Fairbank... .... 94 | 235 (217-264) Ti = (62-90) 32 (29-33.5) 7.2 (7 -8)
Lhe oe 15¢ | 219 (195-245) 61 (49-71) 29 (28-31.5) | 7 (6.5-7)
S. B. Ranch 53 226 (205-239) 67 (58-74) 27.2 (25-29) | 7 (6.5-8)
Aare 152 | 203 (193-221) 58 (56-62) | 27 (26-28) 7 (6.5-8)
Fort Lowell .... 24 | 223 (220-227) 63 (62-64). | 27.5 (27-28) | 7.5 (7 -8)
aL 32 212 (210-214) | 62 (60-85) | 28 (25-30) 6 (6 -6.5)
Chiricahua Mts 73 211 (201-218) | 62 (50-68) 28 (27-30) 6.7 (6 -7.5)
2 11g | 198 (171-225) | 58 (50-68) | 28 (25-31.5) 6.6 (5.5-7.5)
White Mts..... 14 202 ( 58 | 28 7
“he ergata 62 | 194 (183-213) 59.3 (52-64) | 28 (26-30) 6 (6 -6 5)

|
|
|
|

The Fairbank and San Bernardino Ranch series average larger
than either of the other series. An examination of the skulls
shows that these two series contain a larger proportion of very
old specimens than the others, which latter happen to consist
almost wholly of young and middle-aged adults.

CRANIAL CHARACTERS.—A comparison of the skulls of these
several series reveals no appreciable differences by which one set
can be distinguished from the others. There is a wide variation

208 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

in size, besides that evidently due to age, and striking differences
in certain structural details. ‘The remarks which follow will be
based wholly on the San Bernardino series, and mainly on the
females of that series.

Variation due to Age—TVhe youngest specimen is a_third-
grown female. The skull is very short in proportion to its width,
the shortness being due mainly to the comparative non-develop-
ment, at this age, of the rostral and interorbital portions. The
interorbital breadth is relatively very great, often actually greater
than in the fully adult, and the zygomatic arches are relatively
narrow. ‘The interparietal is also relatively very large. This is
well shown by the following comparative measurements and

figures (Figs. 3-5) :

Total Pre-_ | Rostral | Mastoid Zygo- Inter- Interparietal.
No. length. oa length. | breadth. I eeathn erie Width. oes
6803 2 juv. .| 29 17-5 8 16 19 aOR s 6 3
6799 @ juv...| 30 18.5 823i) alo 18 6 5 3
6794 2 juv..-| 33 21 nit 18 21.5 6 3-5 2
(OWfoy) 2 Ele cal) “Si7/ 24 12 18.5 24.5 6 3 a
6767 6 ad...) 38-5] 23-5) 12 27 25 6 2.5 3.5
6753 6 ad..-| 42 26.5) 14 21 26 6 Als Baa

The skulls given above as ‘ adults’ are only middle-aged, there
being no very old skulls in the series. The last one given is a
somewhat older male from Fairbank.

Figs. 3-5. Thomomys fulvus. Natural size.
Fig. 3. No. 8145, @ juv., San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona.
Fig. 4. No. 8429,9 ad., San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona,
Fig. 5. No. $43, @ old ad., San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona.

G7979

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 209

In old individuals the zygomatic arches are sharply angular
both anteriorly and posteriorly, with the sides straight and
parallel to the axis of the skull. In younger skulls they may be
more or less convex, but are generally slightly more expanded
posteriorly than anteriorly. In the young the interparietal is
much larger than in the very old adults, its lateral borders becom-
ing, with increased age, more or less overgrown by the encroach-
ment of the parietals, as has already been noted in the case of
Neotoma micropus (see this Bulletin, VI, 1894, pp. 233-246, Pl. iv).
In young and middle-aged individuals the interparietal is usually
quadrate and nearly twice as broad as long. In very old exam-
ples it becomes more or less wedge-shaped, and longer than
broad. in extreme old age sometimes little or no trace of it
remains, it having become wholly buried. This, however, is much
more frequently the case in 7. do¢te than in 7. fulvus. In several
old examples from Fairbank it has the form of an obtuse wedge,
which is apt to be more or less truncate in front, widening gradu-
ally backward to very near the posterior border, where it widens
rapidly so as to form on each side a narrow, pointed, latero-
posterior angle.

From middle age on, a slight temporal ridge is developed, which
in old age becomes strongly marked on each side of the inter-
parietal area. In none of the specimens, however, is there a
single median sagittal crest. The superior border of the temporal
muscle is outlined on the skull quite early in life by a slight,
raised line, which later on becomes pushed nearer the median
line by the continued deposition of osseus matter, till in old age
the two lines are only from 1 to 2 mm. apart. They are generally
parallel, and extend from the front of the brain-case to the occi-
pital crest ; later they become continuous with the slightly raised
edges of the interorbital area. As these ridges thicken and move
toward the median line they encroach posteriorly upon the inter-
parietal, the lateral edges of which become buried beneath them,
thus greatly altering the shape of its visible portion. As already
intimated, this process is frequently carried so far in 7. Jotte as
to give rise to a well-defined sagittal crest, thus entirely conceal-
ing the interparietal.

[ June, 1895.| 14

210 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. V1,

Sexual Variation—The skulls of males are generally larger
than those of females of corresponding age, and more heavily
ossified, but in other respects there seems to be no very apprecia-
ble difference.

Individual Variation.—In skulls of the same sex, and appar-
ently of the same age, there is quite a range of variation in size,
so that large females may exceed the dimensions of small males.
Thus in old males from Fairbank the length of the skull varies
from 38 to 42 mm., and the zygomatic breadth from 24 to 26
mm.; in old females from the same series the length varies from
36 to 39 mm., and the breadth from 22 to 24 mm.

The width of the nasal bones, and correlatively the width of
the rostrum, varies considerably in individuals of the same sex
and age. But the most variable feature is the size and form of
the interparietal, which may be twice or three times as large in
some specimens as in others. While usually quadrate, and nearly
as long as wide, it may be more or less convex on the posterior
border, or, in rare cases, regularly convex anteriorly from the
nearly straight posterior border. As these variations (see Figs.
3-8) occur in each of the large series at hand, and in about the
same proportion, they cannot be considered as other than indi-
vidual. In probably 75 per cent. the interparietal is distinctly
four sided, with nearly straight outlines, except for a tendency

Fig. 8.

Figs. 6-8. Thomomys fulous. Natural size.

Fig. 6. No. 8188, @ ad., San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona.
Fig. 7. No, §#i%, ? ad. San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona
Fig. 8. No. §442, 9 ad., San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona.

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 211

to slight irregularity on the front border. The variation from
this is toward a convex outline in front, the convexity varying
from a slight rounding of the antero-lateral corners to one involv-
ing the whole of the lateral edges, resulting in a uniform convex
outline extending to the posterior border, as in 7 /o/tecus. In
case, under these circumstances, the interparietal is also small and
narrow, it closely resembles the same bone in 7. doéle.

Figs. g-11. Thomomys fulvus. Natural size.

Fig. 9. No. 8139, 2 ad., San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona.
Fig. to. No. 483, @ ad., San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona.
0 °
6 F

5
:
Fig. 11. No. #44 ad., San Bernardino Ranch, Arizona.

The lower surface of the skull also presents much variation in
details in specimens from the same locality strictly comparable as
to age and sex. A single feature—the pterygoid hamuli—is here
selected for illustration. As shown in Figs. 9-11, these vary in
respect to the angle of divergence of the processes and in their
conformation.

In consequence of these variations it is almost impossible to
point out any single cranial character that may be relied upon as
absolutely diagnostic. ‘The rostral and interorbital portions of
the skull are broader than in 7° do/¢@, and the general form of
the skull is quite different in the two species. On the other
hand, the rostral portion is less developed than in the 7. aureus

group.
“This gopher was the most generally distributed of any of the

mammals taken during the expedition. It was found almost
everywhere from Fort Lowell to the summits of the Huachuca,

212 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

Chiricahua, Graham and White Mountains. It apparently does
not hibernate at all. I have known it to throw up earth under
several inches of snow. It was especially abundant on the sum-
mit of Chiricahua Mountains during June and July. Ata par-
ticular glade covered with grass and iris, often a half-dozen might
be seen at once at nightfall raising their curious mounds of damp
earth.’”—W. W. P.

8. Dipodomys deserti Stephens. DESERT KANGAROO RAat.—
Two specimens from Sentinel, Maricopa Co. (J. Diefenbach, Dec.
20) are referable to this species. Another specimen from Phoenix
(J. Diefenbach, Noy. 20) is intermediate in coloration between
D. deserti and D. spectabilis, but in cranial characters is similar to
the specimens from Sentinel.

These localities carry the range of D. deseréz much to the east-
ward of former records. The Phoenix specimen differs so much
in coloration from the others, and also from true D. desertz, as to
suggest that it may represent a strongly-marked local form of the
desertt group.

9. Dipodomys spectabilis d/erriam. BANNER-TAILED
KancGaroo Rar.—Represented by 20 specimens from Fairbank,
Feb. 26-March 14 (Price and Condit); and 5 from San Bernar-
dino Ranch, March 28-April 1 (B. C. Condit). All except 3 are
fully adult. Of these latter one is nearly fully grown, and two
are about one-third grown. ‘They are very similar in coloration
to the adults, but the tail, though white at the tip, is not bushy.

The adults are very uniform in coloration, allowing for the
wearing off of the tips of the fur in a few of the specimens. ‘The
white at the tip of the tail, however, varies in extent in different
specimens from about 45 to 85 mm.

The females average slightly smailer than the males, as shown
by the following measurements of 14 males and 8 females.

Males : Total length, 344 (330-363) ; tail vertebra, 198 (188-208); hind foot,
53 (49-56) ; ear, 17 (15-19).

Females : Total length, 322 (302-345); tail vertebrae, 185 (168-205) ; hind
foot, 51 (48-57); ear, 16.5 (15-17).

BA:

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 213

“These beautiful Kangaroo Rats are pretty well distributed
in colonies over the entire southern part of Arizona. They have
hillocked towns not unlike those of Cynzomys, and well-beaten
trails from one hillock to another. ‘The entrances, however, are
horizontal, and usually enter the mound just above the level of
the surrounding ground. This is no doubt a wise provision
against rain, which often falls in terrific showers, and would
otherwise flood the nest. One moonlight night at Willcox I had
an opportunity of watching their habits. Secreting myself by a
large hillock from which several trails radiated, I had not long to
wait before I heard a slight noise on the gravel. It was a
Rat approaching from another hillock, perhaps thirty yards away.
It made low leaps of from one to several feet, and, as nearly as I
could distinguish, ran, or alighted only on its hind feet. Several
were sometimes leaping about the hillock at the same time. Some
had ventured a dozen feet or more away, as if searching for seeds.
During all the time I heard no sound of any kind, except a low
chuckle uttered at intervals. They are difficult to secure with
baited traps, but are readily caught in steel traps placed in the
runways or entrances to their homes. ‘They breed early, for hali-
grown young were caught March 1.”—W. W. P.

10. Dipodomys merriami J/earns. Merriam’s KANGAROO
Rar.—This species is represented by 156 specimens, collected as
follows: Fairbank, Feb. 22—March 12, Price and Condit, 93 speci-
mens; San Bernardino Ranch, March 22—May 1, B. C. Condit,
33 specimens; Fort Lowell, Jan. 19 and March 8—April 20, L.
Miller, 25 specimens; Phoenix, November 5—Dec. 12, J. Diefenbach,
5 specimens.

The Fairbank and San Bernardino Ranch series are practically
indistinguishable in respect to both size and coloration, but the
Fort Lowell series averages appreciably smaller and more yellow.
As usual with the Kangaroo Rats, the females average consider-
ably smaller than the males. [For comparison the measurements
of the several series are given separately, as follows:

214 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

MEASUREMENTS (AVERAGES AND EXTREMES) OF 112 SPECIMENS
oF Dipodomys merriamt.

MALES.
No. of|
Locality. speci-| ‘Votal length. | Tail vertebra. | Hind foot. Far.
ee mens.
Fairbank..... .... 41 |246 (232-2641)| 139 (120-152) | 39.4 (86-42) 13.7 (13-15)
S. B. Ranch...... 12 |248 (232-261) | 142.6 (129-154) | 38.4 (37-40) 14. (13-15)
Ft. Lowell........! 12 | 283.5 (222-255) | 136.5 (132-155) | 36.6 (85-88) | 14 (12-15) _
FEMALES.
Fairbank......... 30 | 238 (223-264) | 137 (124-150) | 38.2 (36-40.5)| 13.5 (12.5-15)
S. B. Ranch...... 11 | 236 (222-248) | 140 (124-146) 38 (35-410) | 13.5 (13-14.5)
Ft. Lowell........ 6 | 227 (215-246) | 131.6 (126-147) | 36.6 (86-38) | 13.7 (12.5-15)
|

1 For one specimen the total length is given as 271.

Young specimens, one-fourth to two-thirds grown, do not differ
appreciably in coloration from adults.

“This is the most abundant Kangaroo Rat in southern Arizona

where it bears the same relation to the kangaroo rats as Perog-
nathus obscurus does to the pocket mice. It apparently does not
hibernate at all, as specimens were caught on the coldest and
most stormy nights. Its burrows, placed anywhere in sandy soil,
are often closed during the daytime.” —W. W. P.

11. Perodipus chapmani (d/earns). CHAPMAN’s KANGAROO
Rar.—Of this species Messrs. Price and Condit collected 17
specimens at Fairbank, Cochise County, Feb. 22-28, the only
locality at which they seem to have met with it. It was taken
with Dipodomys merriam?, 32 specimens of which were collected
at Fairbank between the same dates, and many others at the same
locality later, as well as at other points in Cochise County. The
two species greatly resemble each other in size and coloration,
and are readily distinguished externally only by the presence of
the rudimentary fifth toe on the hind foot of P. chapmant.

Of these 17 specimens 14 are males and 3 females; all are
practically adult except two, which are but little more than half-
grown. The 11 fully adult males measure as follows: ‘Total
length, 232 (223-247); tail vertebra, 127 (120-136); hind foot,
38 (36-40); ear, 14 (13-15). Three fully adult females measure:

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 215

Total length, 231 (227-237); tail vertebra, 123 (119-130); hind
foot, 38.5 (38-39); ear, 14 (13.5-15).

I also refer to this species two specimens from Fronteras,
Sonora, taken May 15, by Mr. B. C. Condit. One is a nearly
adult female, the other a nursling, apparently not more than a
few days old. The young specimen is very dark—almost black,
with a very faint fulvous tipping to the hairs on the flanks and
across the shoulders. All the white markings shown in the adult
are, however, present, and being pure white are very sharply
defined against the blackish ground color.

“This species was not uncommon at Fairbank, where it was
found associated with Dipodomys merriami in the proportion of
about one to three of the latter. They apparently live together,
as specimens of each were caught from the same hole.

“Mr. Condit shot at Fronteras, Sonora, May 15, a female carry-
ing a young in its mouth during the daytime. This was the only
specimen taken, besides those at Fairbank. So far as we could
determine, its habits are identical with those of Dipodomys mer-
aaa, WW. P.

12. Perognathus flavus Baird. YeLLow PocKET-MOUSE.—
Of the 1o specimens representing this species, 4 were collected at
Fairbank (Feb. 28—March 2, Price and Condit), and 4 at Fort
Lowell (April 5 to May 9, L. H. Miller). Three very young speci-
mens (about half grown) from the Chiricahua Mountains (July
4-21) are also referred here.

“Quite common in fine sandy soil among bunches of sacaton
grass at Fairbank. Its burrows, no larger than a little finger,
usually ran horizontally into a small mound, and were often
closed during the day with fine sand. It readily ate rolled oats,
but was rather difficult to catch in our cyclone traps, owing to its
small size and light weight. Mr. Miller found it not uncommon
in the sandy fields about Fort Lowell. A single specimen was
caught alive in a field at the western base of the Chiricahua
Mountains, on July 4. It was said to be quite common, being
often turned up in plowing.”—W. W. P.

216 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

13. Perognathus bimaculatus’ Merriam. ARIZONA
PocKET-MOUSE.—This species is represented by 11 specimens, all
from Holbrook, collected August 25-29, by Price and Diefenbach.
Three are quite young, one being little more than half grown.
In this specimen the general color above is pale yellowish drab,
with a pale yellow lateral line, and a broad yellowish band on
each side of the head, extending from the nose to the ear, the
eye being at about the centre of this area.

“ Found only at Holbrook, where the species was not uncom-
mon on the sand flats along the Little Colorado River.”—W.
Wie

14. Perognathus apache JMerriam. ApacHEe PockEr-
mMousE.—Represented by an adult female taken at Fort Lowell,
April 8, by Mr. L. H. Miller, and by two specimens from Hol-
brook, taken August 26 and 27, by Price and Diefenbach. One
is an adult female ; the other consists of the head and front half
of the body and the skull, of unknown sex.

“Two specimens were taken on sandy flats at Holbrook on
August 26 and 27. They were found in company with Perognathus
bimaculatus. A single specimen was caught by Mr. Miller in
sandy soil at Fort Lowell, on April 8. These three are the only
specimens obtained.”—W. W. P.

15. Perognathus obscurus Merriam. Brown Pocker-
MOUSE.
Perognathus obscurus MERRIAM, N. Am. Fauna, No. 1, p. 20, pl. iii, fig. 14 and
pl. iv. Oct. 1889. Camp Apache, Grant Co., N. Mex.
Perognathus pricei ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus, Nat. Hist. VI, 1894, p. 318
(young). Oposura, Sonora.
This species is represented by 168 specimens, collected at the
following localities :
Fairbank, Feb. 22 to March 15, Price and Condit, 57 speci-
mens, of which 41 are males and 16 females. All are adult,
as regards coloration, but about one-fourth are not quite fully

1 A large part of the specimens from Riverview, Utah, referred in a former paper (this
Bulletin, V, p. 71) to P. afache prove on examination to be ?. démacudatus, both species being
represented in the series.

1895. | Allen on Mammats from Arizona and Mexico. 217

grown, as shown by the measurements and the character of the
skulls.

Fort Lowell, March 8 to May to, L. H. Miller, 46 specimens,
of which 29 are males and 17 females. Very nearly all are fully
adult.

San Bernardino Ranch, March 22 to May 4, B. C. Condit, 38
specimens, of which 32 are malesand 6females. All are adult as
regards coloration, and with few exceptions also as regards size.

Oposura, Sonora, May 30 to June 2, Bb. C. Condit, 16 specimens,
of which 12 are males and 4 females; 11 are adult and 5 are
young.

Willcox, July 15, Price and Condit, 9 specimens, of which 3 are
nursing females and 5 are young males; some of the latter are
less than half grown, and all are in first pelage except one, which
has begun to acquire the adult dress.

Sentinel, Dec. 20, J. Diefenbach, 2, adult.

From the foregoing it would seem that the young are born late
in the season, apparently not till May or June, as the only very
young examples, and the only females giving evidence of nursing
young were the Oposura specimens taken the last of May, and
the Willcox specimens taken July 15. It is also noteworthy that
the number of males at all of the localities largely exceeds that of
the females.

The type locality of Perognathus obscurus is the southwestern
corner of Grant County, New Mexico, but a few miles from San
Bernardino Ranch, in the southeastern corner of Cochise County,
Arizona. I am indebted to Dr. C. Hart Merriam for the loan of
three ‘topotypes’ of PP. obscurus, taken in April and May, 1886,
for comparison with the Arizona series. ‘They are slightly more
fulvous than the average of the specimens from either of the
localities mentioned above, but can be closely matched by exam-
ples from either series, while the Fort Lowell specimens are
practically indistinguishable as a series from the Grant County
specimens.

The young in first pelage are nearly uniform dark gray above,
with a slight tinge of brownish, sparsely lined with blackish hairs ;
below white, as in the adult. There is barely a trace of a very

218 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. VII,

pale yellowish lateral line. Young adults are grayer and less
fulvous than the fully mature individuals.

The specimens from Oposura are all flat skins, so that the
coloration is more condensed and the pelage apparently thicker
than would be the case were the skins filled to life size. The
young specimens from Oposura thus look very different from the
young specimens from Willcox. On careful reéxamination of all
the material it is evident that the young examples from Oposura,
taken as the basis of my Perognathus pricei (|. c.) are not separ-
able from P. obscurus.

From the following summary of the measurements taken by
the collectors from the fresh specimens, it will be seen that the
Fort Lowell and Oposura (adult) specimens average slightly
larger than those from the other localities; they are also more
strongly fulvous.

SUMMARY OF MEASUREMENTS (AVERAGES AND EXTREMES) OF
130 ADULT SPECIMENS OF VPerognathus obscurus.

Sex and
Locality. No. of Total length. Tail vertebrz. Hind foot. Ear.
Specimens |
Fairbank. . .. 32 4 180 (165-196) 87 (80-105) 23: (22 -24) 9 (8-10)
se Bae 149 170 (160-178) 86 (82- 94) | 23 (22 -24) 8.6 (8- 9)
Fort Lowell.. 27 ¢ 182 (170-200) 93 (88-110) 23 (21.5-24.5)) 8.7 (8 9.5)
Bs x 149 173 (160-192) 86 (82-103) 22.6(21 —24) 8 3 (8-9
S. B. Ranch. 28 4 177 (166-190) 92 (81-107) 23 (2% -24.5)} 9 (8 9.5)
re z 59 173 (164-183) | 91 (89- 96) 23 (22 -25) 8.7 (8-10)
Oposura..... fies 188 (177-197) | 98 (78-105) 23 (22 -245)} 9 (8-10)
Bo Ate 3¢ 177 (165-190) 94 (88-100) 22.5(21 -23) 9 (9- 9.5)

Of the whole series of 130 specimens, 12 males and 4 females
reach or exceed 190 mm. in total length ; and 16 males and 4
females reach or exceed too mm. in the length of tail vertebree.
Fourteen males and 16 females fall below a total length of
170 mm. ; and 5 males and 6 females fall below 85 mm. in length
of tail vertebrze.

“This is the common Pocket-mouse of the region south of the
Mogollon Mesa, where it outnumbers all the others, three to one.
We found it especially abundant at Fort Lowell, Fairbank, Will-
cox, San Bernardino Ranch, and at several points in Sonora. It
was abundant at Fairbank as early as February 22, but as none

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 219

were obtained at Fort Lowell in January, it is not unlikely that it
‘hibernates during the colder months. The holes sometimes
descend perpendicularly into the ground, but usually enter hori-
zontally into mounds heaped under mesquite bushes by wind ;
during the hot weather it often closes the entrance with fine sand.
These animals were caught readily with rolled oats. I often
found seeds of various plants and mesquite béans in their
peckers. —W. W. P-

16. Perognathus conditi 4//en. Conpir's PocKE?T-MousE.
Perognathus conditi ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894, p. 318.
(Separates published Nov. 7, 1894.)
This species, as already noted (1. c.), was based on 3 specimens,
taken at San Bernardino Ranch, March 23, 1894, by Mr. Condit.
“On March 23 and 24 Mr. Condit caught two adult specimens
of this brightly-colored Pocket-mouse in a boggy patch of ground
thickly grown with sacaton grass. Later, on May 1, he obtained
a third specimen in sandy soil among mesquite trees.” —W. W. P.

17. Microtus leucophzus (4//en). WHITE-BELLIED MEADOW
MOUSE.
Arvicola leucopheus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894, p. 320.
(Separates published Nov. 7, 1894.)
The four specimens of a very white-bellied AZ/7crotus from
Graham Mountain have already been recorded (1. c), and do not
require further comment.

“Four specimens were taken near the summit of Graham
Mountain, at an elevation of about 10,000 feet, on July 18, 19.
They were all found along boggy streams shaded with dwarf
alders. There were no traces of runways in any of the surround-
ing meadows.” —W. W. P.

18. Microtus alticolus (Merriam). Mounratn MEApow
Mouse.

Arvicola (Mynomes) alticolus MERRIAM, N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 67,

pl. v, figs. 1 and 2, and pl. vi, figs. 1-4. San Francisco Mountain, Ariz.

Two specimens of a Microtus from the White Mountains (Aug.

3 and 8, B. C. Condit), an adult female and a young male, are pro-

220 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VXI,

visionally referred to this species. ‘The adult female measures :
Total length, 168; tail vertebra, 50 ; hind foot, 21; ear, 17.

“These specimens were obtained in the White Mountains at an
elevation of about gooo feet. They were trapped among fallen
logs along creeks where no runways were apparent. On a grassy
meadow near the summit of the mountains, the well-beaten run-
ways of an Arzico/a were abundant. Several hundred must have
comprised the colony. ‘Though a dozen traps were set for them,
not one specimen was taken.”—W. W. P.

19. Sigmodon minimus d/carus. Merarns’s Covron Rat,

Sigmodon minima MEARNS, Proc. U. 5S. Nat. Mus. XVII, 1894, p. 130.
Upper Corner Monument, New Mexico.

Represented by two old males, taken at San Bernardino Ranch,
April rr and May 9 (B. C. Condit), less than fifty miles west of
the type locality of the species. These specimens measure : Total
length, 246 and 241; tail vertebra, 95 and 99; hind foot, 28 and
25; ear, 19 and18. ‘They are slightly larger than the two speci-
mens on which Dr. Mearns (1. c.) based the species, his examples,
also “adult males,” measuring respectively as follows: ‘Total
length, 223 and 223 ; tail vertebre, 94 and 91 ; hind foot, 28 and
27; ear, “above crown,” 14 and 12; “ above notch,” — and 16.

‘Two specimens of this species were taken by Mr. Condit at
San Bernardino Ranch. ‘They were found in a boggy patch of
ground, a half-acre or so in extent, thickly grown with coarse
sacaton grass. Careful search failed to show traces of any others.
Curiously enough, this species, which has just been described by
Dr. E. A. Mearns from southern New Mexico, was found asso-
ciated so closely with the new pocket mouse /. conditi that speci-
mens of both were caught in the same spot.’”’—W. W. P.

20. Sigmodon hispidus arizonz J/earus. Arizona Cor-
ron Rat.—The only locality represented is Fairbank, where a
series of 12 specimens was taken by Price and Condit, Feb. 25
to March 15. Five are adult males and 7 are females, one of

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 221

which is quite young, and several others appear not to have quite
reached mature growth, as shown by the subjoined measurements:

No. of Sex. Yotal length. | Tail vertebra. Hind foot. Ear.
specimens.
5 $ | 250 (238-300) | 111 (98-120) | 34.6 (33.5-36) 20 (19-21)
5 @ | 249 (232-277) 99 (go-104) | 33.6 (31.5-37) | 20 (Ig-2T)
|

“We found this species common in swampy localities along the
San Pedro River at Fairbank. Nearly a dozen were trapped ina
small patch of tules, where they had beaten runways in all direc-
tions. Associated with them were Peromyscus arizone and Reith-
rodontomys artzonensis. A Cotton Rat, probably of this species, is
found at Igo’s Ranch, at the northend of the Huachuca Mountains.
It was said to be common in a moist garden plot. However, I
had no opportunity of visiting the place.”—W. W. P.

21. Neotoma mexicana Baird. Mexican Woop Rar.—
Represented by 58 specimens, taken as follows : Fairbank, Feb.
25—March 3 (Price and Condit), 5 specimens ; San Bernardino
Ranch, March 25-27 (B. C. Condit), 4 specimens ;_ Fort Lowell,
March 7 (L. H. Miller), 2 specimens ; Oposura, Sonora, May 30
(B. C. Condit), 1 specimen ; Huachuca Mountains, Jan. 28, Feb.
12, and May 21 to July 3 (Price and Condit), 18 specimens ; Chi-
ricahua Mountains, March 21, April 14, and June 17 to July 24
(Price and Condit), 18 specimens; Graham Mountain, Aug. 7
(Price and Condit), 1 specimen ; White Mountains, Aug. 1-4 (B.
C. Condit), and Sept. 12, 7 specimens ; Showlow, Aug. 22 (B. C.
Condit), 2 specimens.

The series presents considerable variation in both external and
cranial characters, but the variations are so inconstant, as shown
by the large series from single localities, that it is difficult to con-
sider them as not due to age and individual variation. Dr. Mer-
riam has kindly sent me a number of specimens for examination,
of what he considers to be true VV. mexicanus, as restricted in his
later papers, and I see no impropriety in referring all of the 58
specimens in the Price Collection to this form.

222 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1,

The coloration varies greatly with age and season. In fairly well-
grown specimens the color of the upper parts ranges from a pale
yellowish gray, more or less lined with black along the middle of the
back, and with a decided wash of pale buffy on the sides (young
adults) to a stronger yellowish gray quite heavily lined with black
on the back, and with a stronger wash of buff on the sides (middle-
aged specimens), and even to strongly rufescent brown above,
heavily lined with black (old individuals). This variation is, how-
ever, obviously (in part) individual and not wholly due to age. The
whiteness of the lower parts varies with age, season and the length
of the coat, the plumbeous basal zone being much broader when
the pelage is fully developed than at earlier stages following the molt.

In respect to the skull, the posterior branch of the intermax-
illary usually extends considerably beyond the nasals, but in a
small percentage of the skulls the intermaxillaries and nasals
terminate on the same line, although in other respects the skulls
are practically similar. The interparietal varies greatly with age,
but to a rather less extent than in WV. micropus'—about as in WV.
floridana.

The teeth vary of course with age in respect to the character
of the enamel folds, but also in specimens of corresponding age.
Thus M! shows generally two deep sulci on the antero-internal
border, of similar depth and character in comparatively unworn
teeth. In old examples the anterior of these two sulci becomes
more or less obliterated, sometimes wholly so, through the growth
and wearing down of the tooth, while in very much worn teeth
the other may also disappear. In M; the change due to growth
and wear in the front border of the tooth is even more striking
than in M1, the deep antero-internal sulcus seen in the young
tooth becoming wholly obliterated in old age.

In Mg the anterior loop is usually, or at least often, regularly
convex on its anterior border, barely touching at its greatest con-
vexity the tooth in front of it. In other specimens this anterior
loop is flattened against the tooth in front, so that its front border
is not only more or less flattened, but not unfrequently its antero-
external border is developed into a slight angle, adding another
(incipient) angle to the outer margin of the anterior loop.

1 See this Bulletin, VI, pp. 233-246, pl. iv.

‘male from Enterprise, Florida, (No.

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 223

Judging from the description, figure, and from topotypes of
Neotoma albigula Hartley,’ from Fort Lowell, it is not separable
from WV. mexicana. LN. pinetorum Merriam and JN. m. bullata
Merriam are unrepresented in the present series.

“Wood Rats were abundant over the entire country visited,
from the summits of the Huachuca, Graham and Chiricahua
Mountains to the lower desert regions. About Fort Lowell they
were exceedingly abundant, having numerous nests among cactus
beds, brush fences, and in willows along the Rillito. They appear
equally at home among rocks, cactus, or oak brush, for, wherever
we were, traces of Wood Rats were common.’’—W. W. P.

NoTeE ON ECCENTRICITIES IN THE TEETH OF NEOTOMA.—

Several specimens of Veofoma in the Museum collection present

eccentricities that seem worthy of note.

Neotoma californica Price—One of two topotypes of this
species presents the following extraordinary deviations in Mg. It
is an adult male (No. £{42) from Bear Valley, Cal. The last

lower molar on each side has an extra enamel loop on the inner

side, as though an attempt were made to reproduce the middle
loop, normally developed in M; and Ms. A slight supernumerary
cusp Is also seen on the outer side of M; and Mg of both rami,
and two on the outer side of Ms. They
are all merely incipient points arising
from the cingulum, but are not without
morphologic interest. (See Fig. 12.)

Neotoma floridana (O7d).— A
7562) has normal dentition, except with
respect to Mg of the right side, which
has an extra circular loop of enamel on
the outer side opposite the middle of the
tooth. When worn down it might give
the appearance of an additional loop Fig. 12. Neotoma californica.

Lower molar series, three times

on the outer side of the tooth, but has patural size.

1 Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2) IV, pp. 156-160, pl. xii.

224 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History.

[Vol. VII,

Fig. 13. Neotoma floridana.
Lower molar series, three times
natural size.

Fig. 14. Meotoma floridana.
Left lower molar series, three
times natural size.

Fig. 15. Neotoma micropus.
Left lower molar series, three
times natural size.

Wigs 17. -

Figs. 16 and 17. Neotoma
cinerea occidentalis. Left
lower molar series, three times
natural size.

now the form of a flat-topped or trun-
cated cone. In the corresponding molar
of the opposite side there is a tendency
to the same condition. (See Fig. 13.)

Another specimen (No. 4888, 9 ad.,
Gainesville, Fla.) has a well-developed
angle at the antero-internal border of the
posterior loop of Mg (Fig. 14). In still
another specimen (No. 4359, 4 ad., Han-
cock Co., Miss.) a well-defined angle is
developed at the antero-external border
of the anterior loop of M3.

A similar variation is seen in a speci-
men of WV. micropus (No. 1234, ¢ ad.,
Rockport, Texas, Fig. 15). Less marked
variations are not infrequent in JV. for7-
dana, NV. micropus and WV. mexicana, as
already noted in regard to the latter.

In JV. cinerea occidentalis this aberration
is frequently well marked, as shown in
No. 2928 (Fig. 16), in comparison with
No. zasz (Fig. 17). Fig. 17 may be con-
sidered as representing the more usual or
normal form.

While these variations are in the main
to be regarded as abnormal, they indicate
tendencies to a more varied tooth-pattern,
past or to come.

22. Onychomys torridus Cowes.
Arizona Scorpion Mouse. — To this
species are referred 43 specimens, collected
mostly within about 50 miles of the type
locality (Camp Grant, Arizona), as fol-
lows : 26 specimens from Fairbank, Feb.
21 to March 14 (Price and Condit); 14

from Camp Lowell, Jan. 19 and March 8 to April 18 (Price and
Miller); 3 from San Bernardino Ranch, March 27 and 31 and
May 1 (B. C. Condit); and 1 from Phoenix, Dec. 10 (J. Diefen-

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 225

bach). Of the Fairbank series all but two are adult ; of the Camp
Lowell series 8 are adult and 5 are about half-grown young; of
the three San Bernardino Ranch specimens, the two March exam-
ples are adult, and the May specimen is only about one-third
grown.

The adults are for the most part very uniform in coloration.
The white tip to the upper surface of the tail usually occupies the
apical fourth or third, but is occasionally almost wholly lacking.
The lower parts are pure white (not “yellowish white, or an
extremely pale buff or fawn,” as originally described from an alco-
holic specimen), with more or less of the extreme basal portion of
the fur pale plumbeous or ashy. The young are ashy gray above,
more or less varied with blackish ; below as in the adults.

The eight adults from Camp Lowell measure as follows : Total
length, 148 (142-153); tail vertebre, 52 (47-55); hind foot, 22
(19.5-22.5); ear, 17 (15-19).

The 24 adults from Fairbank average slightly smaller, as fol-
lows: Total length, 144 (134-157); tail vertebra, 43 (40-49);
hind foot, 22 (20-23.5); ear, 17.5 (16-r18.5). In total length 5
exceed 150 and 5 fall below 140; in length of tail only 3 exceed
45 and only 5 fall below 42; in length of hind foot 5 exceed 23
and 3 fall below 21; in length of ear only 2 exceed 18 and only
3 fall below 17.

“This form appears to be abundant south of the Mogollon
Mesa wherever there are sandy mesquite covered plains and river-
bottoms. We found it abundant at Fort Lowell, Fairbank and
Willcox. Itlives in holes under bushes and brush-heaps, and is
partially carnivorous, for we frequently found the stomachs filled
with scorpions, insects, and the hair and flesh of mice. ‘They
would often drag off our traps containing small mammals. We
sometimes found a trap containing a half-eaten mouse lodged in
the opening of this animal’s burrow.’”’—W. W. P.

23. Onychomys leucogaster pallescens Merriam. DESERT
Scorpion Mouse.—A series of 7 specimens, 4 of them not quite
adult, taken at Holbrook, Apache Co., Arizona, Aug. 26-29, by
Messrs. Price and Diefenbach, are referable to Dr. Merriam’s
O. pallescens, which appears to be essentially a pale desert form
[ June, 7895. | 15

226 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

of O.leucogaster. The 5 oldest specimens (mostly ‘ young adults ’)
measure as follows : Total length, 145 (135-151); tail, 40(37-45);
hind foot, 21 (19.5-22.5); ear, 19 (16-20).

“This species was found only at Holbrook. It was common
on the sandy flats along the little Colorado, having holes in the
sand heaped about bushes. It is a powerful little rodent, and
was troublesome in carrying off our traps and their contents—
White-footed Mice and Pocket-mice. They have a very peculiar
musky odor.’”’—W. W. P.

24. Peromyscus eremicus (ard). Desert Mouse.—
This species is represented by 7 specimens—2z adults from Fair-
bank, Feb. 23-26; 1 adult from Fort Lowell, March 7; 2 adults
from Phoenix, Dec. 12-14, and 1 adult and 1 nearly full-grown
young from Oposura, Sonora, May 31. The young oné has a
fluffy fulvous patch on each side of the abdomen, and is other-
wise strongly suggestive of Hesperomys (Vesperimus) anthonyi
Merriam (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., IV, 1887, p. 5), based on a
series of immature specimens from Fort Apache, Grant Co., New
Mexico.

“Found sparingly at several places ; three or four specimens
were trapped by brush fences at Fort Lowell, and in open fields
at Fairbank. Mr. Condit found a few about the buildings at San
Bernardino Ranch, and in fields below the town of Oposura.”—
W. W. P.

25. Peromyscus auripectus 4//en. SitKy Ciirr Mouse.

Sttomys auripectus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. V, 1893, 75. Bluff
City, Utah.

Represented by 14 specimens from Holbrook, Apache Co.,
collected Aug. 26-29, by Messrs. Price and Condit. Two are
quite young, 4 are adults, and the others ‘ young adults,’ still in
more or less grayish pelage. Only two show any trace of the
salmon-colored pectoral spot, usually present in adults. The 4
adults of the series measure as follows: Total length, 192 (184-
210); tail vertebrae, too (gt-107); hind foot, 23 (22-24); ear,
20,5 \(2o=2 0):

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 227

This species has the soft, silky pelage, and nearly the size and
proportions of .S. evemicus, from which it is readily separable by its
very hairy, heavily penicillate tail, and hairy heels, and when
adult, by its lighter yellowish coloration above, and usually by
the presence of a fulvous pectoral spot.

“We found this form not uncommon among the sandstone
ledges and cliffs along the Little Colorado River at the town of
Holbrook. We caught them readily in traps baited with rolled
oats or raisins. In some places they undoubtedly inhabited the
nests of WVeotoma (sp.?).”—W. W. P.

26. Peromyscus rowleyi 4//en. RowLry’s WHITE-FOOTED
Mouse.

Sitomys rowleyi ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. V, 1893, p. 76. Nolan’s
Ranch, Utah.

To this species are referred 2 specimens from Showlow, and 2
from the White Mountains, Apache Co., Arizona. All are adult,
and were taken respectively Aug. 22 and July 28. They meas-
ure: Total length, 207 (198-210); tail vertebra, 106 (104-107);
hind foot, 22.7 (22-24); ear, 20 (19.5-21).

“Two specimens were taken at Showlow, just at the overlap-
ping of the pine and juniper belts. 'wo were taken on White
River, in the White Mountains, a few miles east from Fort Apache,
fuiye27. ——W. W. P.

27. Peromyscus rowleyi pinalis (J////c,). | MiL.er’s
WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE.

Sitomys rowleyt pinalis MILLER, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. V, 1893, p. 331.
Granite Gap, Grant Co., New Mexico.

This subspecies is represented by 132 specimens, of which 74
are from the Chiricahua Mountains, collected May 14 to July 2t,
by Price, Condit and Miller; 40 from the Huachuca Mountains,
collected Jan. 28 to Feb. 20, and May 21 to May 27, by Price
and Condit; 11 from Huasava Mountains, collected May 24-27
by B. C. Condit, and 6 from Oposura, Sonora, collected May 30

228 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol\. VU,

by B. C. Condit. The adults are very uniform in coloration, but
the immature specimens present every phase from the ashy gray
young, washed strongly with black on the back, to the fully adult.
The adults, however, vary. much in general size, in the relative
length of the tail, and especially in the size of the ears, which,
however, seem to keep pace with the general size in the increase
with age from ‘ young adults’ to very old adults.

A series of 46 adults from the Chiricahua collection measure
as follows: Total length, 199 (185-225); tail vertebra, 98 (87—-
115); hind foot, 22 (20-24); ear, 19.6 (17-24). In total length 4
exceed 220, and 12 fall below 190 ; in length of tail 7 exceed rio,
and 8 fall below 95; in length of hind foot 8 exceed 23 and 3
fall below 21 ; in length of ear g exceed 20 and 8 fall below 19.
The smaller specimens are in many instances not fully adult in
size, though practically so in coloration.

The Huachuca series averages a little less, 16 adults measuring
as follows: Total length, 192 (189-206); tail vertebra, 92 (S9-
109); hind foot, 22 (20-24); ear, 19 (17-21). In total length 6
only exceed 200, but only 1 falls below 190; in length of tail only
1 exceeds 1o5 and 5 fall below 95 ; in length of hind foot only 1
exceeds 23 and 4 fall below 21; in length of ear only 1 exceeds
20 and only 3 exceed 19.

The Oposura series runs still smaller, ro adults measuring as

follows : ‘Total length, 192 (184-195); tail vertebra, 94 (go-99);

hind foot, 21 (20-22); ear, 19.5 (17.5-20).

“This mouse is found in the region intermediate between
| Peromyscus leucopus| rufinus of the higher altitudes and [ Peromys-
cus leucopus | arizone of the plains. It was rarely found above 7500
or 8000 feet, and only at one place below 5000 feet. This was about
1o miles south of Oposura, Sonora, at an elevation of about tooo
feet. There Mr. Condit found it not uncommon among brush
fences and brush heaps along cultivated fields. This, with two
specimens of P. eremicus, were the only forms of Peromyscus found
in the region. It has all the habits of the genus, being found every-
where, among rocks, brush heaps and iogs, and is also very
troublesome about camp and in the houses of miners and pros-
Peclons, VW yy Ar.

,
|

Bex

1895.| Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 229

28. Peromyscus megalotis (Merriam). LEAF-EARED
Ciirr Mouse.

Hesperomys megalotis MERRIAM, N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, 18go, p. 64. Black
Tank, Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona.

Represented by a single adult male, taken at Holbrook, Aug.
29, by Messrs. Price and Diefenbach. The measurements from
the fresh specimen, as recorded on the label, are: Total length,
185 mm.; tail vertebra, go; hind foot, 25; length of ear, 28;
height of ear, 28.

This specimen is slightly smaller than ?. megalotis, as described
by Dr. Merriam from the Little Colorado Desert, but is otherwise
similar. On the other hand, it differs from a series of 8 specimens
of P. ¢ruet, taken near the type locality in New Mexico, in being
less yellow and more tawny, in its much larger ears, larger size,
and longer tail. The 8 specimens of P. ¢rwe/ measure as follows:
Total length, 177 (165-184); tail vertebre, 87 (71-100); hind
foot, 23 (22-23.6). The ears in ¢rvwei average fully one-fourth
smaller than in mega/otis.

“A single specimen of this huge-eared mouse was caught in
sandstone cliffs along the Little Colorado at Holbrook on Aug.
29. Specimens of /?. auripectus were caught commonly within a
few feet of this one.”—W. W. P.

29. Peromyscus leucopus SBOE SIS (Lacvie) SONORA
WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE.

Hesperomys sonortensis LECONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. VI, 1853, p.
RE on Ln provincia Sonorz ”’=Santa Cruz, Sonora.!

Hesperomys sonortensts BAIRD, Mam. N. Am. 1857, p- 474 (in part ; only the
Sonoran specimens); Mex. Bound. Surv. Zodlogy, 1859, Mam. p. 43.
Hesperomys (Vesperimus) leucopus sonoriensis COUES, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Phila. 1874, p. 179 (in small part—only the Sonoran reference); Mon. N.
Am. Roden. 1877, p. 79 (Sonoran reference only).
Sitomys americanus arizoné ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894,
p> 321. ‘
In preparing the present paper it has seemed necessary to once
more take up the question of Leconte’s Hesperomys sonoriensis, in
consequence of the light thrown upon the general subject of the

short-tailed mice of the middle region of the continent by the

acs In Sonora, south-southwest [lege south-southeast] of Tucson. About lat. 31° 00’, long.
’

122° o0'.”” Baird, Mam.N. Am.., p. 713.

230 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. VU,

very large series of these mice in the Price Collection, and from
other sources, available for study in the present connection. As
a result of this revision of the subject, | am led to consider that
the form recently described by me as Szfomys americanus arizone
is to be taken as the true sonoriensis of Leconte, using the name
in a restricted sense for the short-tailed grayish brown form of
Peromyscus of the open plains and semi-desert areas of southern
Arizona and adjoining portions of northern Sonora.

As is well known, the type locality of Hesperomys sonortensis
I.econte was Santa Cruz, Sonora, and that the type itself was an
immature example in the plumbeous phase of pelage, and thus
not readily distinguishable from specimens of the short-tailed
group of corresponding age from other localities further north,
Hence, Professor Baird, in 1857, applied the name collectively
to all of the short-tailed mice from the “Upper Missouri, and
Rocky Mountains to E] Paso and Sonora.” In this he was fol-
lowed by Dr. Coues in 1874 and 1877, and by authors generally
till 1890, when Dr. Mearns’ “found that no less than five very
distinct types are represented from the interior region of North
America, viz.: a very dark arctic race ; a pale grayish form from
the treeless plains of the north; a more reddish or cinnamon-
colored race from the treeless regions of the south; a darker and
browner southern alpine form; and a pallid race from the desert
regions of California and Arizona.” Three of these had already re-
ceived names ; to the other two new names were given, only one of
which (Hesperomys leucopus deserticolus) requires consideration in
the present connection. Dr. Mearns, however, redefined the other
three, and the types of his diagnoses are before me. With Dr.
Mearns’s material in hand, I am able to intelligently consider his
work and allocate the forms he recognized. Unfortunately the
name sonoriensis was restricted to the “darker and browner
southern alpine form,” described soon after by Dr. Merriam as
Hesperomys leucopus rufinus,’ and what was then and subsequently
recognized as sonoriensis by other authors was re-named deserti-
colus. I now propose to restrict sozortensis to the form I recently
named arizona, and to let deserticolus stand for the “pallid race

1 Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., II, Feb., 1890, p. 284-287.
2N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, Aug., 1890, p. 65.

1895.| Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 231

from the desert regions of California and [immediately contiguous
desert regions of | Arizona,” which seems to be clearly separable
from the sonoriensis (as now restricted) of southern Arizona
and northern Sonora.

My Sitomys americanus arizoné (now Peromyscus leucopus sono-
riensis) was based on a series of 42 specimens taken at Fairbank,
Cochise Co., Arizona, Feb. 22 to March 15, 1894, by Messrs.
Price and Condit. ‘To the same form are referred 26 specimens,
mostly immature, from San Bernardino Ranch, collected by Mr.
B. C. Condit, March 21 to May 4. Also a specimen taken at
Fort Lowell, Jan. 5; another taken at Willcox, Jwly 15; and
another from Fronteras, Sonora, taken May 16, also by Mr. Condit.
The Willcox specimen is very gray and faded; the Fronteras
specimen is like many of the examples from Fairbank.

Nearly all of these specimens came from within 30 to 50 miles
of Santa Cruz, Sonora, the type locality of sonorzensis.

“This mouse was abundant at Willcox, Fairbank and San Ber-
nardino Ranch, having habits like those of \S. sonordensis |=P.
leucopus deserticolus|, though at Fairbank some were trapped in
boggy patches of tule.”—W. W. P.

30. Peromyscus leucopus deserticolus (J/earns). Ders-
ERT WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE.

Hesperomys leucopus deserticolus MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. II, No.
4, Feb. 1890, p. 285. Type, No. 1175, Am. Mus., 4 ad., Mojave Desert,
California ; F. Stephens.

Hesperomys leucopus sonortensis MERRIAM, N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, Sept. 1890,
p- 66. (Only in part of previous authors. )

Vesperimus americanus sonoriensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. III,
Aug. 1891, p. 302.

To this form I refer a series of 18 specimens from Holbrook
(Aug. 26-29), and 6 specimens from Showlow (Aug. 20-22). Two
of the Holbrook specimens (Aug. 23) are in the light reddish
phase of coloration characteristic of autumn and winter, of which
others show slight traces. A few are in the dusky ashy pelage of
the young, but the greater part present a brownish mouse-color
tint, much like that of the winter pelage of sonoriensis. A series
of 12 adults from Holbrook measure as follows: Total length,

154 mm.; tail vertebrz, 64 ; hind foot, 20; ear, 18.

232 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

“This was the most abundant mammal on the sandy flats about
Holbrook, where it was associated with Peroguathus and Onycho-
mys. All three genera frequently have holes under the same bush.
A few specimens were found at the edge of the pine belt below
Showlow. This species was not found south of the great San
Francisco or Mogollon divide.”—W. W. P.

31. Peromyscus leucopus rufinus (Merriam). ALPINE
WHITE-FOOTED Mouse.

Hesperomys leucopus rufinus MERRIAM, N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 65, pl.
iii, figs. 5-8. San Francisco Mountain, Arizona.

Stitomys sonortensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. V, 1893, p. 74. (Not
typical.)

To this subspecies I refer all of the mountain races of the short-
tailed Peromyscus represented in the present collection. Unfor-
tunately the several series are not all comparable as regards season
and condition of pelage. ‘They include (1) a series of 68 speci-
mens from the White Mountains, taken by Mr. B. C. Condit, Aug.
2-18, and 4 taken Sept. 2-18; (2) a series of 25 specimens from
the Graham Mountain, taken by Messrs. Price and Condit, July
18-19 ; (3) a series of 89 specimens from the Chiricahua Moun-
tains, taken by Messrs. Price and Condit, June 11 to July 9;
forming a total of 182 specimens. I would also now refer to the
same form the large series (130 specimens) collected by Mr.
Charles P. Rowley in the mountains of Colorado and New Mexico,
which I recently referred (this Bulletin, V, 1893, p. 74) pro-
visionally to Sz¢omys sonoriensts. ‘There are slight shades of differ-
ence between the series from the different localities represented,
but there is also such a wide range of individual variation in color,
size and proportions, and such an endless and complicated varia-
tion resulting from season and age, that apparently nothing is to
be gained by attempting to recognize in nomenclature the slight
average differences in coloration or other features that may possi-
bly exist in the various more or less isolated mountain ranges of
Arizona, New Mexico and adjoining regions. ‘This is at least my
present view of the case, with some 600 specimens of the sonxoriensis
group before me for examination. With larger series from these
and numerous additional localities, collected throughout the year,

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 233

it might be possible to predicate slight shades of difference for
each isolated area, but the practicability of attempting such fine
discriminations must be left to future research, and more abund-
ant and better material, for determination.

The White Mountain series seems not to differ appreciably from
specimens of vufimus from the San Francisco Mountains, the type
locality of the subspecies. They are mostly immature or in
changing pelage, but a considerable number have so far acquired
the fall dress as to show satisfactorily the deep tawny brown char-
acteristic of typical ,wfinus. A series of 18 fully adult specimens
give the following measurements: Total length, 153 (144-164)
mm.; tail vertebra, 61.7 (52-69); hind foot, 19.6 (18-20); ear,
18.3 (17-19).

The adults of the Graham Mountain series are in worn, transi-
tion pelage, and present, with few exceptions, a broad blackish
dorsal area, with the rump and sides tawny brown, paler and more
mixed with blackish than the White Mountain series, apparently
a seasonal feature. A series of 16 adults average slightly larger
than the adults of the White Mountain series, measuring as fol-
lows: Total length, 159 (150-170); tail vertebra, 68 (65-73);
hind foot, 21.7 (21-22.5); ear, 18 (17-20). This is, hence, a large
form, and should the dark band along'the dorsal region prove a
fairly constant feature at all seasons, would well merit recognition
in nomenclature. But this does not seem probable, as one speci-
men shows a narrow transverse line of tawny red hairs behind the
shoulders, and another has the whole top of the head and nape
red—remnants, evidently, of a tawny red pelage of earlier date.

The Chiricahua Mountains series is quite similar to the Graham
Mountain series; the adults are mostly in change, blackish along
the median line of the back (but not so uniformly so, the black-
ness of this area appearing often in patches), and of a paler tawny
on the sides of the body and lower back than the White Moun-
tain series. In size they are just intermediate between the White
Mountain and Chiricahua series, 66 adults measuring as follows :
Total length, 155 (142-170); tail vertebrae, 65 (53-75); hind
foot, 21 (19-22.5); ear, tg (17.5—-20.5).

A series of 16 specimens of rufinus from the type locality, as
given by Dr, Merriam (N. Am. Fauna, No. 3, Aug., 1890, p. 66),

234 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

measures as follows: Total length, 160 (150-170); tail vertebre,
68 (56-75); hind foot, 20 (19-21).

A series of 20 adults from La Plata, New Mexico (altitude,
6100 feet), measures as follows: Total length, 153 (145-179);
tail vertebrae, 68 (60-79); hind foot, 21 (19-22).

For convenience of comparison, these measurements may be
tabulated as follows :

MEASUREMENTS (AVERAGES AND EXTREMES) OF 1360 SPECIMENS
oF Peromyscus leucopus rupfinits.

No.o :
Locality. speci- | Total length. | Tail vertebre. Hind foot. Ear.
mens
San Fran. Mts.. 16 160 (150-170) 68 (56-75) 20 (19-21)
White Mts...... 18 153 (144-164) 61.7 (52-69) —s- 19.6 eos 18.3 (17-19)
Graham Mts.... 16 159 (150-170) 68 (65-73) 21.7 (21-22.5) 18 (17-20)
Chiricahua Mts. 66 155 (142-170) 65 (53-75) 21 (19-22.5) 19 (17.5-20.5)
La Plata, N.M.! 20 153 (145-179) 68 (60-19) 21 (19-22)

1 The apparently relatively longer tail in the La Plata series is probably due to difference in
methods of measuring.

From the above it appears that the White Mountain series
averages a little smaller than the others, but it is geographically
most nearly related to typical ,wfimus, as it is also in coloration,
as nearly as can be judged from the material at hand.

“This form belongs to high elevations, and was exceedingly

abundant on the summits of the Chiricahua and Graham Moun-
tains, where they were the only Svfomys obtained. In the White
Mountains it was abundant from the summit down as low as 6500
feet, but in the Chiricahua Mountains it was not found below
8000 feet. It is found everywhere—in boggy flats filled with
fallen logs, on bare, rocky hillsides, in thick brush—equally at
home.’’—W, W. P.

32. Reithrodontomys megalotis (Aad). BiG-kARED
Harvest Mouse.—Five specimens from Fairbank, March 2-14
(Price and Condit), seem distinctly referable to Baird’s 2. mega-
Jotis, the type locality of which is not far to the southeastward of
Fairbank. ‘Three of the specimens are adult, and give the follow-

1895. | Allen on Mammats from Arizona and Mexico. 235

ing measurements: Total length, 143 (141-146); tail vertebra,
66 (62-72) ; hind foot, 18.5 (18-19) ; ear, 14 (14-14).

I also refer to this species a single adult male from San Ber-
nardino Ranch (April 20, B. C. Condit), which differs from the
others in being somewhat larger, but especially in having much
larger ears. This specimen measures: ‘Total length, 150; tail,
74; hind foot, 19.5 ; ear, 17.5.

“This species was found at Fairbank, in marshy places along
; y | g

the San Pedro River, where five specimens were trapped, March
2145 —W. W.P.

33. Reithrodontomys fulvescens (4//en). Sonoran Har-
vEsT MOUSE.

Retthrodontomys mexicanus fulvescens ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI,
1894, p. 319.

Reithrodontomys fulvescens ALLEN, ibid. VII, May, 1895, p. 138.

There is at present nothing to add to the accounts already
given (1. c.) of the three adult specimens from Oposura on which
this species was based.

“This species was taken by Mr. Condit, May 31, ten miles
south of Oposura, Sonora, Mexico, in the valley of the Yaqui River.

They were found along brush fences and shrubby mesquite trees.”’
2 NY ge

34. Reithrodontomys arizonensis 4//en. CuiriCAHuA
Harvest Mouse.

Reithrodontomys longicauda ALLEN (nec BarrpD), Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
VI, 1894, p. 320 (in text).
Reithrodontomys arizonensis ALLEN, ibid. VII, May, 1895, p. 134.

The 5 specimens (of which 4 are adult) on which this species
is based, are from the Chiricahua Mountains (July 7-9, B. C.
Condit). At first they were provisionally referred to 2. longicauda
of California, with which they have many points of relationship.
The 4 adults measure as follows: Total length, 149 (145-152) ;
tail vertebree, 78 (74-80) ; hind foot, 17 (16-18) ; ear, 14 (13.5-14).

236 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

‘‘ Five specimens of this species were trapped on Rock Creek,
in the Chiricahua Mountains, July 7-8, at an elevation of about
8000 feet. ‘wo were in rocks and dry soil away from the bed of
the creek, and the others were caught under logs and brush near
the water.’’—W. W. P.

AppDITIONAL Notrr ON REITHRODONTOMYS.—I received from
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, just too late for notice in the preceding
paper on the genus Rezthrodontomys (antea, pp. 107-143), some
forty specimens of this genus, representing three species and
various localities. Among them is a series of to specimens from
Mason, Mason Co., Texas, and one or two specimens from
Gainesville, Cooke Co., Texas. These localities are of special
interest, as they indicate the probable continuous distribution of
the genus southward throughout the greater part of Oklahoma,
the Indian ‘Territory and Texas. .

The specimens from Gainesville and Mason, Texas, seem dis-
tinctly referable to the 2. dyche¢ group, and, judging from present
waterial, are not even subspecifically separable from Kansas
specimens. ‘The Mason specimens are rather small, but as most
of them are more or less immature, their exact status may be left
for future decision. ‘These localities thus extend the distribution
of R. dychei from 200 to 500 miles south of its previous known
range—from southeastern Kansas to west-central Texas, or to
within about one hundred miles of the known northern limit of 2.
mexicanus intermedius.

35. Mus musculus Z7zv. Housr Mousr.—Represented by
18 specimens: 1 from Holbrook, 1 from Showlow, 1 from Fort
Lowell, 1 from Willcox, 6 from Fairbank, 1 from the Chiricahua
Mountains, and 7 from Phoenix.

“The House Mouse was found to be common in several locali-
ties, as Fort Lowell, Holbrook, Fort Apache, Fairbank, Willcox,
and any place where much teaming was done. A single specimen
was caught at a house in the Huachuca Mountains. Three years
before a wagon load of seed grain had been brought there, and of
two house mice nesting in the grain one had escaped. The one
I caught was in all probability the one that escaped,”—-W, W, P,

|
|

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 237

36. Cynomys arizonensis Wearns. ARrizoNA PRarRIE Doc.

Cynomys arizonensis MEARNS, Bull. Am, Mus. II, No. 4, 1890, p. 305. Near
Willcox, Cochise Co., Arizona.
Represented by a single specimen ( 4 ad.) from the Huachuca
Mountains, taken Jan. 28 (Price and Condit).

“A single specimen was shot January 28, on the plain at the
base of the Huachuca Mountains. It was a warm day after a
cold rain, and the animals were scratching out their burrows, and
feeding on the dwarfed grass roots. We saw about twenty, and,
by the number of hillocks, estimated the colony to number about
200 individuals. To the next town east it was nearly a dozen
miles. Old settlers know of a time when no Prairie Dogs could
be found about the Huachuca Mountains. These people thought
that the dogs had emigrated from northern Sonora, Mexico. In
the Sulphur Spring and San Simon Valleys, Prairie Dogs are found
in numerous colonies, especially about Willcox and on the plain
along the east base of the Graham Mountain. They evidently
de not hibernate at all during the winter. Cyzomys are found in
large colonies on the Ash Fork plains north of the Gila Range.

“The Cynomys found about Snowflake and Holbrook are prob-
ably Cynomys gunnisont. In places large colonies were found, but
unfortunately no specimens were obtained.”—W. W. P.

37. Anisonyx' (Otospermophilus) grammurus (.Suy).
LINE-TAILED SPERMOPHILE.—Represented by 1 specimen from
Fairbank (4 ad., March 1, Price and Condit); 3 from the Chiricahua
Mountains (224,12, all adult, April 17 and May 2g, W. W.
Price); 1 from Fort Lowell (Q@ad., March 18, L. H. Miller); 2
from the Huachuca Mountains ( 4 and 9 ad., June 18 and 21, L..
Miller); and r from the White Mountains (Cooley’s Ranch, Sept.
15). Total, 8 specimens.

“This is the common ground squirrel of Arizona; it is found
everywhere over the entire region up to about gooo feet. At
Fort Lowell, during the summer of 1892, it was common in brush
fences, and many had their dens under the roots of cottonwood
and walnut trees. ‘They were injurious to the growing crops of

1 Cf. Merriam, Science, new Ser., 1, No. 1. p. 18, Jan. 4, 1805.

238 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

the Mexican settlers along the Rillito. I did not notice any
during my stay at Fort Lowell in January, 1804. It is probable
that they hibernate during the colder part of the year, as the first
specimens seen were on a warm day, Feb. 7, at the mouth of a
cafion in the Huachuca Mountains.

“At our camp in the Huachuca Mountains, during 1893, they
were very troublesome. A few minutes after our leaving the
cabin they would swarm down from the cafion sides and carry off
everything that was not securely boxed—bread, pork, dried fruit
and potatoes ; nothing came amiss to them. On our return they
would scatter to the rocks, and for long after there would be a
chorus of shrill chattering calls. At Showlow and Snowflake they
were troublesome to the farmers, but were got rid of by poison.
At Cooley’s they were quite common among rocks and about
fences; Wea Wied

38. Anisonyx (Ictidomys) tereticaudus (ard). Rounp-
TAILED SPERMOPHILE.—Represented by 13 specimens taken at
Fort Lowell, by L. H. Miller, March 7 to April 30. Of this series
3 are males and ro are females; all are fully adult. The early
March specimens show no signs of molting; the pelage above is
rather short and close, but soft; below it is thinner, longer, much
softer, dusky or blackish basally, and whitish at the ends of the
hairs. The late April specimens have completed the spring molt.
In these the pelage is everywhere short and close, slightly rufes-
cent or of a pale cinnamon cast above, and clear silvery white
below, becoming blackish as the hairs increase in length.

The 3 males measure as follows : Total length, 238 (231-251);
tail vertebra, 71 (65-78); hind foot, 33.5. (32-35); ear, 6. The
10 females measure: Total length, 243 (227-263); tail vertebra,
79 (70-92); hind foot, 35.2 (33-37); ear, 5.6 (5-6.5).

“Found only at Fort Lowell, where they were abundant every-
where. They are shy and in such color harmony with the soil
that they might pass for a rare species upon casual observation.
Throughout May and June, 1893, I had an opportunity for
observing them at leisure. It was hard to come upon them
unawares, but by secreting myself in bushes near their burrows,

a. 2

1895.| Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 239

I often saw them come out, ten or a dozen, one after another, and
feed upon small seeds and mesquite beans. They would hurry
silently away to their holes at the first noise. They are silent
animals, rarely uttering an alarm ncte. The young are much
less shy, and can sometimes be surprised away from their holes
and caught in the hand. My companion had a pet one that ran at
will about the rooms and fed greedily on raisins and rolled oats.
It slept at night in the warm ashes of the fireplace.”—W. W. P.

39. Anisonyx (Xerospermophilus’) canescens (Merriam).
Hoary SPERMOPHILE.—Represented by a single specimen from
Willcox, the type locality of the species. It is an adult female,
taken July 15, by Price and Condit. It gives evidence of having
recently nursed young. It measures as follows : Total length,
220 ; tail vertebrzx, 64 ; hind foot, 34 ; ear, ro.

“A female of this species was taken at Willcox, Arizona, July
15, in a thicket of mesquite bushes. Several others were noticed.”
aw. WP.

40. Anisonyx (Xerospermophilus) spilosoma macro-
spilotus (J/erriam).—Four specimens are provisionally referred
to this subspecies, originally based (N. Am. Fauna, No. 4, 1890,
p. 38) on specimens from Oracle, Pinal County, Arizona. Two,
both adult males, are from Fairbank (Feb. 23 and March 11,
Price and Condit) ; one, an adult male, is from the San Bernar-
dino Ranch (May 4, B. C. Condit), and the other from the
Chiricahua Mountains (May 4, W. W. Price). This last is indis-
tinguishable from the Fairbank specimens ; the San Bernardino
Ranch specimen has a slightly hoary tint, due perhaps to the in-
coming post-breeding pelage. Hence in general effect it somewhat
resembles the Willcox specimen, referred above to 5S. canescens.

The four specimens measure as follows :

Tail

Hind foot. Ear.

| Sex. | length | vertebrz.

sf — e

2 ten ee 4 195 | 60 33 9
°° Oh HES beri 5 198 | 61 31

Chiricahua Mts..........- 5 210 64 pl -F | 8.5
5. BLL ee 4 217 | 72 35 8

a A i A al) Se ee

1 Cf. Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., Vil, 1892, p. 27, footnote.

240 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

“This species is rather common about Fairbank among mesquite
thickets in sandy soil. The animals are shy, and in habits are
much like A. ¢ereticaudus. Their burrows are often placed at
the roots of mesquite bushes, the beans of which form a large
part of their food. Along the west base of the Chiricahua Moun-
tains in the Sulphur Spring Valley are several large colonies.
Here they have hillocked towns not unlike those of the Prairie
Dogs. They can often be seen sitting upright above their burrows.
A single specimen was taken from a small colony in the Sulphur
Spring Valley. It is probable that the habitats of this form and
that of A. cryptospilotus overlap, for only a level plain of 20 or
30 miles separates the two forms. Mr. Condit found a small
colony at San Bernardino Ranch and collected a single specimen.”
—W: W. P.

41. Anisonyx (Xerospermophilus) cryptospilotus (J7/er-
riam).—A single specimen, ? ad., from Holbrook (Aug. 27, Price
and Diefenbach) is provisionally referred to this species. It is
very pale in coloration, with very faint whitish spots. ‘Total length,
216 ; tail vertebre, 65 ; hind foot, 31-5 ;_ ear; 0.

“A single specimen was taken on the sandy alkaline plain
bordering the Little Colorado River at Holbrook, August 28.
No others were seen.” —W. W. P.

42. Anisonyx (Ammospermophilus') leucurus cinna-
momeus (Merriam). WHITE-TAILED CHIPMUNK.—One speci-
men, 4 ad., Holbrook, August 28, Price and Diefenbach.

“We trapped a single specimen in the sandstone cliffs near
Holbrook. It was in what I supposed to be a nest of Meotoma.
No others were seen.” —W. W. P.

43. Anisonyx (Ammospermophilus) harrisii (4vd. &
Bach.). HARRIs’s CHIPMUNK.—Six specimens, of which 5 are
from Fort Lowell (Jan. 8-11, Price and Condit), and 1 from
Phoenix (Dec. 12, J. Diefenbach).

1 Cf. Merriam, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, 1892, p. 27, footnote.

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 241

“This species is rather common in the lower desert region of
southern Arizona. It was taken at Fort Lowell on rocky hills,
east of the Rillito, on January 8. Several specimens were seen,
and a female containing nine embryos was obtained. On the
cactus-covered plain stretching down to the Gila River from
Graham Mountain, I found this species abundant on July 20.
They were feeding on the seeds of the screw-pod mesquite, and
one specimen shot had his cheek pouches distended with the
shelled beans. Owing to the excessively hot weather no specimens
mere preserved.”’—W. W: P:

44.. Tamias lateralis (Say). Sayv’s GrouND SQUIRREL.—
Represented by 17 specimens, all taken in the White Mountains
in August and September (Aug. 2-12, Price and Condit, 14 speci-
mens; Sept. 4-13, Diefenbach, 3 specimens). All are adult
except two, of which g are males and 8 are females. The August
females are still in worn breeding dress, with traces of the
incoming post-breeding pelage. The August males are somewhat
advanced in molt, but in none is it more than half completed ;
the September specimens have all completed the molt.

Six fully adult males measure as follows: Total length, 270
(250-279); tail vertebra, 94 (80-109); hind foot, 41 (40-43) ;
ear, 21.5 (20-23). In one specimen the tail vertebrae measure
109 mm.—11 mm. longer than in any other specimen in the series.

Four old females give the following : Total length, 271 (255-
288); tail vertebra, 88.5 (85-92) ; hind foot, 41 (41-42); ear,
22 (21-24).

“This species was common about Cooley’s Ranch, where they

frequented rock piles, rubbish heaps and fallen logs ; some even
had holes in the open woods. They were very tame, sometimes
coming into my camp picking up crumbs. They do not resemble
the Zamias proper in habits, but, being terrestrial, they are more
like the small Spermophiles. Mr. Condit found them to be com-
mon in the White Mountains to near the summit.’”—W. W. P.

45. Tamias dorsalis Baird. Gita CuipmunK.—Repre-
sented by 105 specimens, 3 of which are from the Santa Catalina
Mountains (Jan. 16), 2 from the Graham Mountain (July 19),

[ June, 1895.) 16

242 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

and 100 from the Chiricahua Mountains. Of the latter, 5 were
taken March 29 to April 6, and the remainder May 31 to August
16. The sexes are not quite equally represented, there being 43
males and 57 females. Nearly all are adult.

The measurements of 22 adult males and 28 adult females furnish
the following summary : 22 males—total length, 224 (215-236) ;
tail vertebra, too (go-110); hind foot, 34 (32-36); ear, 21 (19-
22): 28 females—total length, 233 (220-247); tail vertebrae, 103
94-114) ; hind foot, 34 (32-36) ; ear, 21 (19-23).

Three males (14 per cent.) and ro females (36 per cent.) reach
or exceed 235 mm. in total length ; 3 males and 13 females reach
or exceed to5 mm. in length of tail vertebree.

“T found Zaméas dorsalis in the Chiricahua, Santa Catalina and
Graham Mountains, and in the lower parts of the region drained
by the Salt and White Rivers, which drain into the Gila. On the
r4th of January, I shot three specimens high up in the Santa
Catalina Mountains. One was at an elevation of nearly 8000
feet, and close to a snow field. This was enough to show that
the species does not hibernate except perhaps for a few weeks
during a heavy snow-fall. In the Chiricahua Mountains I found
it continuously after my arrival there on March 1g. It was com-
mon from the scrub-oaks atthe base to the thick firs and aspens on
the very summit, 10,000 feet elevation. In the Graham Range the
species was common from the base to the summit. Two specimens
were taken in fir woods at about 10,000 feet above sea level. In the
open pine woods south of Fort Apache, I noticed this species
several times. At Fort Apache they were abundant in the lava
cliffs along White River, often venturing to the row of officers’
quarters, placed close to the bank of the river. On warm days in
August I have sometimes seen three or four together, sunning
themselves on the ridge of a deserted house.

“Tn the Chiricahua Mountains, I had the ortoppunity to study
them for several months. ‘They were generally distributed in
rocks, brush fences, thick woods and brushy hillsides. They are
rather shy animals, not commonly found in trees, as is Zamzas
cinercicoll’s ; they have the usual chipmunk call. On warm days in
June they were very abundant in Morse’s Cafion in the Chiricahua

1895.| Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 243

Mountains. Often as many as ten or twelve could be seen at
once, playing among the rocks near my camp.

“One of the odd facts of distribution is that in the Huachucas
the genus Zamias is entirely wanting, though the mountains in
every particular appear to be as favorable a habitat as either of
the other ranges mentioned.” —W. W. P.

46. Tamias cinereicollis A//en. San Francisco Moun-
TAIN CHIPMUNK.—AIl of the 56 specimens were taken in the
White Mountains August 6-20 and Sept. 2-19. Of this August’
series, 30 are males and 17 are females ; about one-half are fully
adult, and the remainder immature, including a few less than
half grown. The females average slightly larger than the males,
as shown by the following summary of measurements: 16 males—
total length, 217 (205-228) ; tail vertebrae, 96 (go-103) ; hind
foot, 33 (32-36); ear, 19 (18-21): 12 females—total length, 224
(207-238); tail vertebrae, 99 (go-106); hind foot, 33 (31-34);
€ar, 9.5 (17-21).

Five (17 per cent.) of the males and 6 (30 per cent.) of the
females exceed 223 mm. in total length ; 5 males (17 per cent.)
and 4 females (25 per cent.) reach or exceed roo mm. in length
of tail vertebrz.

“Found only in the White Mountains and in the heavy pine
timber about Cooley’s Ranch. Mr. Condit found it on the peaks
of the White Mountains up to timber line. 7. czneretcollis is
arboreal, and rarely seen on the ground or in rocks. It is an
active species, and has a rather loud, sharp call. It is confined
to the pine and fir zone of the San Francisco plateau, and reaches
the White Mountains from the Mogollon plateau. Near Cooley’s
the ranges of this species and that of Zwmazs dorsalis overlap, the
former occupying a strip of country from 15 to 25 miles broad.

- At Cooley’s nearly all the specimens taken were in oak trees, and

they evidently feed largely on the acorns.”—W. W. P.

47. Sciurus hudsonicus mogollonensis M/carvs. MEARNS’S
CHICKAREE.—This form of the Chickaree is represented by 8

1 The September specimens are not labeled as to sex.

244 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

specimens, all adult females, from the White Mountains (Aug. 9-
12, B. C. Condit). They seem quite indistinguishable from the
series of 12 specimens collected by Dr. Mearns in the San Fran-
cisco Mountains, on which the subspecies was originally based.
The White Mountain series measures: Total length, 322 (310-
336); tail vertebrae, 131 (126-138); hind foot, 51 (49-53); ear,
26.5 (24-28).

“Abundant in the White Mountains above 7000 feet ; probably
extends to the limit of the fir zone. A noisy species, feeding
largely on the cones of Douglass fir.”—W. W. P.

48. Sciurus hudsonicus grahamensis 4//en. Mounr
GRAHAM CHICKAREE.

Sciurus hudsonicus grahamensis ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. eee 1894,
p- 350. (Separates issued Dec. 7, 1894. )
There is at present nothing to add to the description (I. c.) of
this form, based on 3 specimens from Graham Mountain,

“This very restricted species is confined to the fir zone on the
summit of Graham Mountain. ‘Three specimens were obtained
in dense fir woods on Aug. 17 and 19. Others were heard chat-
tering.”—W. W. P.

49. Sciurus aberti Woodh. Aperr’s SQuirreL.—Repre-
sented by 6 specimens (12, 5@@, all adult), 5 of which were
taken in the White Mountains, Aug. 1-8 and Sept. 17 (Price
and Diefenbach), and 1 at Showlow. Four of the six measure as

follows :
— = 7 = = ] qa ee ———— = = =
Sex. | Total length. Tail vertebra. Hind foot. Ear.
é 500 | 238 65 41
% | 495 232 73 43
+ | 515 | 235 | 75 43
2 | 521 | 229 62 45
2 | 498 . 221 63 41

“This handsome squirrel was common in the White Moun-
tains, ranging from about 6000 feet up into the spruce belt to

1895.| Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 245

about gooo feet. It was more abundant between 7000 and 8000
feet elevation. It has a loud ‘barking’ call and feeds on cones of
Pinus ponderosa, and usually builds its nest of branches in some
lightning-blasted tree.”—W. W. P.

50. Sciurus arizonensis Cowes. ARIZONA SQUIRREL.—
Represented by a single worn specimen from Fort Apache, taken
by Mr. Price.

“ A single specimen was shot in pine and oak woods near Fort
Apache on Aug. 20. It is probably found all through the lower
pine zone, usually not overlapping the range of S. abert:.”—W.
1 5

51. Sciurus arizonensis huachuca 4//en. Hvuacuuca
SQUIRREL.

Sciurus arizonensts huachuca ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894, p.
349. (Separates published Dec. 7, 1894.)

In addition to the 4 specimens on which this subspecies was
based (I. c.), 3 have been since received, all being from the Hua-
chuca Mountains. These additional specimens, taken June 9 and
1g and July 3, by Mr. L. H. Miller, are in worn summer pelage,
but otherwise similar to those already described.

“Common in the Huachuca Mountains from the highest
peaks down to the base of the range, where I have found it
feeding on walnuts in the cafions and ravines. During the sum-
mer of 1893, with Mr. R. L. Wilbur, I found it abundant in
Ramsey Cajon, which that year had a good crop of walnuts.
Often we would see two or three in one tree feeding on the partially
ripe nuts. A series of over 40 specimens was secured. ‘These
squirrels often run upon the ground, but like best to jump from
branch to branch. They have a call similar to that of Abert’s
Squirrel. ‘They breed early, for by the middle of July we ob-
tained young, nearly full grown.” —W. W. P.

52. Nyctinomus nevadensis (7. Ad/en). Nevapa Bat.—
One specimen from the Chiricahua Mountains, as already recorded
(this Bulletin, VI, 1894, p. 326).

246 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

‘““A single specimen, a female, was taken on‘the ridge of the
Chiricahua Mountains at a small meadow called Fly’s Park, at
about 9500 feet, on the evening of June 22. Another large bat,
supposed to be of this species, was seen on the same evening.
These bats were associated with large numbers of JV. braszliensts,
and were flying from a dark cafon on the eastern slope of the
range over the summit to the west.”—W. W. P.

53. Nyctinomus brasiliensis /. Geoff. Housrt Bar.—Rep-
resented by 7 specimens, collected as follows: Huachuca Moun-
tains, 9 ad., May 22 (Price and Miller); Chiricahua Mountains, 1
male and 5 females, all adult, June 19-23 (Price and Condit).

The single male measures: Extent, 305 ; length, 102. The
females range as follows: Extent, 298 (290-308); length, 97

(94-100).

“These bats were abundant on the summit of the Chiricahua
Mountains during June. From soon after sunset until too dark
to see, a steady procession passed the summit from east to west.
They had a rather steady flight, and did not apear to be feeding.
Although they always appeared to fly from east to west, in the
evening, it is likely they had a breeding place in the jagged cliffs
on the east slope of the mountains, and returned there before
daybreak, after feeding on the west slope. A single specimen
was caught in a damp tunnel in the Huachuca Mountains on May
22. This species was exceedingly abundant at Fort Lowell
through the month of May. Many specimens were taken in the
cornice of the deserted hospital building.’—W. W. P.

54. Atalapha borealis (AZii//er'). Rep Bar. Represented
by an adult female and two nursing young, taken in the Chirica-
hua Mountains, June 27 (Price and Condit).

“A nursing female with two young a few days old, was taken
from the thick foliage of a peach tree at Wilgus P. O., at the west
base of the Chiricahua Mountains, on June 26.”—W. W, P.

1 Cf. Rhoads, Am. Nat., XXVIII, June, 1894, p. 523 ; Reprint of Ord’s Zodl., 1894, App., p. 3-

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 247

55. Atalapha cinerea (Acaw.). Hoary Bar.—A specimen
labeled : “Found on a wire fence, Huachuca Mountains, June
15, L. Miller,” consists of the complete skeleton and the hair,

“A single specimen was found dead on a fence in Miller’s
Canon in the Huachuca Mountains in May. This species was
found to be not uncommon in the range of mountains during the
summer of 1893.”—W. W. P.

56. Vesperugo hesperus (4. Aven). Picmy Bar.—One
specimen, @ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, June 2 (W. W. Price).
Expanse, 212 ; length, 77.

“A single specimen was shot flying over an alfalfa field at the
mouth of Rucker Cafion on June 2. A small bat, supposed to be
this species, was one of the earliest to be seen evenings at my
camp in Rucker Canon... They lived in cliffs on the caion side
and flew high, with a wavering flight.”—W. W. P.

57. Adelonycteris fusca (Aeauw.). Brown Bar.—Repre-
sented by 38 specimens, nearly all adult, and equaily divided as
to sex. They were collected as follows : Chiricahua Mountains,
May 31 to July rr (B.C. Condit), 12 males, 18 females = 30 speci-
mens ; White Mountains, August 7-16 (W. W. Price), 6 males and
2 females. With the exception that the younger specimens are
darker and smaller than the others, there is very little variation
in coloration or size, there being no appreciable sexual variation
in color, and very little in size. The females average slightly
larger than the males, as shown by the following summary of
measurements: 17 adult males, expanse, 326 (300-345); total
length, £14 (204-120): 17 adult females, expanse, 334 (310-354);
total length, 118 (111-125).

“Abundant everywhere, from the desert region about Fort
Lowell, to the summit of the Chiricahua Mountains, 10,000 feet
above sea level. A specimen taken May 30 contained several
foetuses. At Fly’s Park, on the summit of the Chiricahua range,
bats of this species were the first to appear after sunset. They
had homes in the dense forest of firs which walled one side of

248 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

the glade, and with Z. xoctvigans appeared to be the only bats
that lived on the summit of the Chiricahua Mountains. At the
saw mill on Rock Creek, on the west slope of the Chiricahuas,
every evening these bats, singly and in companies of fours and
fives, were seen flying down the cafion. At Cooley’s Ranch this
bat was abundant, outnumbering all the others. They appear to
roost in all conceivable places, in cliffs, barns, hollow trees, tun-
nels and culverts.” —W. W. P.

58. Lasionycteris noctivigans (Zecontc). SILVERY-HAIRED
Bar.—Three specimens, Chiricahua Mountains, June 11 and 23
(Price and Condit).

“Three specimens were taken and several others seen at Fly’s
Park, on the summit of the Chiricahua Mountains. They inhab-
ited the forest of firs, and at nightfall came into the glade to
feed.”—W. W. P.

59. Vespertilio nitidus 4. Allen. Catirornia Bar.—
Four specimens— @ ad., Chiricahua Mountains, June 29 (Price and
Condit). Forearm, 38; 3d metacarpal, 35; total length, 100;
expanse, 260. White Mountains, August 8 (W. W. Price), 2 males,
measuring respectively : forearm, 37 and 37; 3d metacarpel, 32
and 33; total length, 84 and 85; expanse, 245 and 250.

“Three specimens of this species were taken; one at the saw
millon Rock Creek, in the Chiricahua Mountains, on June 29,
and two at Cooley’s Ranch, in the White Mountains.” —W. W. P.

60. Vespertilio melanorhinus Merriam. BLACK-NOSED
Bat.—Two specimens are provisionally referred to this species,
namely, an adult male taken in the White Mountains, August 2
(B. C. Condit), and a male (apparently young) taken at San Ber-
nardino Ranch, May 4 (B. C. Condit). The White Mountain
specimen is of the same golden-brown color above as the type ;
the other is darker, more resembling the ordinary dark phase of

V. nitedus.

White Mts..... 4ad. Forearm, 32.5 Total length, 84 Expanse, 2.40
5, B. Ranech?, 2) Suv. * Br.5 = —_ is

1895. | Allen on Mammals From Arizona and Mexico. 249

“Mr. Condit obtained a single specimen of this species in one
of the buildings at San Bernardino Ranch on April 15, and on
July 29 a second specimen under a stone in the White Mountains
at an elevation of gooo feet.”—W. W. P.

61. Vespertilio evotus AH. Allen. Lonc-EARED Bat.—
One specimen, Huachuca Mountains, 4 ad., July 3 (L. H. Miller).
Forearm, 35; 3d phal., met. 1, 33; thumb, 6; total length, 85 ;
expanse, 237 ; height of ear from crown (in dry skin), 14; height
of tragus, 8. I also refer to this species an adult male from
the White Mountains (August 8, W. W. Price), which resembles
the other in size, color, and in all external features except that the
tragus in each ear is defective, being square, hollowed at the top,
and only about 2mm. long. Thisstrange condition may be due to
malformation or to mutilation in life, as the two stumps are not
quite symmetrical in outline, the upper border of the tragus hav-
ing a different outline in the two ears.

“Mr. Miller obtained a single male from the thick branches of
an oak in the Huachuca Mountains, and I collected one specimen
at Cooley’s Ranch on August 15, which flew into the house after
dark attracted by the light.” —W. W. P.

62. Vespertilio lucifugus Zecente. BLUNT-NosED Bat.—
Two specimens, from Cooley’s Ranch, White Mountains, are here
referred to what has usually passed current as Vespertilio lucifugus,
of which species it seems to be a western form, the type locality
of Leconte’s V. /ucifugus being South Carolina.

‘““A single specimen was shot at Cooley’s Ranch, flying over a
small pond by a house, feeding.” —W. W. P.

63. Antrozous pallidus (Zeconte). Pate Bar.—One speci-
men, ¢ ad., Cooley’s Ranch, White Mountains, Aug. 15 (W. W.
Price).

“A single specimen was taken at Cooley’s Ranch in the White
Mountains on Aug. 15. Bats supposed to be of this species were
rather common flying high over the pines about the ranch _ build-

250 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

ings. ‘They appeared early in the evening, but flew high and
were difficult to secure.”—W. W. P.

64. Procyon lotor hernandezii (/Vag/.). BuAack-roorEeD
Raccoon.—Two specimens, an adult male and an adult female,
taken at La Noira (at head of Santa Cruz River, ten miles north
of the Mexican town of Santa Cruz), Feb. 1 (Condit and Morgan),
are provisionally identified as above. ‘They represent the pale
southern form of P. Zofor. ‘The measurements of these two speci-
mens are as follows : Total length, 2, 808, 2, 815; tail vertebre,
3:5 280, 2.3285 hind.footy.d ,/120, 94 me0;) ent oy 62a eeae

“Raccoons were common in willow thickets along the Rillito
Creek at Fort Lowell, and about Fairbank on the San Pedro
River. The tracks of a few were seen along the streams at the
base of the Huachuca Mountains, and a male and female were
taken from a hollow oak at the International Line just south of
Huachuca Mountains. On the night previous there had been a
light fall of snow, and the animals were easily tracked to the oak.
I did not see any signs of them in the Chiricahua Mountains, and
old settlers informed me that they were not found in the range.
At Cooley’s they were destructive to growing corn, pulling down
the stalks, and eating the soft ears. ‘The Apache Indians are in
many places compelled to guard their fields during the corn
season on account of the ravages of this pest.”—W. W. P.

65. Mephitis estor Merriam. ARrizoNA SKUNK.— Two
specimens —a very old maie and an old female—from Fairbank,
taken respectively Feb. 27 and March 5 (Price and Condit) are
referred to this species. ‘Chey present extremes of variation in
color, the male having the principal part of the dorsal area, in-
cluding the upper surface of the tail, white, with the underfur
from the shoulders posteriorly dingy gray. There is also a narrow
white lateral line, and a median band of white on the ventral
surface, broad over the pectoral region, narrower and somewhat
interrupted posteriorly. The lower surface and apical portion of
the tail is somewhat mixed with black, white prevailing. ‘The
usual frontal white stripe is reduced, however, to a narrow line.

1895.| Allen on Mammats from Arizona and Mexico. 251

The female is entirely black, except for a frontal stripe of
white, and a white lateral line, very narrow anteriorly but widen-
ing posteriorly where it forms a broad band. ‘The tail is black,
with a small white terminal pencil, and much white at the base of
the hairs, increasing in extent proximally, where many wholly
white hairs are intermixed.

These specimens measure respectively : Total length, 2, 545,
@ , 682; tail vertebre, $ , 268, 2, 376; hind foot, 6, 68, 2 ,60; ear,
4, 34, 2,29. The skulls measure: Total length (front of base
of incisors to posterior border of occipital condyles), 4, 66, 9 , 61;
greatest zygomatic breadth, 4, 44,2, 39. In both the teeth are
well worn, but more so in the male. In this specimen the tail is
abnormally short.

Since the above was written three additional specimens have
been received from Fort Lowell, two of them taken Jan. 9g and 16
(Price and Condit), and the other March 18 (Price and Miller).
These measure as follows :

Orig. No. Sex. Total length. | Tail vertebra. Hind foot. Ear.
382 2 685 330 64 30
374 5 675 355 65 28

2004 3 630 280 72 2

The first two are without skulls; the skull of the other (No.
2004, dad.) measures 69 by 44. In this specimen the back is
white with a narrow band of black posteriorly, and the tail is
white at the base, along the sides, and at the tip. No. 382 ( 9 ad.)
has a lateral white stripe running from the ear to the base of the
tail, very narrow for the anterior third of its length, with a narrow
broken white line above it, at the shoulders. ‘There is a well-
developed frontal stripe, but no white on the nape or anywhere
on the dorsal region between the white lateral bands. ‘The tip of
the tail has a long white pencil, and there is a tuft of white hairs
on either side of the lower surface of the tail at its base. The
other specimen (No. 374, ¢ad.) has the usual frontal stripe, a
broad white nape patch, continued posteriorly as far as the
shoulders, and ending in a point. The rest of the body and tail

252 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

are entirely black, except a few white hairs (about ten) at the tip
of the tail, and a small amount of concealed white at the base of
the tail hairs for the entire length of the tail.’

“Two specimens of this species were taken at Fairbank during
February and March. ‘lhe species was common at Fairbank, and
often during the night carried off many small traps containing
kangaroo rats and mice. Specimens were also taken at Fort
Lowell and in the Catalina Mountains. It is probably distributed
over the entire region.” ——W. W. P.

66. Spilogale gracilis Merriam. LirrLe Srripep SKUNK.
—Represented by two adult females from the Huachuca Moun-
tains, taken Jan. 28 (Price and Condit). They measure respec-
tively as follows: Total length, 325 and 338; tail vertebrae, 125
and 116; hind foot, 38 and 4o; ear, 28 and 26.

HPA 6

I'wo specimens were trapped in a meat house at a ranch near
my camp in the Huachuca Mountains in January. I obtained
evidence of the occurrence of the Little Striped Skunk at many
other places, but saw no other specimens.”’—W. W. P.

67. Bassariscus astutus® (Zicft.). RING-TAILED Cat.—One
specimen, ¢ ad., Huachuca Mountains, Feb. 1 (Price and Con-
dit). Measurements: Total length, 720 ; tail vertebrae, 345; hind
foot, 68 ; ear, 50.

“ A single male was caught in a trap at my camp in the Hua-
chuca Mountains, Jan. 31, 1894. This species is rare in the
Huachucas, though a few are killed every year by the miners and
wood-choppers. ‘They sometimes come into the houses, and when
young can be tamed, and are as playful as kittens. In the Chiri-
cahua Mountains a single specimen had been killed several years
previous to my visit, the only case of its capture of which I
could find evidence.” —W. W. P.

1 For further notes on the variability of the Skunks of Arizona referred to Wefhitis estor, see
Mearns (this Bulletin, III, pp. 258-262,) and Allen (this Bulletin. VI, pp. 194-106).

2 Mr Rhoads has recently proposed (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 413-418—sepa-
rates dated Jan. 27, 1894) to separate *‘ the Bassarisks of Northern Mexico and the United
States’’ from the true 2. astutus of southern Mexico, under the name of Bassartscus astutus
flavus.

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 253

68. Urocyon cinereo-argenteus scottii (A/carns). Scorr’s
Fox.
Urocyon virginianus scottii MEARNS, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. III, No. 2,

1891, p. 236. Pinal County, Arizona.

Two specimens, as follows: An adult female, Fairbank, March
1 (Price and Condit). Measurements: Total length, 925 ; tail
vertebra, 420; hind foot, 127; ear, 76. An adult male, Cooley’s
Ranch, White Mountains, Sept. 4 (J. Diefenbach). Measure-
ments: Total length, 906; tail vertebra, 363; hind foot, 121 ;
ear, 79.

“Scott’s Fox was seen over the entire region, but only two
specimens were taken, one in March at Fairbank, and one at
Cooley’s Ranch in September by Mr. Diefenbach. They were
heard howling nearly every night at my camp in the Huachuca
Mountains during the summer of 1893.”—W. W. P.

69. Lynx baileyi Merriam. PLATEAU Lynx.—Represented
by two specimens : 4 ad., Huachuca Mountains, Feb. 1 (Price and
Condit); @ad., Fairbank, March 12 (Price and Condit). The
Huachuca specimen measures: Total length, 770; tail vertebrze,
155; hind foot, 165; ear, 80. The Fairbank specimen measures:
Total length, 847; tail vertebra, 147; hind foot, 172 ; ear, 86.

“Wild Cats were not uncommon over the entire country. Their
tracks were seen on the summit of the Chiricahua Mountains,
10,000 feet above sea level. In the Huachuca Mountains a large
male was caught ina trap in the day-time. Another was shot
from a willow tree at Fairbank.”—W. W. P.

70. Felis concolor Zinn. PanrHEer; Mountain Lion.—
One skull, 2 ad., Huachuca Mountains, Feb. 16.

“The ‘Mountain Lion’ is restricted to the brushy and timbered
mountains of the entire region. Occasionally this beast travels
across the valleys from one range to another. One was seen on
the San Pedro River above the town of Fairbank in February.
It killed a colt in a pasture, and was tracked by dogs a dozen

254 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

miles eastward into the Mule Mountains. In the Huachuca
Mountains this animal is common. On Feb. 16, at nightfall near
the summit of the range, two lions came mewing about the door
of a miner’s cabin. The man shot through the door, killing one,
a gaunt female. The next day he threw the skinned carcass a
short distance from the house. During the night the other lion
came and ate nearly the whole of it ; on the following evening the
animal again returned, uttering a low peculiar cry. The miner
wounded this one, but it escaped into the thick brush. In com-
pany with the man I trailed the beast some distance through the
snow, but we finally lost the track. The man kindly gave me the
skull of the female he had killed. In the Chiricahua Mountains
lions are exceedingly troublesome to the raisers of colts and don-
keys. In some cafions horse ranges have become nearly depopu-
lated by the ravages of this animal. Just before my arrival in
Rucker Cafion a lion killed a mare weighing over 1500 pounds.
Mr. Condit found the tracks of this animal at timberline on the
White Mountains.”—W. W. P.

I1I.—List oF MAMMALS OBSERVED IN THE REGION,
BUT OF WHICH NO SPECIMENS WERE SAVED.

By W. W. PRICcE.!

1. Covore. Canis latrans Szy.—Abundant over the entire
region. Scarcely a night passed that bands were not heard howl-
ing, or their tracks seen in the neighborhood of our camps.

2. Gray Wotr. [Canis lupus nubilis (Say). ? Canis lupus
mextcanus (Linn.).|—This animal is the terror of the cattle and
sheep men. A full-grown wolf is strong enough to pull down a
cow, and stories are rife among the cattlemen of a band attacking
and killing the strongest steer. It is found over the entire region,
though more especially in the mountainous parts. We saw it on
several occasions during our stay in the country.

{! In some instances Mr. Price, in the following list, omitted to supply scientific names, or
used names recently supplanted by others; these | have supplied or changed, as the case may

have required, changes from the manuscript being indicated by inclosing the names in brackets.
= ACTAG|

1895. | Allen on Mammals from Arizona and Mexico. 255

3. LONG-EARED Fox. [Vulpes macrotis MMZerriam.|—This
fox is not uncommon on the San Simon Plain east of the Chiricahua
Mountains, judging from the reports given me by the cattlemen.
I heard of one specimen being taken at Fort Lowell previous to my
arrival. I saw what I supposed to be a fox of this species early
one morning while riding from the Chiricahua Mountains to San
Bernardino Ranch.

| There are two Arizona specimens in the Museum Collection
—one from Tucson, collected by W. E. D. Scott, and one from
near Maricopa, collected by Dr. E. A. Mearns.—J. A. A.|

4. Buack Bear. [Ursus americanus /a//as|.—Bears are
found in all the mountainous and wooded regions of both Arizona
andSonora. At Rucker Cajfion, in the Chiricahua Mountains, they
were quite common during March and April. They had evidently
left hibernation and were migrating. Bands of three or four,
judging from the tracks, frequently passed through the canon.
They were common in the White Mountains during August,
where several were seen in the glades digging for roots and bulbs.
Mr. Condit killed one on Aug. 4.

5. SILVER-TIPPED Bear. Ursus horribilis >—This huge bear
is said by the natives to inhabit all the mountains, but this
needs verification. So far as I was able to learn, only one ‘silver
tip’ had been killed in southern Arizona in recent years. The
skin of this one is now in the possession of Mr. J. H. Slaughter,
owner of San Bernardino Ranch, and was killed by one of his
men near Guadaloupe Cation.

6. Sorex, sp. ?.—A Shrew undoubtedly inhabits the fir belt of
the principal mountain ranges. Dr. A. K. Fisher obtained two
specimens on the summit of the Chiricahua Mountains near
running water. I have seen its tracks on the Graham and the
White Mountains. On one occasion I caught a tail of one in my
trap.

7. WeasEL. Putorius
feet elevation in the Huachuca Mountains during 1893, and from

?—A weasel was taken at gooo

2 56 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1,

casual observation I supposed it to be P. braszliensis frenatus.
The odor of weasels was noticed in both the Chiricahua and
White Mountains, but no specimens were seen.

8. Bapcer. [Taxidea taxus berlandieri (Zaird).|—
Badgers are common on the plains of the whole region. One was
shot in 1893 at Fort Lowell, and is now in the collection at Stan-
ford University. They are even found as high as Cooley’s
Ranch, in the White Mountains.

g. SporteD Cat. Felis, sp. ?.—A spotted cat has been seen
about the Chiricahua Mountains on several occasions, and I saw
a Mexican who had a saddle-bag made of a skin of one taken —
near Guadaloupe Cajion.

10. Beaver. Castor canadensis Aw//.—The Beaver is
still to be found along the San Pedro and Gila Rivers. On the
headwaters of the San Pedro, in Sonora, a colony of a dozen or
more had their lodges up to 1893, when a trapper nearly exter-
minated them. All the streams in the White Mountains have
beaver dams in them, although most of the animals have been
trapped.

tr, Pattip Muskrat. Fiber zibethicus pallidus d/earns.
—Muskrats are found in the San Pedro River at Fairbank, and
presumably at other points. A muskrat was common in Showlow
Creek at Showlow, where were many trails leading from a pond
up into an alfalfa field bordering it. Although we set traps for
them, we did not secure any.

12. Sciurus, sp. ?.—A large Red Squirrel is rare in the Chiri-
cahua Mountains, where I heard of it on several occasions
through the settlers. According to them the animal is found in
very diversified situations. A pair lived in 1893 in dense fir woods
at the head of Rucker Canon in the southern part of the range. In
Morse’s Cation, in the central part of the range, in 1892—'93, they
were not uncommon at a low elevation, feeding on the cones of
Pinus edulis. 1 searched diligently in both of these localities,

™%

1895.| Allen on Mammats from Arizona and Mexico. 257

but no traces of them could be found. However, in dense fir
woods on the summit of the range, I found gnawed cones on
several occasions, but I did not see the animals. Dr. A. K.
Fisher, of the Agricultural Department at Washington, who was
camping near me on the summit, had the good fortune to secure
a single specimen in deep fir woods on June 17.. Mr. Condit saw
a large red squirrel in the pines on the north slope of the Mogol-
lon Mesa near Showlow on August 22. He is familiar with the
Red Squirrel of the Eastern States, and thought it was that. It
could not be captured.

13. AnTELorpE. Antilocapra americana O7d¢—Antelopes
are still to be found on the plains of most of the region. Several
bands were found along the bases of the Huachuca and Chiri-
cahua Mountains. The most we saw in any band was twelve—
a very different story from that told by old settlers of bands of
hundreds, which in the early days trampled down the grass like
sheep. We also found them in the juniper belt of the north slope
of the Mogollon Mesa.

14. BLACK-TAILED Deer. [Dorcelaphus hemionus “a/.’].
—Still to be found in the foothills and ravines of the lower
mountain ranges. They prefer a rather open country with oak
woods. ‘They were formerly exceedingly abundant, but, like the
Antelope, will soon become practically extinct. Some few bands
still live along the west slope of the Huachuca Mountains. At a
ranch house we saw some very fine antlers which had been taken
during the fall of 1893.

15. Erx. Cervus canadensis 4rx/.—So far as we could
learn this animal is now confined to a small area in the higher

1 [Cervus hemionus Rar., Am. Month. Mag., I, Oct., 1817, p. 436. Mule Deer of the Upper
Missouri region. ‘

Cervus auritus WARDEN, Descrip. statis. hist. et pol. des Etats-Unis de l’Amer., Sept., V. 1820,
p. 640. The Mule Deer of Lewis and Clark. In the English ed., 1819, I, p. 245, and IIT,
p. 172, it is mentioned simply as the Mule Deer.

Cervus auritus DESM., Mamm., II, 1822, p. 443. From Warden, as above.

Cervus macrotis Say, Long’s Exped., II, 1823, p. 88.

Rafinesque, on the basis of Le Raye’s brief description of the Mule Deer of the Upper
Missouri region, gives, under the name Cervus hemionus, a fair diagnosis of the Mule Deer of
the early explorers of this region, to which Sayin 1823 gave the name Cervus macrotis. There
is also no question of the pertinency here of the name Cervus auritus given by Warden in 1820,
over which, however, Rafinesque’s name has three years’ priority.—J. A. A.|

[August, 1895.] LF

258 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII]

White Mountains. Several were seen, and a fine male was shot at
about gooo feet elevation, on August to. They feed in the dense
fir woods and glades which clothe the upper slopes of the moun-
tains.

Mountain SHEEP. [Ovis cervina Desm.'|—Not uncommon
on the bare rocky spurs of the Santa Catalina Mountains, where
they were seen during 1894. Several were killed in the fall of
1893 by an Indian hunter, and the meat sold to settlers at the
foot of the mountains. Some are also said to be found on the
rocky, eastern flanks of the Chiricahua Mountains, but I found no
positive evidence of their occurrence there. They are said to be
found in the White Mountains, but none were seen there by our

party.

[! The proper specific designation of the Big-horn or Mountain Sheep has long been in doubt.
In 1817 this animal was called by Cuvier Ovzs montana, he at the same time wrongly
attributing the name to Geoffroy. Although there was a prior Owzs montana, given by
Ord in 1815 to the Rocky Mountain Goat, this name passed current for the Big-horn till
1880, when Alston (Biol. Centr.-Am. Mam., 1880, p. 111) revived for it Ovzs cervina Desm.,
giving, however, not the place and date of its first publication. Mr. Rhoads has since
reverted to the subject (Reprint of Ord’s Zoél., 1894, p. 25), and, among other things, says:
“Shaw (Nat. Misc., XV, t. 610) figured and described this species under the name Ovwzs
canadensis, but this work, being without any date whatever, the name is unavailable. though
it probably has priority over any other.’’ Very recently Mr. C. Davies Sherborn has published
in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ (April, 1895, PP. 375 376) a short paper
‘On the Dates of Shaw and Nodder’s “ Naturalist’s Miscellany,’’’ from which it appears
(granting that the work was published at the uniform rate supposed, of which proof is lack-
ing), that plate 610 showld have been published in December, 1803. If there was any delay,
even of but a few weeks, the part containing this plate could not have appeared till early
in 1804. On the other hand, there is no question of the publication of Desmarest’s name
Ovis cervina in 1804. There can be a difference at most of but a few months in the publica-
tion of two names. Obviously the name having a positive date should have preference. (See
A. O. U. Code of Nomenclature, Canon XLX, second paragraph under * Remarks.’ Biddulph
(P. Z. S., 1885, pp. 682-684), in 1885, supposing O. cervzZna Desm. to date from 1818, adopted
Shaw’s name canadensis, the date of which he gives as ‘* in or about r1804.”’

The history of this interesting case may be briefly presented as follows:

Belier de Montagne, ¥. GEorrroy, Ann. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., II, 1803, pp. 369-363, pl. 60.
Canada, lat. 50°, long. 115’ =Rocky Mountains, in southern part of present Alberta,
Can. (No technical name given.)

Ovis cervina DesMareEstT, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., XXIV, 1804, p. 5. Based exclusively on
the above, the species here first receiving a scientific name.

Ovis cervina DESMAREST. Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. (nouy. éd.), XXI, 1818, p. 553. Same
in substance as the last, and is the reference usually cited. Desmarest here errone-
ously cites ** Ovzs montana Geoffr.,”’ and gives the plate as “ pl. 40” instead of pl. 60,
and omits the page reference.

“ Outs cervina DESMARETS’’ RAFINESQUE, Am. Month. Mag., I, Oct., 1817, p. 436. Correctly
attributes the name to Desmarest, but cites the date (by typographical error) as “ 1614”
instead of 1804.

Ovis cervina ALSTON, Biol. Centr.-Am. Mam., 1880, p. 111 (ex Desmarest, at 1818).

“Outs canadensis SHAW, Nat. Misc., XV, pl. 60’’ (no date: about Jan., 1804). Apparently
based also on the Berlier de Montagne of Geoffroy. (1am unable to verify this refer-
ence; judging from contemporary literature, Shaw’s name, description and figure were
doubtless based on Geoffroy, as above cited.)

Ovis canadensis BIDDULPH, P. Z. S., 1885, p. 683 (in text). From Shaw, as above.

Ovis montana Cuvier, Régne An., I, 1817, p. 267. Cites Geoffroy, and wrongly attributes
to him the name Ovwzs montana —J. A. A.]

Article VII.—LIST OF MAMMALS COLLECTED IN
THE BLACK HILLS REGION OF SOUTH DAKOTA
AND IN WESTERN KANSAS BY MR. WALTER W.
GRANGER, WITH FIELD NOTES BY THE COL-
LECTOR.

By J. A. ALLEN.

During the season of 1894 the Paleontological Expedition
from the Museum, under the direction of Dr. J. L. Wortman, was
accompanied by Mr. Walter W. Granger, an assistant in the
Museum, who was sent into the field to utilize the opportunities
for field work afforded by the Expedition. Mr. Granger gave
most of his time to collecting the small mammals of the regions
visited, but also collected many birds and reptiles. The mam-
mals obtained number about 600 specimens, representing 42
species.

The first stop was at Pendennis, Lane County, Kansas, where
three days were spent, namely, May 8-10. Here 23 small mam-
mals were obtained, representing 7 species, one of which (Veo/oma
campestris Allen) proved to be new.

The objective point of the Expedition was the Bad Lands of
the White River Miocene, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation,
South Dakota. Here Mr. Granger collected for a month (May 16
to June 14) in the early part of summer, and again for ten days
in August (Aug. 18-27). In July he left the Expedition for a
trip into the Black Hills, stopping en route at a ranch on Spring
Creek from June 19 to July 4; also at a ranch on the Cheyenne
River from July 5 to July 13; and on Squaw Creek from July 20
to July 23. Custer, in the Black Hills, was reached July 24,
where Mr. Granger remained till August 9, when he moved camp
to Hill City, some twenty-five miles north of Custer, where he
spent three days, returning thence to join the Expedition again
in the Bad Lands. Here work was continued till August 28.
About a week in the early part of September was again spent in
the Black Hills, at the abandoned tin mine known as Glendale.

[259]

260 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

Later about six weeks (Sept. 14-Nov. 2) were spent at Long
Island, Phillips County, Kansas, where zodlogical collecting was
carried on incidentally in connection with field work in paleon-
tology.

Although the material here under notice was gathered in part
at quite distant localities, it has seemed best to combine the
results of Mr. Granger’s work into a single consecutive list, giy-
ing also nominal lists of the species obtained at each of the
principal localities.

The following descriptive account of the localities visited is
based on notes kindly furnished by Mr. Granger.

Pendennis, Lane Co., Kans.—I\n the prairie region of west-
central Kansas. Most of the collecting was done in the ‘ cafions,’
from ten to a hundred feet wide and thirty to forty feet in depth.
A few wild currant bushes and other small shrubs grow along the
bottom of these cafions. Here the following species of mammals
were obtained : ;

Perodipus richardsoni. Reithrodontomys dychei nebrascensis.
Perognathus paradoxus. Peromyscus leucopus texanus.
Neotoma campestris. Spermophilus tridecemlineatus pallidus.

Onychomys leucogaster.

Long Island, Phillips Co., Kans.—Northern border of central
Kansas. ‘The following species were obtained here :

LLepus campestris. Sciurus niger ludovicianus.

Lepus melanotis. Spermophilus tridecemlineatus pallidus.
Lepus sylvaticus bachmani. Cynomys ludovicianus.

Geomys lutescens. Scalops aquaticus argentatus,

Mus decumanus. Mephitis mesomelas.

Mus musculus. Spilogale interrupta.

Peromyscus leucopus texanus.

Corral Draw, Pine River Indian Reservation, South Dakota.—
In the Bad Lands, between the Cheyenne and White Rivers, at the
southeastern base of the Black Hills. Altitude about 3500 to
4ooo feet. The country is rough and broken, consisting of alter-
nating buttes and cafions, cut in gray clay, interbedded with
occasional layers of sandstone. Some of the cafions are quite
deep, their sides formed of ledges of sandstone, and with water-
worn caves in the intervening beds of clay.

"ee

1895. | Allen, Mammats from the Black Hills Region. 261

Corral Draw is one of the many ‘draws’ or valleys that lead
from the interior of the bad lands down to the Cheyenne River, a
distance of about ten miles. These draws are beds of creeks,
which are dry except after heavy rains. The vegetation is gener-
ally scanty. A few of the higher buttes are flat-topped, and their
level summits are well covered with a good growth of grass, cacti,
sunflowers and other coarse plants. Sheep Mountain, the most
prominent of these buttes, is covered with low cedars, which also
grow in clumps on the slopes of some of the other buttes. In
Corral Draw the soil is sandy and supports good grass. Cotton-
woods extend about half way up the draw from the Cheyenne
River.

Spring Creek, S. Dak.—Spring Creek rises in the Black Hills
and runs into the South Fork of the Cheyenne River. After
leaving the Hills it passes through fertile prairie lands its entire
length. It is bordered by boxelder, cottonwoods, plumb thickets,
willows, wild currants, and rank weeds and grass. The specimens
labeled as from Spring Creek were taken at a ranch seven miles
from its entrance into Cheyenne River.

Cheyenne River, S. Dak—The specimens labeled as from
Cheyenne River were taken at the mouth of Spring Creek, and
hence well out from the Hills. The species obtained here were
the same as those from Corral Draw, with the following in
addition: Perodipus richardsoni, Corynorhinus townsendt, and
Taxidea taxus. Vhese doubtless also occur at the former locality.

Sguaw Creek, Custer Co., S. Dak.—A small creek just in the
edge of the pine forests of the Black Hills. Altitude about 3000
feet. The cafon through which the creek passes is wooded with
aspens, willows, boxelders and other deciduous trees. ‘The few
mammals obtained here belong distinctively to the Black Hills
fauna.

Custer, Black Hills, S. Dak.—Altitude 5500 feet. In the pine
forests of the Black Hills. The collecting here was done in one
of the numerous small parks near the town of Custer. This little
park was about a mile and a half long by half a mile wide, and

262 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

is drained by French Creek, which passes lengthwise through it.
It is surrounded by pine forests. The land in the park is now
mostly under cultivation.

ffill City and Glendale Mine.—These two localities are practi-
cally the same, as regards elevation and surroundings, as Custer.

The South Dakota mammals are found to fall rather sharply
into two groups, those from the Bad Lands (Corral Draw, Spring
Creek, and Cheyenne River) and those from the Black Hills
(Custer, Hill City, Glendale, and Spring Creek). The two cate-
gories compare as follows :

Black Hills.

Lepus sylvaticus grangeri.

Thomomys talpoides.

Zapus princeps.

Neotoma grangeri.
Peromyscus leucopus arcticus.
Microtus longicaudus.
Microtus insperatus.

Evotomys gapperi brevicaudus.
Fiber zibethicus pallidus.
Arctomys dacota.

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus pallidus.

Tamias quadrivittatus borealis.
Sciurus hudsonicus dakotensis.

Sorex forsteri.
Putorius longicaudus.

Bad Lands.

Lepus sylvaticus nuttalli,
Lepus campestris.
Thomomys talpoides.
Perodipus richardsoni.
Perognathus paradoxus.
Perognathus fasciatus.
Erethizon epizanthus.

Neotoma rupicola.
Peromyscus |. nebrascensis.

Microtus haydeni.

Cynomys ludovicianus.
Spermophilus t. pallidus.
Tamias minimus. :
Adelonycteris fusca.
Vespertilio ciliolabrum.
Corynorhinus townsendi.

Taxidea taxus.

The above lists are of course not. exhaustive for the localities
treated, and more of the species are common to the two regions
than these comparative lists indicate. It 1s interesting to note
that there are several representative or parallel forms, according
in coloration and in other features with their respective surround-
ings, as strikingly illustrated in the genera Lepus, Peromyscus,
Neotoma, and Tamias.

1895.| Allen, Mammals from the Black Hills Region. 263

A few species are included of which no specimens were obtained,
these being given on the authority of Mr. Granger. They are
mainly the larger game and fur-bearing animals of the Black Hills
region, respecting which Mr. Granger gives interesting informa-
tion.’

The collection contained a number of forms believed to be new,
and as such were mostly described in the preceding volume of
this Bulletin (Vol. VI, pp. 320, 322-326, 346). They are as
follows :

Lepus sylvaticus grangeri.” Neotoma rupicola.
Neotoma campestris. Microtus insperatus.
Neotoma grangeri. Sciurus hudsonicus dakotensis.

1. Cervus canadensis Zrx/. E.x.— The Elk has been
extinct in the Black Hills for several years, but the numerous
antlers which are to be seen at nearly every ranch show that it
was recently not uncommon.’—W. W. G.

2. Dorcelaphus hemionus (/a/.). Mute Derr ; BLack-
TAILED DrER.—‘ Numerous in the Black Hills. About extinct
in the Bad Lands.’”’—W. W. G.

3. Dorcelaphus virginianus macrourus (/a/.)... WuiTeE-
TAILED DEER.—“ Two White-tailed Deer came to an oat field
near camp one morning at Custer. They were the only ones I
saw.’—W. W. G.

4. Antilocapra americana Ord. ANTELopE.—* Becoming
very scarce south of the Belle Fourche River, and entirely
exterminated in the vicinity of Spring Creek.”—W. W. G.

5. Ovis cervina Desm. Mountain SHEEP.—“I was told
of the presence of a small herd of Mountain Sheep in the vicin-
ity of Harney Peak, in the Black Hills. In the Bad Lands they
are quite common. Several were seen by our party, and their

1 Mr. Granger’s field notes are distinguished by marks of quotation and his initials
(W. W. G.).

2 Described below, p. 264.

3 Cervus macrourus RAFINESQUE, Am. Month. Mag., I, Oct., 1817, p. 436. Based on the
“long-tailed deer’? of Charles Le Raye’s Journal. Cf Baird (Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 652)
on the probable availability of the name Cervus macrourus Raf. for the White-tailed Deer of
the Upper Missouri and Upper Platte region, as against C. Zewcurus Douglas based on a deer
from the Columbia River.

264 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

tracks could be seen at any time. ‘They live mostly in the high
flat-topped buttes, where there is good grass.’’—W. W. G.

6. Lepus campestris Zach. PRairir HARE ; WHITE-TAILED
Jack Rappit.—Corral Draw, May 25, 2 specimens ; Long Island,
Kans., Sept. 24 and Oct. 27, 2 specimens.

7. Lepus melanotis J/earns. EasteERN BLACK-EARED
Jack Rapsit.—Long Island, Kans.,. Sept. 17-Nov. 2, 8 speci-
mens.

8. Lepus sylvaticus bachmani (/Vater/.). TEXAN Woop
Hare.—Long Island, Kans., Sept. 15-Oct. 29, to specimens.

In general features these specimens greatly resemble the form
of Wood Hare of the coast region of Texas. They are, however,
somewhat larger, but not otherwise sensibly different.

Five adult females and three adult males measure as follows :
Total length, 399 (372-432) ; tail vertebra, 55 (51-63.5) ; hind
foot, 93 (89-95).

9. Lepus sylvaticus nuttalli 2ach. Nurra.i’s Woop
Hare.—Corral Draw, May 23 and Aug. 22-26, 7 specimens ;
Battle Creek, May 28, 1 specimen ; Cheyenne River, July 7-12,
6 specimens.

Of these 14 specimens 8 are young in various stages of imma-
turity. ‘They are provisionally referred to the northern interior
form of the sy/vaéicus group, specimens from the type locality of
nuttalli (Columbia River region) being unavailable for compari-
son.

10. Lepus sylvaticus grangeri, subsp. nov.

BLAcK HILLS Woop HARE.

A series of 6 specimens from Hill City, in the Black Hills
(Aug. ro, 11), represent a form of the sy/vaticus group very dif-
ferént from that found in the bad lands and creek bottoms of the
adjoining country to the eastward, the differences being shown
quite as strikingly by the half-grown young of the two forms as
by the adults.

1895.| Allen, Mammals from the Black Hills Region. 265

Size medium ; ears small and heavily clothed, as are also the feet ; colora-
tion dark. Dorsal region dull vinaceous buff, minutely varied with black and
gray, becoming purer gray posteriorly, and dull yellowish gray on the sides.
Inner edge of thighs buffy; rest of lower parts pure white, with the usual
pectoral collar of grayish brown. Ears small, externally dusky varied with
gray, well clothed on both surfaces.

Measurements.—TVotal length (average of two adults), 353; tail vertebra,
53; hind foot, 90; ear (from notch), 60.

Type, No. 3933, 6 ad., Hill City, Custer Co., S. Dak., Aug. 11, 1894;
W. W. Granger.

Young in first pelage resemble the adults in coloration, except that the tints
are duller.

This is a mountain form, comparable with Z. s. pnetis of the
White Mountains of Arizona (see this Bulletin, VI, 1894, p. 348),
which form it strongly recalls in its dark coloration and small
hairy ears. Its coloration is in strong contrast with that of the
form inhabiting the adjoining open country to the eastward, the
pale yellowish tints of the latter being replaced in the mountain
form by pale vinaceous.

11. Erethizon epizanthus Arandt. YELLOW-HAIRED Por-

CUPINE.—“‘ Not uncommon along the Cheyenne, and in the Bad
Maads..——W, W.G.

12. Geomys lutescens Merriam. LuTESCENT POCKET
GopHeEer.—Long Island, Phillips Co., Kans., Sept. 16—Oct. 13,
5 specimens.

13. Thomomys talpoides (Avch.). Gray Pocker GOPHER.
—Corral Draw, May 23-June 14, 4 specimens; Spring Creek,
July 5, 1 specimen ; Custer, July 27, 1 specimen. As shown by
the above list of localities, this species is found not only in the
prairie country at the base of the Black Hills, but in the small
parks in the Black Hills, at an altitude of 5500 feet.

14. Perodipus richardsoni A//en. RicHarpson’s KAN-
GAROO Rav.—Pendennis, Lane Co., Kans., May 8, 1 specimen
( ¢ ad.) ; Cheyenne River, Custer Co.,S. Dak., July 7-10, 3 speci-
mens (1 gad. and 2 2@ im.).

266 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

15. Perognathus paradoxus Merriam. Larcre PocKEer
Mouse.—Pendennis, Kans., May 8, 1 specimen (4 ad.) ; Corral
Draw, Aug. 23-25, 8 specimens, including three quarter-grown
young ; Corral Draw, Aug. 27, 1 specimen (a nursling).

The young in first pelage differ greatly in coloration from the
adults, the whole dorsal surface being drab-gray, with no trace of
a fulvous lateral line. At the next stage, or when about one-
fourth grown, they are fuliginous brown above, varied with ful-
vous-tipped hairs, with, however, the fulvous lateral line well
developed, but in general coloration still very unlike the adults.

16. Perognathus fasciatus Wied. Maximiiian’s PocKEr
MousrE.—Cheyenne River, July 7, 1 specimen (¢@ im.); Corral
Draw, Aug. 20-27, 5 specimens (4 and @ ad., and three young
about one-third grown).

Very young specimens show only a faint trace of the pale
yellow lateral line, and they are grayer above with less olive than
adults.

17. Zapus princeps 4//en. Rocky MouNTAIN JUMPING
Mousr.—Two specimens (one a skull only without skin), collec-
ted Aug. 6 at Corral Draw, are provisionally referred to this
species. While closely agreeing with this species in coloration
and in cranial characters, it differs from it in the possession of
much larger ears, in this respect resembling Z. ¢/7notatus Rhoads.

18. Fiber zibethicus pallidus Mearns. Pate Muskrat.—
Custer, Aug. 4-9, 7 specimens; Hill City, Aug. ro, 2 specimens.
These examples seem quite as pale and as small as typical speci-
mens of pallidus from Arizona. Unfortunately, however, meas-
urements taken from the fresh specimens are lacking.

‘Common on nearly all of the creeks which have their origin
in the Black Hills.”—W. W. G.

19. Microtus (Mynomes) longicaudus (Jd/erriam). —
LONG-TAILED MEADOW MOUSE.

Arvicola (Myonomes) longicaudus MERRIAM, Am. Nat. Oct. 1888, p. 935.
Custer, S. Dakota.

1895. | Allen, Mammats from the Black Hills Region. 267

Three adult specimens, collected at Custer (the type locality of
the species), July 25—Aug. 9.

20. Microtus (Mynomes) insperatus 4//en. BLack HiLis
Merapow Mouse.

Arvicola insperatus ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. VI, 1894, p. 347.

Four specimens, Custer, July 25—Aug. 9, and one specimen,
Hill City, Aug. 11, as already noted (c/. this Bulletin, 1. c.).

This may be a form of MV. pennsylvanicus (=riparius auct.), but
it is much paler and grayer than specimens from the Atlantic
Coast region, the difference in coloration being striking.

“T found these mice in the same localities as the other species
[ AZ. longicaudus|. Some were caught on a hillside which was
covered with aspens, and the rest along the banks of a creek.” —
W. W. G.

21. Microtus (Pedomys) haydenii (4aird). Haypen’s
Meapow Mouse.—One specimen, Spring Creek, June 22. (Cf.
this Bulletin, VI, 1894, pp. 328-330.)

22. Evotomys gapperi brevicaudus Merriam. BiAack
Hitts Rep-BacKeD Mouse.—Custer (type locality of the species),
July 25—-Aug. 9, 19 specimens; Hill City, Aug. 10, 1 specimen.
Eight specimens of the 20 are more or less immature. The 12
adults give the following measurements: 7 males, total length,
131 (120.6-146) ; tail vertebrae, 36 (33-39); hind foot, 19.5 (19-
20.5): 5 females, total length, 140 (130-146) ; tail vertebra, 37
(35-39.6) ; hind foot, 19.8 (19-20.5). The females thus average
slightly larger than the males.

Compared with £. gapperi from New Brunswick, the red of the
-dorsal region is darker and the sides are much grayer, with almost
none of the strong yellowish tint seen in £. gapperz. It is also
somewhat smaller, 20 adults of Z. gapperi (10 24 and 10 22) from
Trousers Lake, N. B., measuring as follows: Total length, 141
(130-162) ; tail vertebre, 40 (35-45); hind foot, 19.3. The
corresponding averages for the 12 Black Hills specimens are 134,
36.7, and 19.6. The ears in drevicaudus, as stated by Dr. Merriam,
are conspicuously larger than in gaffert.

268 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. VU,

23. Onychomys leucogaster (Mved7). Missouri Grass-
HOPPER Mouser.—Represented by 6 specimens, all adult, collected
at Pendennis, Lane Co., Kans., May 8-10.

24. Peromyscus leucopus arcticus (JZ/earns). ARcrTIC
Wuire-FooTeD Mouse.—The Black Hills form of Peromyscus
leucopus seems distinctly referable to avcticus. As a series the
Black Hills specimens tend to a slight fulvous wash, but a large
part of them fairly match a small series from Osler, Saskatchewan,
received in exchange from Mr. Outram Bangs, two of which are
labeled by Mr. Bangs as “almost perfect matches of the type [of
arcticus, from Fort Simpson, H. B. T.] in color, length of tail, ete.”

I refer to this form two series, one of 39 specimens, collected
at Custer (alt. 5500 feet), July 25—Aug. 9, and another of 20 speci-
mens, collected on Squaw Creek, “‘just in the edge of the pine
forests of the Black Hills,’ July 20-22. The Custer series is
uniformly dark, only a few specimens presenting any decided
fulvous or reddish wash. The Squaw Creek series 1s similar in
coloration, except that it contains one specimen (No. 9370)
strongly approaching the characteristic fulvous tint of zedrascensis,
to which form it should perhaps be referred.

Nineteen specimens from Custer give the following measure-
ments : ro males, total length, 149 (140-165); tail vertebrae, 65
(57-76); hind foot, 20.3 (19-22): 9 females, total length, 143
(128.5-162) ; tail vertebrae, 61 (50-73); hind foot, 19.3 (17.5-
20-5).

25. Peromyscus leucopus nebrascensis (J/earns'). Fut-
vous WutrE-rFooTED Mousr.—Many of the specimens here
referred to nebrascensis agree perfectly with the series on which
nebrascensts Mearns was based (all October specimens, from the

1 Baird (Mam. N. Am., 1857, p. 462, in text, lines 5 and 6) makes the following reference to a
var. nebrascensis : ** Judging from the color and the extreme shortness of tail, | am inclined to
believe that Richardson’s species [M/us deucopus| is the Hesferomys sonortensis, var. nebras-
censis.’ He gave no description or diagnosis, and nowhere else employed the name, which
was thus a xomen nudum, till defined and duly installed by Mearns in 1890 (this Bulletin, IT,
No. 4, Feb, 1890, p. 287). Apparently he intended at one time to adopt this name for the
Upper Missouri specimens, but later decided to refer them to sonxorZensis, and finally based, as
he states (1. c., p. 474), his description of his /esferomeys sonoriensis on specimens * from the
Upper Missouri’’--in other words, the Plains region from South Dakota north to northern
Montana, as shown by his table of specimens. The basis of Mearns’s ebvascensts is a series
of seven specimens from the northwestern part of Custer Co., Montana, belonging to this
Museum.

—s
ry

1895.| Aden, Mammals from the Black Hills Region. 269

plains north of the Yellowstone), but the midsummer adults are
bright golden brown above, and hence much more strongly ful-
vous than fall specimens of webrascens?s. The midsummer adults
of the Granger collection are, however, paler, or yellower, than
true fexanus.

The Granger specimens referred to this form are (1) a series of
16 collected on Spring Creek, at the edge of the Bad Lands, June
19-23; (2) a series of 6 collected on Cheyenne River, bordering
the Bad Lands, July 7-12; (3) a series of 34, collected at Corral
Draw, in the Bad Lands, May 16-June 6; (4) a series of 11
collected at the same locality, August 19-27.

The adult August specimens agree well with the type series of
nebrascensis ; the May, June and July adults are many of them
much brighter and more golden, while many others are not dis-
tinguishable from fall specimens of the type series. Doubtless
the lighter and more yellowish coloration of the May and June
and early July specimens is a seasonal feature.

Thirty adult specimens from Corral Draw give the following
measurements: 15 males, total length, 157.5 (144-165); tail
vertebrx, 66 (59-71); hind foot, 19.5 (17.5-20.5): 15 females,
total length, 156.5 (144.5-173); tail vertebra, 65 (60-76); hind
foot, 19.3 (17.5-20.5). There is thus practically no sexual differ-
ence in size.

The difference in color between the series from the arid Bad
Lands (ébrascensis) and the Black Hills series (avcticus) is re-
markably striking, affording an excellent illustration of the
influence of environment.

26. Peromyscus leucopus texanus (/Vaserhouse). TEXAN
WHITE-FOOTED Mouse.—Two specimens from Pendennis, Lane
Co., Kans. (May 8-10), and one from Long Island, Phillips Co.,
Kans. (Oct. 6), are provisionally referred to this subspecies.

27. Neotoma campestris 4//en. PLains Woop Rav.—
Pendennis, Kans., May 8 ; ro specimens, as already recorded (this
Bulletin, VI, 1894, p. 322).

“The ten specimens obtained were all taken in a single canen.
The rocky sides of the cafon afforded excellent retreats for the

270 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \|Vol. VU,

rats. They build large bulky nests, under shelving rocks, con-
sisting of several bushels of prickly pear (cacti), “cow chips,’
sticks, and weeds. The animals were very unsuspicious and
easily trapped.” —W. W. G.

28. Neotoma rupicola 4//en. Bap Lanps Rat.—Corral
Draw, June 7 and Aug. 20-27 ; 35 specimens, as already recorded
(this Bulletin, VI, pp. 323, 324).

“This was a common species in the Bad Lands, where it lives
in small caves and crevices along the ‘draws’ and cafions, and in
hollow cottonwoods at the bottom of the draws. It builds small
nests of cacti. It is occasionally found at the ranches along the
Cheyenne Kiver) WwW. W.G.

29. Neotoma grangeri 4//en. BLack HiLts Woop Rat.—
Custer, July 25-Aug. 9, 14 specimens ; Glendale, Sept. 8, 2 speci-
mens. (For previous record see this Bulletin, VI, pp. 324, 325.)

“Inhabits the ranches and log cabins. Nearly every deserted
log cabin contained a brood of them at the time of my first visit
to the Black Hills (July 24 to Aug. 11). At Glendale Mine I
trapped two or three in the mill, where they had done much
damage by destroying the leather lacings of the belting. A small
nest is sometimes built, which is very different from that made by
NV. campestris."—W. W. G.

30. Mus decumanus /7a//. Brown Rar.—Long Island,
Kans., Sept. 14-16, 11 specimens.

31. Mus musculus Z7v. Houste Mousr.—Spring Creek,
2 specimens ; Squaw Creek, 1 specimen ; Glendale, 1 specimen ;
Long Island, Kans., 2 specimens.

32. Sciurus ‘niger ludovicianus (Custis). WrsTERN Fox
SQuIRREL.—Long Island, Kans., Oct. 7-16, 4 specimens. They
are all small (probably young of the year), with the ventral sur-
face wholly white, or white slightly blotched or washed with pale
fulvous. They are not apparently otherwise different from aver-
age Illinois specimens, which are also often white-bellied.

1895. | Allen, Mammals from the Black Hills Region. 271

33. Sciurus hudsonicus dakotensis 4//en. Briack HILis
CHICKAREE.—Squaw Creek, July 21-23, 3 specimens ; Glendale,
Sept. 3-5, 7 specimens, as already recorded (this Bulletin, VI,

PP- 325, 326).
“A common animal throughout the timber. Similar in habits

to the Eastern Chickaree, from which it differs, however, slightly
in its notes.” —W. W. G.

34. Tamias minimus Zach. Pate CxutpmMunK.—Corral
Draw, May 16-June 7, 7 specimens; same locality, Aug. 21-27,
8 specimens, The May specimens are faded, but are not yet in
molt ; the June specimens are much worn and were molting ;
the August specimens have nearly all acquired the new dress,
and are much more strongly colored than the May and June
specimens.

35. Tamias quadrivittatus borealis Al/en. NorrHrrn
CHIPMUNK.—Squaw Creek, July 24, 1 specimen ; Custer, Aug. 4,
4 specimens ; Glendale, Sept. 4, 5, 13 specimens. ‘The series is
quite uniform in coloration, all of the specimens being in post-
breeding dress. They are of course all from the wooded region
of the Black Hills, and in coloration are in striking contrast with
the series of 7. minimus from the adjoining Bad Lands.

36. Spermophilus'’ tridecemlineatus pallidus 4//en. Pave
STRIPED SPERMOPHILE.—Pendennis, Kans., May 8, I specimen ;
Long Island, Kans., Sept. 15-18, 3 specimens; Spring Creek,
ak july 4, x1 specimen; Custer, S. Dak., July 24-29, 19
specimens.

37. Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord). Missouri PRarRiE Doc.—
Corral Draw, June 25, 4 specimens; Cheyenne River, July 13, 3
specimens ; Long Island, Kans., Sept. 15, 1 specimen.

The June specimens are still in the soft coat of winter, and in
three of them the coarse over-hair has either been cast or has

1 Tn this volume of the Bulletin (axtea, p. 337) I hastily followed Dr. Merriam in substituting
Antsonyx for Spermophilus. While Anisonyx Rafinesque is pertinent and antedates Sfervmo-
philus, it is preoccupied by use ten years earlier by Latreilie (Gen. Crust. et Insect, II, 1807,
p. 119) for a genus of Coleoptera—a fact that might easily have been discovered by reference to
the ‘ Nomenclator Zoologicus’ of either Agassizor Scudder Dr. Merriam has recently corrected
the unfortunate error (Science, N. Ser., II, No. 30, p. 107, July 26, 1895).

272 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1,

worn off so that very little of it remains, leaving the general colo-
ration yellowish instead of reddish. The July specimens have
nearly completed the spring molt, though one of them still retains
the winter coat over the posterior fifth of the body, showing that
the coat is renewed in spring from the head posteriorly. ‘The
September (Kansas) specimen is also in mixed coat, the summer
pelage still clothing the top of the head, nape and shoulders, while
the rest of the dorsal surface is clothed with the new winter coat,
showing that the fall molt begins at the posterior part of the body
and proceeds gradually towards the head.

38. Arctomys dacota Merriam. Buack Hitts Marmor.—
Four specimens, three adult and one half grown, Custer, July
26-29. These specimens are from the type locality of the species ;
they are very uniform in coloration, and agree so well with the
original description as to leave nothing to be added, except to
make record of the measurements for future reference.

9138 ad. Total length, 622; tail vertebrae, 179; hind foot, 84.

9139 4 ad. ¢ 635 ; <3 7 Oi si

g140 ¢ ad. Ny o22— ie Wiis} p sb 84.

QI41 2 juv. cy 457; My

“T found the Woodchucks at an altitude of about 5000 feet in

the Hills, where they were fairly common, and confined almost
entirely to the rocky cliffs.” —W. W. G.

39. Castor canadensis Aw//. Braver.—No specimens
were taken, but Mr. Granger contributes the following note :
“Rapidly becoming exterminated. ‘There is a small colony near
the mouth of Spring Creek, and two trappers took ten from Battle
Creek in the winter of 1893-94.’"—W. W. G.

40. Corynorhinus townsendii (Cooper). TOwNsEND’s BaT.—
Three specimens, Cheyenne River, July 8-12. Alar expanse, 308
(305-310) ; total length, 104 ; tail vertebra, 46 ; hind foot, 9.4.

This seems to be a rare bat in collections. It was originally
described from “Columbia River” specimens, and was recorded
by Dr. H. Allen (Mon. N. Am. Bats, p. 66) in 1864 from “ Utah,”
and “Upper Missouri,” the latter record being based on a single

specimen collected by Dr. F. V. Hayden. In his later Monograph

1895.| Allen, Mammals from the Black Hills Region. 273

(1894, p. 60) he records only these same examples. Dobson, in
1878 (Cat. Chirop., p. 181) records a single specimen from Van-
couver Island. Inthis Museum there are three specimens from
Arizona (Fort Verde, Mearns; Pinal Co., Scott ; and Prescott,
Keays) and one from Guadalajara, Mexico (Buller), which I pro-
visionally refer to this species.

41. Adelonycteris fusca (Aeauvors). Brown Bar.—Three
specimens from Corral Draw and one from Squaw Creek are very
much paler than any examples of this species I have seen from
other localities. ‘They seem to indicate the existence of a pale
race of this species in this region of pallid forms.

42. Vespertilio ciliolabrum Merriam. LirvLe Pate Bar.—
This small, pale bat is represented by 7 specimens, 6 of which are
males, taken at Corral Draw, in the Bad Lands, May 16 to June 4,
and one (the female) Aug. 19. The following are the average and
extremes of the measurements recorded by the collector on the
labels : Total length, 82 (79.5-85.5); tail vertebra, 38 (36-39.6) ;
hind foot, 7.9; alar expanse, 214 (201-223). ‘This series is very
uniform in coloration, the color of the upper parts being pale
buffy white.

43. Scalops aquaticus argentatus (Aud. & Bach.). Si-
VERY MoLe.—Long Island, Kans., Oct. 6-19, 3 specimens. ‘These
are much. lighter and more ‘silvery’ than Mississippi Valley
specimens.

44. Sorex forsteri “ich. Forster’s SHREw.—The single
specimen of Shrew, taken at Custer, July 25, has been kindly
identified by Mr. Gerrit H. Miller, Jr., as above. The collector’s
measurements are: Total length, 87; tail vertebra, 36; hind foot,
hi. 9ex, 2 ad.

45. Putorius longicauda Aon. Lonc-TaiLeD WEASEL.—
Custer, July 29, 6 ad. Total length, 366; tail vertebre, 132;
hind foot, 40. Hill City, Aug. to, 6 ad. Total length, 386; tail
vertebre, 135; hind foot, 40. ‘There is an additional skull, with-
out skin, from Custer.

[ September, 1895.\ 18

274 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V11.|

46. Lutreola vison (Sc/red.). Minx.—Long Island, Kans.,
Oct. 10,é ad. ‘Total length, 625 ; tail vertebra, 200; hind foot,
66.

47. Spilogale interrupta (Ra/.). BLAcK-TAILED STRIPED
SKUNK.—Long Island, Kans., Oct. 10-30, 3 specimens.

gi30gad. Total length, 546; tail vertebrae, 208 ; hind foot, 51.
Q13I 4 juv. 7 484 ; i 181 ; oe 51.
9132 6 juv. es 433 ; A 184 ; 43.

48. Mephitis mesomelas Zich¢t. Texas Skunk.—Custer,
Aug. 8, 2 ad.,skinand skull and an additional skull ; Long Island,
Kans., Oct. 10-13, 3 specimens.

These specimens are all referred to this form, to which Kansas
‘specimens seem undoubtedly to belong. The single Black Hills
skin is immature, but seems to be best referred here.

49. Taxidea taxus Sc/reb. Bapcrer.— Cheyenne River,
July 13, 9 juv.

50. Canis lupus nubilus (Say). Gray Wotr.—‘ Not un-
common at all the localities visited. Along Cheyenne River a
good many cattle and colts are annually destroyed by them. |
saw three Wolves kill a calf in Corral Draw one evening.”—
WeweG:

51. Canis latrans Say. Coyorre.—‘* More common than the
Wolves? —W. WG.

52. Vulpes (?macrourus Zar). “There was a den of
Red Foxes in one of the draws in the Bad Lands, but I was unable
to obtain any of them.”—W. W. G.

Bee Ie yns (sp. ?).— “Several Lynxes have been killed
along Spring Creek during the last two years. They also exist in
the Bad Lands and in the Black Hills in some numbers.’’—W.W.G.

Probably Z. rufus and ZL. canadensis are both found in the
region under consideration.

Article VIII—DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE
SPHINGIDA FOUND WITHIN FIFTY MILES OF
NEW YORK CITY.

By WiLLiAM BEUTENMULLER.
Puiates II-VII.

The present paper constitutes the second part of my work on
the Lepidoptera found within a radius of fifty miles of New York
City, and is the beginning of a series of similar papers on the
Moths of the region. The first part of the work, on the Butter-
flies, was published in the Museum Bulletin, Volume V, 1893, pp.
241-310.

The main object of the work is to enable those interested in
the study of our local fauna to identify their material. The de-
scriptions in the following pages have been made as brief and
simple as possible, and with the aid of the illustrations the species
may be readily recognized.

Family SPHINGID.

The members of this family are commonly called Hawk-moths,
on account of their powerful and rapid flight ; they are also
called Hummingbird Moths, owing to their peculiar habit of
hovering over flowers while drawing up nectar with their long
proboscis, and while in this position they superficially resemble
Hummingbirds. Some species fly during mid-day in the hottest
sunshine, while others fly late in the afternoon and at night.

The moths are of medium or large size, with long and narrow
fore wings, with an oblique and entire outer margin or with the
outer margin excavated or scolloped. The hind wings are much
shorter with the outer margin entire, the anal angle usually pro-
duced and the apex rounded or pointed.

The head is usually clothed with smooth scales, or has a tuft
between the antenne.

The eyes are hemispherical, naked, and are as a rule lashed in
front above.

276 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

The proboscis is well developed in most of the species, and is
nearly as long or longer than the body, and when not in use is
curled up like a watch-spring between the palpi. The antenne
are fusiform, ciliate in the male and simple in the female, and
with the tip more or less bent into a hook. In some species the
antenne are club-shaped, with a few short setee at the extreme tip.

The thorax is well developed, either with the vestiture smooth,
or with the posterior portion with erect scales, or with the ante-
rior portion with an elevated tuft.

The abdomen is long and graceful as a rule, with the segments
gradually tapering, and some species are provided with a more or
less complete fan-like tuft at the end of the body.

The mature larvz are smooth, or sometimes more or less granu-
lated over the surface. The last segment is provided with a horn,
or, in absence of this, the place is marked by a tubercle or polished
eye-like spot instead. The majority of the larve are provided
with seven lateral oblique stripes. After they have reached matu-
rity and are ready to transform they descend to the ground and
burrow into the soil, where they construct a cell, in which they
change to pupz. Some species, however, form their pupze on the
surface of the ground, in a loose cocoon between leaves. ‘The
pup are most always chestnut brown, elongate, with the tongue-
case buried or detached and resembling the handle of a pitcher.

Subfamily MACROGLOSSIN.

Hemaris Da/man.

Head small, untufted; palpi closely scaled, cone-like ; proboscis corneous,
nearly as long as the body ; eyes of medium size, lashed ; antennae about two-
thirds as long as the costa of the fore wings, swollen, club-shaped towards the
end, which terminates in a minute and bent seta, biciliate in the males, simple
in the females ; thorax smooth, closely scaled ; abdomen flattened beneath,
with a broad fan-like anal tuft. Fore wings eleven-veined, transparent in the
middle, the outer border somewhat rounded ; hind wings also transparent in
the middle, the outer border somewhat excavated between veins 14 and 2.

The members of this genus fly during the middle of the day in
the hot sunshine. They hover over flowers and very much resem-
ble Hummingbirds. ‘The larva construct loose cocoons on the
surface of the ground,

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New Vork. 277

————

Hemaris thysbe (/aiér.).
Pare tle Bre. 3.

Fore wings transparent, with narrow costal and inner borders, broad outer
border dentate within, and base reddish brown ; the extreme base is washed
with olive green scales. Hind wings also transparent, with a narrow outer
border and basal half of wings reddish brown, costal border very narrow ; bor-
ders of wings beneath paler than above. Head and thorax above olive green,
white beneath. Abdomen above with first and second segments yellowish green,
third and fourth reddish brown, and fifth and sixth olive green and reddish brown
along the middle ; abdomen beneath reddish brown with small white tufts at the
sides ; anal tuft reddish brown, black at the sides. Legs whitish, with the tarsi
reddish brown. Expanse of wings about 2 inches=50 mm.

Var. uniformis Gr. & Xob.—(Plate II, Fig. 2.) Differs from ¢hysde in
having the outer border of the fore wings somewhat narrower and not dentate
within. It is also less common. Size same as ¢hysée.

Var. floridensis Gr. & Xob.—Similar to ¢hysée but is more robust and larger,
with the borders of all the wings broader, thus making the vitreous space smaller.
Expanse, 2.40 inches=65 mm.

Larva.—Head pale green, with numerous minute granulations. Body pale
whitish green along the dorsal region, limited by a serrated white longitudinal
line along the subdorsum and running from the anterior edge of the second
segment to the caudal horn ; these two lines are in close proximity on the second
segment, but gradually become wider apart on the middle segment, and the
space between decreases again as they meet at the sides of the caudal horn;
along the dorsum are two longitudinal white stripes close together ; sides of
body light green ; spiracles yellow, scarlet red in the middle ; first segment with
granulations on the dorsum (representing the cervical shield) ; anterior edge of
second segment with a transverse row of canary yellow elevated spots ; caudal
horn blue, with black and white dots ; over the body are numerous small white
dots placed regularly in transverse rows. Underside deeper green than above,
sometimes partly pink; thoracic feet reddish with a black and yellow ring,
extreme base yellow ; abdominal legs green with a black and yellow patch out-
side, the yellow forming a stripe on the tenth and eleventh segments. Anal
plates edged with yellow. Length, 1.60-2 inches=40-50 mm.

Pupa.——Broadest about the middle, tapering thence to the anal extremity ;
surface finely shagreened ; color brownish black ; junction of segments smooth,
brown ; head-case subtriangularly produced ; tongue-case buried ; terminal
spine broad at base, somewhat flattened, rugose, rounded towards the tip, with
a marginal row of minute hooks on each side, and a larger double hook at the
tip. Length, 1 inch=25 mm.

food-plants.—Various species of Viburnum, Honeysuckle and Snowberry
(Symphoricarpos).

278 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Very common in this vicinity, especially during the latter part
of July and early in August. It is double brooded, the first brood
appearing during the latter part of May and early in June. The
eggs are generally deposited singly on the underside of leaves.
The larva when fully grown spins a thin web-like cocoon among
leaves on the ground. ‘The form wxiformis is less common than
thysbe, and the form /foridensis is very rare in this district, but is
common southward. The species ranges from Labrador and
Canada to Florida and westward to the Mississipp1.

Hemaris gracilis (Gr. & Rod.).
Pras i; Pics 3:

Wings transparent, with reddish brown borders, outer border broad with the
inner margin straight. Thorax and first and second segments of the abdomen
olive green, remaining segments reddish brown, slightly olive at the sides of
the last two segments ; anal tuft reddish brown with a black tuft at each side.
Thorax beneath pale yellowish white with a reddish brown stripe on each side.
Abdomen beneath reddish brown with three rows of small white scale-like
spots. Legs reddish brown. Expanse, 1.60 inches=40 mm.

Very rare in this neighborhood, appearing in May and June
and again in July and August. It is closely allied in general
appearance to /Z. thysbe var. uniformis, but differs from it by its
smaller size and by having a red stripe on each side of the thorax
beneath and three rows of white spots on the underside of the
abdomen. It is also a more graceful and slender built insect than
uniforms. ‘The early stages are unknown.

Hemaris diffinis (Zorsd.).
PLATE LL, Fre: 4.

Fore wings largely transparent, with a very narrow blackish costal border and
a broader outer border of the same color, gradually narrowing as it reaches the
hind angle; at the apex on the outer border is a rust colored spot; base
of wings with a blackish patch elongated along inner margin. Hind wings also
transparent with a very narrow outer border and a very broad inner border
marked with red. Head above and thorax along the middle olive yellow, sides
of thorax yellow ; the colors of the thorax are continued over the back of the
basal segments of the abdomen which is black, last two segments yellowish ;
anal tuft black, yellow in the middle above. Thorax beneath yellow. Legs
black. Upper side of palpi black, underside yellow. Expanse of wings, 1.60
inches=40 mm.

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 279

Larva.—Head oval, green, bluish, or reddish, with fine granulations. Body
bluish above, green at sides and reddish beneath, sometimes more entirely red-
dish or brownish. Along the back is a median reddish shade and a whitish or
yellowish subdorsal line along each side running from the second segment to
the caudal horn ; laterally above the spiracles is a yellow line more or less
broken ; caudal horn black or reddish ; the granulations of the cervical shield
anteriorly are yellow. Length, 1.50-1.60 inches=37-40 mm.

Pupa.—Similar to that of H/. ¢thysée ; in fact there is no perceptible differ-
ence between them.

Food-plants.—Bush Honeysuckle, Snowberry (Symphoricarpos), and Fever-
wort (7riosteum per foliatum).

Found during the latter part of May and early in June, and
again during July and probably August. In the immediate vicinity
of New York this species is very rare. It is found from Canada
to Florida and westward to Missouri and Iowa, and in certain
localities is rather common.

Hemaris axillaris (Gr. & Rob.).

Fore wings transparent with dark brown borders, the outer one broadest and
dentate within, and witha dark reddish mark before the apex. Hind wings
also transparent and bordered with dark brown. Head, thorax and first two
segments above, olive yellow or greenish. Abdomen black, brownish on the
back, the last two segments olive yellow ; anal tuft black, olive yellow centrally
above. Underside of head and thorax light yellow, the latter with a black
stripe on each side. Legs black. Expanse, 1.60-1.80 inches=40-45 mm.

Var. marginalis Gr.—Color and size same as in 4. axillaris, but differs
in having the outer border even or slightly dentate within instead of strongly
dentate.

Larva.—Whitish green on the dorsum, yellowish green on the sides, and
dark brown on the underside. Head yellowish green, mandibles black. Cer-
vical shield with yellow tubercles on each side. Spiracles black surrounded by
a narrow white border. Caudal horn glossy black, yellow at the base. Thor-
acic feet black. Length, 1.25-1.50 inches=31-37 mm.

Pupa.—Similar to that of H. thysbe.

Food-plants.—Various species of plants of the Honeysuckle family.

Very rare in this vicinity, but more abundant in the Western
States. It is found from New York to Texas. In fresh examples
just emerged from the pupa the transparent portion of the wings
is thickly powdered with black scales, which are lost in flying.

280 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

In general appearance it resembles 4. dfinis, but the outer mar-
gin is not as much rounded and the body is more elongated, and
the outer border is more or less toothed inwardly, while in &finzs
it is even.

Synopsis of Species of Macroglossine.

Hemaris.

Color olive green and reddish brown ; wings transparent centrally.
Discal cell crossed by a longitudinal bar of scales.

Outer border of fore wings strongly dentate inwardly... ... H1. thysbe.
Robust ; wings broadly bordered with reddish brown, vitreous
Space: Smalls. ir. ce) ccm ewes) t Skala ete eich var. floridensis.
Outer border of fore wings not dentate inwardly... ...var. wnzformis.
Discal cell without the longitudinal bar of scales.
Underside of thorax with reddish lateral shades.......... Hi. gracihs.

Colors black and yellow.
Outer border of fore wing broad and dentate inwardly. .//. axillaris.
Outer border slightly or not dentate inwardly....... var. marginalis.
Outer border of fore wing narrow, not dentate inwardly. ..//. diffinis.

Subfamily CHGZROCAMPINE.
Aellopos Hibner.

Body depressed, smoothly scaled, and of almost equal width throughout ;
abdomen with sides almost parallel, last segment slightly narrower, with a
broad, long-haired, flat, fan-like tuft; underside of body flattened, with the
vestiture from above overlapping along the sides, in form of short tufts.
Head broad, prominent ; eyes not prominent, palpi pointed. The vestiture of
the head, palpi and thorax are closely applied, appearing to form one piece.
Legs not spinose ; middle tibize with short terminal spurs, hind tibize with two
pair of spurs. Antennze of almost equal width, with a short, pointed, recurved
hook at the tip. Fore wings with apex acute, costa and inner margins
straight, outer margin oblique. Hind wings small, apex rounded, anal angles
produced.

Aellopus fadus (Cram.)
PrAne inl ETGser

Fore wings sooty black with an olivaceous tinge, a median, straight, narrow,
whitish band from the end of the cell to the inner margin, closely followed by
a narrower, second and similar band and an outer arcuate row of white spots
from the costa towards the inner margin. Hind wings sooty black. Head,
thorax and abdomen sooty brown with an olivaceous tinge, the third segment
of the abdomen white (var. ¢¢av), or concolorous ( fadus). Expanse, 2.20-
2.30 inches=55-57 mm.

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 281

This is a Southern species, ranging northward, said to be occa-
sionally found in this vicinity. The early stages are not known.
It may be known by its sooty black color and white third seg-
ment of the body. It flies in the day time in the hottest sunshine.

Aellopus tantalus (//i/.).

Similar to the preceding species, but the white band on the primaries is obso-
lete and the subterminal arcuate band of whitish spots is reduced to two or
three irregular spots toward the middle of the wing ; beneath the median band
is entirely wanting. It is also smaller. Expanse, 1.80 inches=45 mm.

It is not improbable that this insect will prove to be identical
with 4. ¢antalus, when the early stages are known. it is a Southern
species, and rarely occurs in this vicinity.

Triptogon JIWeéneétries.

Body stout, fusiform, head large and broad with prominent eyes ; palpi erect,
smooth and reaching about the middle of the front ; proboscis about as long as
the body ; antennz rather short, somewhat thickened towards the end, minutely
ciliate in the male, simple in the female, and the tip with a short, pointed,
recurved hook. Thorax smooth, with a prominent crest on anterior portion ;
abdomen long, conic; anal tuft small, hardly spreading. Legs unarmed ; mid-
dle and hind tibiz spurred. Fore wings shorter than the body, inserted before
the middle of the thorax ; apex obtuse and excavated beneath to vein 5, where
it is again excavated to the anal angle, which is decidedly produced; inner
margin excavate for some distance before the apex. Hind wings with apex
rounded, somewhat excavated before the anal angle, which is produced into a
broad angle.

Triptogon lugubris (Zzvm.).

Wings and body chocolate brown; fore wings with a darker shade outwardly,
and before the middle is an oblique, narrow transverse line; across the wings
are traces of transverse lines, but they are very indistinct. Abdomen with two
rows of dark spots along the back, which are absent in some individuals.
Underside uniform chocolate brown with traces of transverse lines. Expanse,
2-3 inches=50-75 mm.

Larva.—Head dark green, with a yellow frontal band. Body pale green
with dark green dorsal dashes and a dark green subdorsal line, bordered
beneath with whitish ; along each side are nine pale yellow oblique bands ;
spiracles reddish. Length, 2.40 inches=60 mm.

Food-p lants.— Grape and Virginia Creeper A mpelopsis).

282 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

This Southern species occasionally occurs in this neighborhood,
but very rarely. It is common in the Southern States, Mexico,
and the West Indies.

Amphion /iéner.

Head small, not sunken into the thorax; palpi forming a point in front of
the head ; eyes lashed above; tongue almost as long as the body ; antenne
fusiform extending to a little beyond the middle of the costa, ciliate beneath
in the male, simple in the female, hooked at the end. Thorax well developed
and much broader than the head, scales rather closely applied. Abdomen
narrowing suddenly to the tip which is provided with a flat fan-like tuft, with
the sides rounded and the middle prominently pointed ; posterior edge of
segments at the extreme sides with short tufts of scales. Anterior and middle
tibie with a few short spines near the tip; middle and hind tibia with small
spurs. Fore wings as long as the body, outer margin excavated below the
apex, and again above the hind angle, which is prominently produced ; inner
margin concave before the angle. Hind wings with apex rounded, . outer
margin excavated before the anal angle which is obtusely produced. ; a

Amphion nessus (C7.).
PLATE II, Fic. 5.

Fore wings rich dark brown, crossed by a darker velvety brown band which
is divided at the costa, and with shades of the same color before the outer
border ; on the costa before the apex is a reddish brown patch, and across the
outer third is a narrow buff colored transverse streak, which is.sometimes quite
obsolete. Hind wings rich, deep brown, with a median reddish brown band.
Wings beneath rusty yellow, brown at the outer borders ; across the middle
of the wings are two very narrow ferrugineous transverse lines. Head, thorax
and abdomen rich, deep brown, the latter with a narrow canary yellow
transverse band between the fourth and fifth segments. Underside of head
and thorax rust colored with a yellowish line on each side ; abdomen darker,
with two small white tufts on the posterior edge of the segments. Expanse,
1.80-2.50 inches=45-62 mm,

Larva.—Uniform chocolate brown, checkered with black markings and
dotted with dark amber, especially along the back, and there are stripes of
the same ,color along the sides ; caudal horn reddish. Sometimes the larva is
of a bluish green color, with the stripes yellow and seven oblique lateral
stripes of the same color. Length, 2.50-3 inches=62-75 mm.

Food-plants.—Epilobium, Ampelopsis, and Grape.

Not common in this vicinity. It is found late in May and early
in June, and flies in the hottest sunshine and also in the evening.
Found from Canada to Florida, and westward to lowa.

1895.] Beutenmiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 282

Sphecodina Blanchard.

Body stout, depressed, with the sides almost parallel. Head well developed,
with the scales forming a low ridge between the antenne ; palpi closely scaled
and forming a blunt point in front of the head ; eyes moderate, distinctly lashed
above. Antenne of almost equal width, ciliate in the male, simple in the
female, tip gradually tapering into a bent hook. Thorax well developed, rather
broader than long, scales smooth in front, rather loosely tufted transversely
behind ; abdomen as broad as the thorax, last segment slightly tapering,
underside somewhat flattened, anal tuft of male long and flat, with a short
point in the middle; in the female the tuft is long and cylindrical, with a
short lateral bunch of hairs ; posterior edges of last segments with raised scales,
and laterally with bunches of scales, forming dentations. Legs unarmed,
middle and hind tibiz spurred. Fore wings almost parallel, longer and narrower
than the body, apex produced and excavate below and also above the hind
angle, the excavate portion with a minute dentation ; hind angle produced
and excavated on the inner margin. Hind wings dentate along the outer
margin, anal angle somewhat produced.

Sphecodina abbotii (Swazns.).
. PLATE II, Fic. 6.

Fore wings chocolate brown with a narrow, black oblique line running from
the basal third of the inner margin and terminating on the costa at about the
middle of the wing ; beyond this the wings are paler and several dark streaks
run from the inner margin towards the outer border and are lost about the
middle wing, above which the lines are strongly dentate, but indistinct. The
terminal space is variable dark brown. Hind wings bright yellow at the base,
outer border deep blackish brown, containing several pale streaks at the anal
angle. Underside of fore wings brownish yellow, with a narrow, strongly
dentate black line across the outer third, beyond which the wings are chocolate
brown. Hind wings beneath bright yellow at base, costal region scaled with
brownish, outer border chocolate; through the middle of the wings are two
dentate lines. Head and thorax above chocolate brown with a bluish iridescence;
across the thorax are two narrow black transverse lines ; abdomen blackish at
base, paler and with more or less iridescence across the middle, darker at tip.
Expanse, 2.20-2.80 inches=55-70 mm.

Larva.—Chocolate brown, with very narrow transverse lines ; a dark dorsal
line, and one of the same color along the subdorsum and sides ; anal segment
provided with a large polished spot instead of a horn. Head dark with a
lighter broad band on each side. Sometimes the larva is marked with numerous
pea-green patches, oval on the back and irregularly triangular on the sides, with
an interrupted subdorsal chocolate-colored line. Head brown with a light
green band on each side. Length, 2.20 inches=55 mm.

284 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Pupa.—Deep chestnut brown, paler between the segments. Head-case
broad and rounded ; tongue-case concealed and level with the breast ; segments
deeply punctured, smooth between the segments; last segment with a rugose,
wedge-shaped point. Length, about 1.40 inches=35 mm.

Food-plants,—Grape and Virginia Creeper (4 pelopsis).

Common in this neighborhood. The moth appears in May and
early in June, and again during the latter part of July and early
in August. When at rest the larva does not assume the attitude
of holding up the head common to the larve of Sphingide, but
stretches out at full length. If disturbed it throws its head from
side to side, hereby producing a creaking noise. It is found from
Canada and eastern United States westward to Iowa.

Deidamia Clemens.

Head small, with a prominent tuft between the antenna ; eyes small and
lashed ; palpi rather short; antennae of almost equal width and tapering at the
apex which is bent at the tip, but not into a recurved hook, biciliate in the male,
simple in the female ; thorax stout, vestiture forming a distinct dorsal ridge.
Abdomen conical, anal tuft in the male small, flattened laterally, and forming a
rounded bunch in the middle ; in the female the tuft is composed only of a
bunch of short hairs. Wings longer than the body, and very similar in outline
to Amphion, only somewhat less oblique.

Deidamia inscripta (//ar/7s).
PLATE, Ll re. 7:

Fore wings ashen gray with minute brown scales ; before the middle is a
transverse brown band incurved on the inner margin, and before this band are
some indistinct transverse lines; median space gray; across the outer third is
a broad brown band, angulated outwardly above the middle and shaded out-
wardly with brown ; in the pale apical region is a rich brown spot, and a short
dentate apical streak. All these markings are ill defined, somewhat confluent,
and more or less suffused with brown, Hind wings reddish brown with a some-
what darker terminal band. Underside of fore wings dull fawn color, with an
irregular ferrugineous transverse shade outwardly, beyond which the space is
dark with a distinct white spot in the apical region ; hind wings ashen brown
with indistinct transverse lines. Head and thorax ashen brown, the latter with
three more or less distinct transverse whitish lines edged with brown. Abdomen
with a row of small brown spots along each side of the back. Expanse, 1.80-
2.40 inches=45-60 mm.

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 285

Larva.—Body pale green with a yellow subdorsal line ending at the base of
the caudal horn, which is whitish at the tip. The segments are also trans-
versely marked with fine black lines. Length, 2 inches=50 mm.

Pupa.—Dark pitchy brown, mottled with testaceous on the wing-cases, tho-
rax and head-case, and also somewhat on the segments ; head-case with a pointed
tubercle, and also one on each eye-case, which are surrounded with a sharp ridge ;
tongue-case concealed, keel-shaped ; the leg and antennz-cases are also out-
lined with sharp ridges ; anterior part of thorax with a transverse mark outlined
and divided in the middle by a ridge; segment deeply punctured, last one
provided with a sharp spine. Length, .80-1.20 inches=20-30 mm,

Not common in this vicinity. The moth makes its appearance
during the latter part of May and the first days in June, and is
probably double brooded. ‘The larva is fully grown about the
last of June or early in July. It feeds on the Grape and Virginia
Creeper (Ampelopsis).

Deilephila Ochsenheimer.

Body stout fusiform ; head of moderate size, not sunken into the thorax,
smoothly scaled ; eyes rather large ; tongue nearly as long as the body ; antennx
gradually thickening toward the tip, which has a minute, pointed hook ; thorax
smooth ; abdomen smooth, segments gradually decreasing in size ; tip pointed,
and provided with a bunch of long hairs, forming the anal tuft. Fore wings
with apex and hind angle acute, outer margin oblique, entire, inner margin very
slightly sinuate. Hind wings with outer margin entire, and a slight projection
before the rounded anal angle.

Deilephila lineata (/ad;.).
PEATE Wh biG. 2:

Fore wings pale olive brown with a broad oblique buff band running from near
the base of the inner margin to the tip of the apex, where the band terminates
in a point. The veins are heavily marked with white to the outer space, which is
lilac gray. Hind wings black, with a broad, pink median band ; outer border
narrow, pinkish, with the fringes white. Head, thorax and abdomen olive
brown ; thorax with three parallel white stripes on each side; abdomen with a
row of large black and white spots on each side, and along the middle is a narrow
broken white line with a small black spot on each side at the posterior end of
the segments. Underside lilac gray with the oblique buff band of the fore wings
partly repeated ; the pink band of the hind wings is buff color; the wings are
also minutely dotted with brown. Expanse, 3-3.60 inches=75-90 mm.

286 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

Larva.—Yellowish green, with a prominent subdorsal row of elliptical spots,
each spot consisting of two black curved lines, inclosing superiorly a crimson
space and inferiorly a pale yellow line ; the whole row of spots is connected by
a pale yellow stripe edged above with black ; sometimes these eye-like spots are
disconnected, or the larva is black with a yellow line along the back anda
series of pale yellow spots and darker yellow dots along the sides. This dark
form is subject to variation, some specimens entirely lacking the line along
the back, and having the spots of different shape. Length, 2.50-3 inches=
62-75 mm.

Pupa.—Light brown, head-case prominent, showing the palpi, rugose, as is
also the thorax ; segments punctured ; tongue-case not apparent. Length,
1.60-1.80 inches=40-45 mm.

Food-plants.—Purslane (Portelaca), Buckwheat, Turnip, Watermelon, Chick-
weed (Stellavia), Dock (Rumex), Evening Primrose, Apple, Plum, Currant,
Grape and Gooseberry.

This species is found in the United States, Canada, and Cuba.
In this vicinity it is common everywhere. It flies early in the
evening and often in bright daylight. The larve are most com-
monly found in fields feeding on purslane, which seems to be their
favorite food plant. The insect is double brooded, the first brood
appearing during June and July, and the second during the latter
part of August and early in September.

Deilephila galii, var. intermedia Avrdy.
BEATE, Lil IRiGss3

Fore wings olive brown with a buff-colored oblique band, running from the
hind margin near the base to the apex; the upper edge of the band is indented,
and the lower edge somewhat curved ; the outer border of the wings is lilac
gray, base black. Hind wings with a broad pink central band, followed by a
narrow black band; terminal border lilac gray, base black. Thorax olive with
a white stripe on each side, running along the head. Body olive with a row of
minute white dots along the middle; first and second segments marked with
black on the sides ; the second, fourth, and following segments with white.
Underside of thorax dull yellowish brown ; wings buff color with the marking
from above somewhat reproduced. Expanse, 2.65-3 inches=65—-75 mm.

Larva.—Dark green with nine yellow spots encircled with black on each
side ; spiracles yellow with a black ring ; caudal horn red ; head and thoracic
feet blue gray. Sometimes the larva is olive green with a bright yellow dorsal
line and spots on each side ; or is blackish gray with a red dorsal line and two

rows of yellow spots on each side. Length, 3 inches=75 mm,

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinityof New York. 287

Pupa.—Pale brown mottled with black in its impressed portions ; head-case
projecting, corrugated ; tongue-case concealed, corrugated ; wing-cases corru-
gated ; segments punctate ; terminal spine tapering, bifid at tip. Length,
1.80 inches=45 mm.

Food-plants.—Epilobium, Purslane (Portulaca), Evening Primrose and
Apple.

Not common in this neighborhood. Found during June and
again in August. It occurs from Canada to Georgia and westward
to California; also in Europe. The median pink band of the
hind wings in the European form (ga/?) is much paler than in
intermedia.

Theretra iibner.

Body long and graceful; head of medium size and smoothly scaled ; eyes
large, hemispherical ; proboscis almost as long as the body. Antenne minute-
ly ciliate in the male, simple in the female, and of almost equal width
throughout, with a small bent hook at the tip ; thorax smooth ; abdomen very
long, and tapering to a point, vestiture very smooth and closely applied, and a
narrow brush of hairs at the tip. Fore wings long and narrow, apex sharply
pointed, outer margin very oblique, inner margin sinuate ; Hind wings narrow,
apex pointed, sharply produced before the anal angle.

Theretra tersa (Ziwz.).
PEATE ILI, Fig. 4:

Fore wings ochreous brown, paler at the base, which has a slight purplish
reflection ; from the apex to the middle of the inner margin is a series of from
seven to nine diverging, oblique light brown lines; the outer ones are almost
parallel with the outer border, and the inner ones extend nearly to the base of
the wing. Hind wings smoky black with a series of large wedge-shaped, yellow
subterminal spots. Head and thorax fawn color, with a roseate lateral stripe ;
abdomen rusty brown above with indistinct fawn-colored stripes; sides rusty
yellow ; underside paler. Expanse, 2.25-3 inches = 56-75 mm.

Larva.—Pale green, with fine longitudinal irrorations ; along the subdorsum
is a rather broad white band, running from the fourth segment to the caudal
horn ; on the band is placed, on each segment, a round black ring, the one on
the fourth segment with a black eye-like spot in the centre. Caudal horn
reddish, tip black. Length, 2.40 inches=60 mm.

Food-plants.—Bouvardia, Buttonweed | Spermacoce glabra), Manettia bicolor.

288 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU, ~

(Quite rare in this vicinity, but common in the Southern States,
West Indies, Central and South America. It ranges northwardly
as far as Canada. It is usually found in flower gardens. ‘The
moth may be easily recognized by its graceful form. It varies
somewhat in ground color from light to dark ochreous brown.

Argeus /Hiibner.

Form robust ; head large and prominent; eyes large, not lashed; thorax
stout, well advanced in front of the base of the fore wings ; abdomen long and
robust. Fore wings shorter than the body, outer margin obliquely rounded,
inner margin sinuate ; hind wings entire with anal angle produced.

Argeus labrusce (Z/n7z.).
BEATE Wve) 1G: (6;

Fore wings green, with a large V-shaped deeper green space; beyond this
are two somewhat deeper green transverse lines ; a series of small black sub-
terminal spots, and a rather large rounded brown patch about the middle of the
wings. Hind wings blue, with a median black band, in which is a blue spot,
and marked with red towards the inner margin ; in front of the outer border is
another black band ; outer portion of wings buff colored. Head, thorax, and
abdomen green; abdomen with a series of white lateral spots. Expanse,
4.25-4.75=106-I119 mm.

A South American species, occurring northward to Canada. In
the north it is an occasional visitor, and is very rarely taken.

Pholus Aitiner.

Body robust ; head large, smoothly scaled ; eyes large, not lashed ; antennce
ciliate in the male, simple in the female, hooked at the tip; thorax stout and
smooth ; abdomen stout, smooth and gradually tapering. Tibiz not spinose,
middle pair with two unequal terminal spurs, hind tibize with two pairs. Fore
wings much longer than the body and broad, outer margin rounded and some-
what excavated below the apex or obliquely rounded, inner margin strongly
sinuate. Hind wings broad, apex pointed, outer margin somewhat excavate
before the anal angle.

Pholus pandorus /iibver.
PAgiO Ue EGS.

Fore wings pale olive green, marked with patches and shades of rich olive
green ; on the inner margin near the base, is a long olive green patch running

1895.] Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of NewYork. 289

to about the middle of the wing, and separated by a pink shade from the
triangular patch within the hind angle; a similar patch rests on the costa a
little before the apex, there is also a dark olive shade from the costa extending
outwardly ; across the wing are several narrow, wavy, indistinct lines ; discal
spot consisting of two or three small blackish spots at the end of the cell.

Hind wings pale greenish at base, with a black patch at the middle of the
inner margin, and a broad black subterminal band running from the costa to
the middle of the wing, where it breaks up into spots and lines on a roseate
ground ; outer margin olive green. Head and thorax with a blackish line
along the middle, thorax at sides with an olive green triangular patch. Under-
side pale olive, with two narrow transverse lines on each wing. Expanse,
3.75-4.50 inches=9g5-11I2 mm.

Larva.—Pale green above, darker at sides, or reddish brown, lighter dorsally ;
at the sides from the fifth to tenth segments each with an oval cream-colored
spot in which are the spiracles. Last segment with a black, polished, eye-like
spot instead of a caudal horn; anterior segments with numerous, minute
black dots. Head small and rounded. Length, 3 inches=75 mm.

Pupa.—Elongate, chestnut brown. Head-case prolonged, subtriangular
laterally, slightly corrugated ; wing-cases smooth ; tongue-case concealed, and
extending slightly beyond the wing-cases ; segment thickly punctured ; middle
portion of pupa thicker than either extremity; terminal spine rather long,
pointed and minutely bifid. Length, 2.50 inches=62 mm.

Food-plants.—Grape and Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis).

Rather common in this neighborhood, in gardens and vineyards.
It is double brooded ; the first brood appearing during June and
early in July, and the secondin August. It is found in the United
States east of the Great Plains and also in Canada.

Pholus achemon (Drury).
PLATE III, Fic. 6.

Fore wings pale chocolate brown with a pinkish tinge, with darker shades and
several wavy transverse lines ; on the inner margin at the middle is a large, deep
velvety brown quadrate patch, and a small triangular patch of the same color
before the hind angle, and a larger one on the costa immediately before the
apex. Hind wings pink with a light chocolate-brown outer border, containing
a row of deep brown spots, which are not clearly defined before the middle of
their course. Head, thorax and abdomen same color as the upper wings, the
thorax with a deep triangular patch on each side. Underside of fore wings
roseate with a pale chocolate-brown outer border and with two parallel, deeper
brown transverse lines ; hind wings roseate brown, powdery, with two transverse
lines. Expanse, 3.75-4.25 inches=g95—106 mm.

[ September, 1895.} ao

290 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Larva.—Varying from green to reddish brown or pale straw-color, darker
along the sides ; an interrupted brown line runs along the middle of the back,
and an unbroken one extends along each side, beneath which are six cream-
colored oblique spots, one on each segment ; on the last segment is a polished
black, flat tubercle, instead of a caudal horn. Over the body are sprinkled
numerous minute dark dots. Length, 3 inches=75 mm.

Pupa.—Very similar to that of P. pandorus, but less elongated, and the head-
case less prolonged and pointed ; the last segments are broader and the terminal
spine shorter and obtuse, instead of pointed. Length, 2-2.25 inches=50-56
mm,

food-plants.—Grape and Virginia Creeper (A mpelopsis).

This species is double brooded, the first brood appearing in
June and July, and the second in August. It is somewhat com-
mon in this vicinity, and is found throughout the United States
from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and also in Canada. The larva,
in shape and size, is the same as that of P. pandorus, but differs
in shape of the spots along each side, which are elongated instead
of oval as in pandorus.

Pholus vitis (Z7mz.).
BX TUNE MMe, 775

Fore wings deep olive green, with a pale flesh-colored band extending from
the middle of the base to the apex and crossed by a similar band which runs
from the outer fourth of the costa to the middle of the inner margin ;
the costa to the transverse band is chocolate brown, as is also the outer border ;
between the oblique transverse band and the outer border the veins are pale flesh-
colored ; at the basal third of the wing is a narrow line running from the band
to the inner margin. Hind wings pale greenish inwardly, with a broad pink
outer border interrupted by an-olive green space before the angle; within the
outer border is a broad black fascia terminating in two narrow lines ; below the
disc are two large black spots, separated by a few pink scales. Head, thorax
and abdomen flesh-colored, head and thorax with a median olive green line, and
an elongate olive green patch on the patagia ; abdomen with a blackish patch
on each side of the base, and on each side of the back a broad olive green stripe.
Underside of wings pinkish flesh color, roseate at the inner margin of the hind
wings. Expanse, 3-4.25 inches=75-106 mm.

Larva.—Head claret red with two black stripes ; body yellowish, with narrow
transverse black lines, junctions of segments claret red ; along the sides are a
series of elongate, oblique, oval, whitish patches ; beneath greenish with black

lines. Length, 3 inches=75 mm.

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 291

Pupa.—Shape similar to that of 7. pandorus, but differs in having only the
anterior parts of the segments, as is also the prolonged head-case ; the last seg-
ment is more rounded, and the terminal spine is somewhat curved and polished
at the base. Length, 2.20 inches=55 mm.

Food-plant,—Grape.

This is a southern species very rarely taken in this vicinity. It
has been recorded from South America, Central America, Cuba,
Texas, Florida, and along the Atlantic coast to Massachusetts.
The larva is very different from its congeners.

Pholus linnei (G. & 2.).

Closely allied to P. vitis, but differs in having the outer border of the fore
wings rounded instead of being straight as in vi¢/s. The markings of the fore
wings are darker, and the hind wings are greenish at base, with the outer border
grayish brown, instead of pink, and at the anal angle is a pink patch and a black
patch within. Expanse, 3.25-4.5 inches=81-1.12 mm.

Inhabits South and Central America, Cuba, and the Southern
States, and is said to be found northward as far as Massachusetts ;
if so it may possibly be found in this vicinity.

Everyx Méntétries.

Head small, vestiture forming a central ridge or tuft between the antennz ;
eyes moderate and slightly lashed ; proboscis about half as long as the body ;
antennz ciliate in the male, simple in the female, with a large hook at the
tip. Tibia not spinose, except in £. charilus, which has the anterior and
middle pair minutely spinose. Thorax prominent, smooth ; abdomen untufted,
smooth and tapering. Fore wings as long as the body, rather broad, apex
subfalcate, outer margin more or less excavate, inner margin sinuate. Hind
wings excavate before the anal angle, apex rounded.

Everyx cheerilus (Cramer).
PLATE II, Fic. 8.

Fore wing rusty brown with slight purplish reflections ; basal half grayish
brown with two curved transverse lines ; outer part of wings rusty brown crossed
by several more or less distinct zig-zag lines ; terminal space same color as the
base of the wings. Hind wings uniform rusty red with a very narrow fringe,
edged with white. Head, thorax and body rusty brown, patagia edged with
gray. Underside of wings pale rusty brown with two faint transverse lines on
each ; outer border of fore wings same as above. Expanse, 2.25- 3 inches=56-
75 mm.

292 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Larva.—Body pale green, with a darker dorsal line ; second segment yellow-
ish green with numerous irrorations. Spiracles orange, white above and below,
those on second segment are orange and yellow above and below; along each
side of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th segments is a white oblique band, and on the
posterior segments the bands are connected with a continuous line to the base of
the caudal horn, which is bluish at the base, green at the tip and white in the
middle. Sometimes the color of the larva varies from pinkish to brown or even
leaden brown. Length, 2.20 inches=55 mm.

Pupa.—Purplish brown, with a pink tint over the whole surface, and slightly
mottled with black. Wing-cases mottled with black, spaces between the seg-
ments blackish brown. ‘longue-case concealed. Length, 1.40 inches=35 mm.

Food-plants.—Sheep-berry (Viburnum Jlentago), Arrow-wood (Viburnum
dentatum), also other species of Viburnum, Sour-gum (Vyssa), and Azalea.

This is a rather common species, and is found in open woods.
It may be easily recognized by its rusty brown color and purplish-
gray shades on the fore wings. It is double brooded. The larva
spins a rude cocoon, amongst leaves on the surface of the ground.
Found from Canada to Georgia, and westward to Iowa.

Everyx myron (Cramer).
PLATE II, Fic. 9.

Fore wings olive gray, varying to purplish gray, with olive green, oblique,
transverse bands and shades, which are more or less distinct. The band across
the basal third is continuous, while the band across the outer third is nearly
always more or less broken in the middle by the pale ground color. ‘The outer
part of wing is shaded with olive green at the apex and inner angle, leaving the
rest of the terminal space olive or violet gray. Hind wings rusty brown with a
darker, more or less distinct and complete terminal band. This band is very
often reduced to an olive gray patch on the anal angle. Head, thorax and
abdomen olive green or gray. Underside pale rust red or grayish, with two
narrow transverse lines. Expanse, 1.80-2.50 inches=45-62 mm.

Var. cnotus //ziéz.—In this variety the fore wings are uniform brown,
without traces of the olive transverse bands and shades.

Larva.—Body green sprinkled with yellow dots ; along the middle of the
back is a row of yellow patches, each containing a spot varying from red to
pale lilac ; along the sides, from the head to the caudal horn, is a white stripe
with a dark green margin, and below this are seven oblique lateral stripes. The
caudal horn varies from red to bluish, granulated with black, and is sometimes
yellow behind and at the tip. The larva is sometimes green, cream color,
purplish brown, deep brown, or leaden brown. In some the yellow patches

along the back are almost wanting. Length, about 2 inches=50 mm,

wets.

tes

; om KW
. 7 = ie Ww =

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of NewYork. 2923

Pupa.—Shape like that of £. cherilus. Pale brown ; wing-cases sprinkled
with black dots; junctions of segments dark brown. Tongue-case concealed.
Length, about 1.20-1.40 inches=30-35 mm.

Food-plants.—Grape and Virginia Creeper (Ampelopsis).

Rather common in gardens about grape vines. It may be
readily known by its olive gray color with olive green markings.
The larva in shape is like that of /. chwrilus, but differs in having
the lateral oblique stripes interrupted by the lateral white line,
which forms a straight edge at the junction of the oblique lines.
It also differs in having a row of sub-oval dorsal spots, which are
absent in &. cherilus. When fully grown it spins a loose cocoon
amongst leaves on the ground. It is double brooded, the first
brood appearing in June and July and the second in August. It
is found from Canada to Georgia, and westward to Missouri and
Iowa. The variety cvotus is rare, but is the common and prevail-
ing form in the Southern States.

Everyx versicolor (Harris).
PLATE TT Bie. 10:

Fore wings green shading into lighter green or yellowish green, with a num-
ber of transverse whitish or pinkish lines. Several more or less distinct
curved lines run from the costa before the middle to the base of the wing, and
beyond the middle, across the outer fourth, are also three more or less distinct
transverse lines and a curved subterminal white line beginning at the apex and
running irregularly down to the anal angle ; near the apex it is crossed by two
white dashes ; sometimes this line is almost absent. Hind wings rust brown,
the margin grayish. Head, thorax and abdomen green tinged with yellow ; a
narrow white line extends.over the top of the head to the end of the abdomen ;
along the sides of head and thorax also a whitish line. Underside of wings
marked with green, yellow and white, sometimes with reddish on the fore wings.
Expanse, 2.75-2.90 inches=68—-72 mm.

Larva.—HUead and first four segments yellowish green ; rest of body pea green,
with a white line along each side from the mouth to the base of the caudal horn ;
this line is composed of several lines, as follows: a subdorsal line, extending
from each side of the mouth back to the rear of the fourth segment of the
body ; a similar line runs obliquely from the lower part of the fourth segment,
just under the stigmatal point, upwards and backwards to the rear of the fifth
segment, meeting it just below the dorsal line. This is followed by five other
parallel lines, each beginning and ending one segment further back, except the
last, which extends across the last three segments up to the base of the caudal
horn. There are also faint indications of other lines at the lower part of the

294 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. V1,

tenth and eleventh segments ; body also covered with white specks. Spiracles
red, with yellow at each end. Caudal horn black, red on the sides. Sometimes
the ground color is pinkish brown instead of green, and the markings are then
pinkish white. Length, 2.50-3 inches=62-75 mm.

Pupa.—Dirty brown, with chocolate brown spots, almost covering the wing-
cases and anterior parts ; eyes and spiracles black, as also between the seg-
ments ; tongue-case concealed.

Food-plants.—Buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) and Swamp-loose-
strife (Vesea verticillata).

Quite rare and local in this vicinity. It is double brooded,
appearing in June and early in July and again in August. The
moth may be easily known by its bright green shades on the fore
wings, with the more or less distinct whitish transverse lines.
The larva is very quiet in its habits, never leaving a stem of the
food-plant so long as a leaf remains. In eating, when- fully
grown, it hangs from the mid-rib of the leaf, and eats usually
from the extreme end, finishing a section across the leaf as it
goes. It generally eats the mid-rib and petiole down to the
woody stem.

Synopsis of Species of Cherocampine.
Aellopos.

Abdomen with a broad fan-like anal tuft. Wings entire.
Sooty black ; abdomen with the third segment white.
Fore wings with two transverse bands beneath the cell and an

arcuate TOW OL SUbtenmInally SpOtSacr 6)).. sect) eeu eee A. fadus,
Fore wings with the bands obsolete, and the subterminal row of
Spots’ reducediitostwo)or three Spots. 4. sini ee 4. tantalus.
Triptogon.

Fore wings excavate, below the apex and above the hind angle.
Chocolate brown with darker shades outwardly on the fore wings.
Thorax with a prominent tuft on the fore part......... T. lububris.

Amphion.

Fore wings excavate outwardly ; rich dark brown with darker markings.
Abdomen with a transverse, canary yellow line between the fourth
andififthisegments “oan 8.0) Sac peepee er ee eee A. nessus.

Sphecodina.

Fore wings excavate outwardly ; last segments of abdomen with dentate
lateral tufts.
Dark brown, fore wings with oblique streaks ; hind wings yellow at .
DaSGzAE Mahi: Seb bneahlc > « Naahinan ele teats eeetn eae S. abbotii,

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 295

Deidamia.

Fore wings excavate outwardly, head with a prominent tuft.
Ashen gray with brown markings ; hind wings reddish brown,
D. inscripla.
Deilephila.

Wings entire, not excavate ; fore wings with a buff-colored oblique band
from the base to the apex.

Veins of fore wings and thorax lined with white......... .... D. lineata.
Veins and thorax not lined with white........... D. galii var. intermedia.
Theretra.

Body long and graceful, wings pointed, entire.
Pale ochreous ; fore wings with paler oblique stripes; hind wings
black with a subterminal row of yellow wedge-shaped spots, 7”. lersa.

Argeus.

Outer margin of fore wings not excavate beneath the apex.
Fore wings wholly green, with a darker V-shaped space.

ind wines: blue, black, red) and’ buif.-2...-....-...-.4 4. labrusce.
Pholus.
Large species ; wings broad; fore wings slightly excavate beneath the
apex.

Fore wings pale olive green, with dark green shades and patches.
Hind wings pale green with a black patch and subterminal band,
P. pandorus.
Fore wings pale chocolate brown, with rich, dark brown patches.
Hind wings pink, outwardly pale brown........... ....P. achemon.
Fore wings deep olive, with an oblique flesh-colored band from the
middle of the base to the apex, and an oblique transverse
band of the same color.
Hind wings pale green at base, pink outwardly, and with a

black Sporandishori band sors .crecr | -lenicic wei ers nite P. vitis.
Hind wings pale greenish at base, black outwardly; anal angle
witlagpimke PAtGan aeeiqena as ste alae: ser aes cies es - P. linnet.
Everyx.

Fore wings with apex subfalcate, entire.
Olive gray, with olive green markings, hind wings red brown... £. myron.
Rusty brown ; basal half of fore wings pale grayish brown...Z. charilus.
Light and dark green, with white transverse lines on fore wings ;
hind wings ferrugineous ; from head to end of body a white line,
E. versicolor.

Subfamily SPHINGIN/#.

Dilophonota Aurmeister.

Body long ; fore wings as long as the body ; head large, smoothly scaled ;
eyes large ; tongue about half as long as the body ; antennz minutely ciliate
in the male, simple in the female, tip with a short hook ; thorax smooth, with a
short, divided rest on the middle of the anterior portion ; abdomen smooth,

296 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VXI,

slender. Legs unarmed; middle and hind tibie spurred. Fore wings with the
outer margin oblique and slightly scolloped between the nervules. Hind wings
with apex acute, anal angle somewhat produced.

Dilophonota ello (Zizz.).
PLATE IV, FIGs. I AND 2.

Fore wings ashen gray, with an indistinct, dentate line running from the
outer fourth of the costa to the middle of the hind margin, and an outer row of
small dark spots. Often there is a brown shade from the middle of the base to
the apex, and above and below this shade the wings are also marked with
brown, forming no regular pattern. Hind wings ferrugineous, terminal border
blackish, not reaching the anal angle, and grayish before the angle. Head
and thorax ashen gray or marked with brown. Abdomen gray with five large,
transverse, oblong spots on each side, with the space on the back forming a
line. Underside of wings ferrugineous, dusky outwardly ; body light gray.
Expanse, 3-4 inches=75-I100 mm.

Larva.—Body green ; head with a dark brown line on each side in front,
thence running over the top of the head and along the subdorsum of the body
and converging at the base of the caudal horn ; these lines are bordered with
yellow ; on the fourth segment is a large, round, velvety black spot bordered
with yellow, and outside on either side is a shade of deep reddish brown ; on
the middle of the back from the head to the end of third segment is a fine
dark brown line ; abdominal feet with a velvety black patch externally ; caudal
horn short and blunt. The body is also sprinkled over the surface with minute
dark brown and yellow dots. Sometimes the larva is reddish brown, with the
lines less distinct than in the green variety. Length, 3-3.50 inches=75-87 mm.

Pupa.—Pitchy black, smooth, and very shining wing-cases and breast with
longitudinal ochreous lines ; thorax and head-case also with ochreous lines ;
abdominal segments ochreous with short black transverse lines and dots, last
three segments pitchy ; anal spine smooth, compressed, and in form of a trian-
gular tooth. Head-case prominent and smooth. Length, 2-2.25 inches=
50-56 mm.

Food-plant.—E up horbia.

Very rare in this vicinity but common in the South. It is found
from Brazil northward to Canada. It varies from an almost
uniform gray to a form with distinct brown shades.

Phlegethontius /iibner.

Head very large and prominent; eyes large ; proboscis much longer than
the body ; antennz rather strongly biciliate in the male and simple in the

1895.] Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 297

female ; thorax robust, well advanced in front of the base of the fore wings, and
with short erect tufts posteriorly ; abdomen tapering, untufted. Fore wings well
developed, somewhat longer than the body, outer border obliquely rounded and
entire; apex acute; hind wings with outer margin very slightly scolloped.

Phlegethontius quinquemaculatus (//aw.).
PLATE IV, Fic. 3-

Fore wings ashen gray, shaded more or less with blackish beyond the middle
and toward the apex; across the wings from the costal third is a series of three
narrow black lines running outwardly, then obliquely backwards to the inner
margin near the base ; across the outer fourth are three much angulated, parallel
lines running to the middle of the inner margin; beyond these lines isa less angu-
lated, darker and more distinct line, and a short apical streak of the same color.
All the lines are more or less ill-defined. Hind wings pale gray, ashen gray
outwardly, and are crossed by two parallel dentate lines through the middle and
with a rather broad subterminal black band, widest at the costa. Head and
thorax ashen gray, the latter marked with several short transverse lines in front,
one along the edge, and another through the middle of the patagia ; across the
hind part of the thorax is a broad black band, with, in front of it, one or two
spots composed of biuish tufts. Abdomen gray with a row of large, conspicu-
ous, orange colored spots surrounded with black along each side and edged on
the anterior parts above and below with white. Underside of wings uniform
ashen gray, with two transverse bands on each, the outer one on the fore wings
and those on the hind wings toothed. Expanse, 3-4.50 inches=75-112 mm.

Larva.—Body dull green with yellowish white, oblique lateral stripes, or
dull sea green with ocellated spots anteriorly with the oblique lateral bands and
stigmatal stripe flesh color ; head black with an elongated flesh colored triangu-
lar patch ; thoracic feet, exterior of prolegs, and anal plates black. Underside
paler than above. Sometimes the body is very dark brown sprinkled with
yellow dots ; and the lateral oblique bands and the stigmatal stripe are yellow,
as is also the border of the caudal shield; head with triangular spot drab;
caudal horn black, spiny. Length, 3-4 inches.

Pupa.—Chestnut brown ; tongue-case detached, very long, prominent, and
strongly curved, like the handle of a pitcher, with the bulbous end touching
the body beyond the middle of the wing-cases. Length, about 2.50 inches=
62 mm. ; tongue-case, 30 mm.

Food-plants.—Tobacco, Tomato, Jamestown-weed (Datura), Matrimony
Vine (Lyctum vulgare), and Ground Cherry (Physalis viscosa).

Not common, and double brooded in this vicinity. The first
brood appears in June, and the second in August. It may be
known by its ashen-gray color and the five orange spots on each

298 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V1I,

side of the abdomen. Found throughout the United States and
Canada. The pupa is a well-known object of interest, and from
its long arched tongue-case may be readily distinguished.

Phlegethontius carolina (Zzwv.).
PLATE IV, Fic. 4.

Fore wings dark brownish gray, with the transverse lines near the base and
across the outer fourth very similar to those of /P. cefews. The outer dark
transverse line is scalloped, while in ce/ezs it is slightly curved, and beyond this
is a subterminal angulated whitish line. Discal spot small, white. Hind
wings gray, with three transverse black bands, outer portion dark gray. Head
and thorax brownish gray with yellow scales, the latter with indistinct black
lines and black across the posterior part. Abdomen wood brown or gray with
a row of large, deep orange spots along each side, which decrease in size
towards the end of the abdomen and are surrounded with black. Underside
of wings gray with transverse bands. Expanse, 3-5 inches=75~-125 mmi.

Larva.—Green, paler above, with seven oblique white bands, bordered above
on each side with bluish or dark brown, last segment edged with white ;
caudal horn reddish, white at the base of sides, or wholly black. Over the
body are also scattered fine, short, transverse lines. Length, 2.30-3.50 inches
=70-80 mm.

Pupa.—Chestnut brown, and similar in shape to that of P. celews, but less
swollen at the middle, the detached tongue-case is shorter and much less
arched, and does not quite extend half-way to the end of the wing-cases.
Length, about 2.20 inches=55 mm. ; tongue-case, 23 mm.

Fooa-plants.—Tomato, Tobacco, and Jamestown-weed (Datura).

Closely allied to P. cedeus, but is a much darker insect, the yel-
low spots on the abdomen are much larger, and the central bands
on the hind wings are straight instead of toothed. It is found in
the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific, in Canada and
the West Indies. In this vicinity it is sometimes quite common
and double brooded.

Phlegethontius cingulatus (/ad;.).
PLATE EV, PIG 5.

Fore wings dark gray, sometimes mottled with brown; darker than in /?,
celeus, and lighter than in P. carolina, ‘The transverse lines are almost like

1895.| Beutenmiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New Vork.. 299

those of P. carolina. Below the cell, between the veins, are two black streaks.
Hind wings rose colored at the base, gray outwardly, and crossed by three black
bands. Head and thorax dark gray, the latter with black lines at sides and in
front; abdomen dark gray with five bright rose colored spots on each side,
decreasing in size towards the posterior end of the body, and separated by black
bands. Underside of wings dark gray; hind wings white at base along the
inner margin. Expanse, 3.75-4.50 inches=9g4-112 mm.

Larva.—Dark green with seven oblique black bands along each side, which
terminate on the back in two longitudinal stripes of the same color; on the
dorsum of the third and fourth segments are two black spots, four very small
ones on the tenth, and two very large ones placed laterally at the incisure of the
first and second segments. Head green with black stripes. Caudal horn yellow
or ferrugineous, tip black; anal shield orange yellow. Length, 3-4 inches=
75-100 mm.

Variety A.—Clear green, with the oblique lateral bands entirely white, and
the two dorsal stripes replaced by two rows of black points.

Variety B.—Dull green with six longitudinal rows of blackish or brownish
spots, and the head and horn ferrugineous.

Variety C.—Dead leaf brown on the back, white on the sides, and flesh
colored beneath ; seven oblique lateral stripes of deeper brown and a lateral
stripe of straw color, which is continuous on the first three segments, and inter-
rupted after the fourth segments at the middle of each. Head pale fawn color
with black lines ; caudal horn black ; shield orange.

Variety D.—Brown with four longitudinal lines of dirty white on the first
three segments, two dorsally and two laterally.

Variety &.—Karthen brown with the back and oblique bands of a deeper
brown.

Pupa. Brown, with the tongue-case detached, not reaching the middle of
the wing-cases, bent downward and backward for about half its length; the
turned portion resting on the breast. Length, 2.50 inches=62 mm.

Appears in June and again during the latter part of August and
in September. It may be known from the other members of the
genus by the rose red spots on the abdomen. The larva is very
variable, and besides the varieties described above, intermediate
ones are met with. It hides itself at the base of the plant under
leaves, but may be discovered from its large excrements. The
insect is found from Canada to Brazil, and to the extreme west of
our continent ; also in the Hawaiian Islands. ;

300 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Phlegethontius rusticus (/aér.).
PLATE TV, Bic: 6:

Fore wings sooty brown, with white transverse wavy lines across the basal
and outer third, and subterminal white markings of no regular pattern ; some-
times the wings are more or less rust brown. Hind wings sooty brown with a
whitish band near the base and two more or less distinct, black central bands,
followed by whitish shades. Fringes black, cut with white. Head, thorax
and abdomen sooty black, or marked with rust brown, thorax marked with
white; abdomen with three large orange spots on each side. Underside of
fore wings paler than above with transverse lines ; hind wings whitish or grayish
with two dentate central bands; body white. Expanse, 3.50-5.60 inches=
87-140 mm.

Larva.—Head and body dark green, yellow on the dorsum ; along each side
are seven oblique blue bands edged with purple, and beneath these is a white

longitudinal band, edged with yellow on the lower part. Caudal horn yellow,
with reddish tubercles. Length, 4 inches=100 mm.

Pupa.—Chestnut brown, and similar in shape to that of P. carolina, but
larger and more robust, with the detached tongue-case more curved. Length,
about 2.50-2.80 inches=62-70 mm.

Food-plants.—Chionanthus, Privet, and Lilac.

Found from New York southward into South America. In this
vicinity it is very rare. It may be known by its large size, sooty-
brown color, the white wavy lines, and by having three yellow
spots on each side of the abdomen.

Sphinx ZLinneus.

Head moderate ; proboscis as long as the body; eyes small, usually distinctly
lashed ; palpi curved upward and projecting beyond the head ; antennz with
the tip more or less bent ; thorax well developed, untufted, metathorax with
erect hairs. Legs more or less spinose; middle and hind tibiz spurred.
Fore wings with very acute apex and the outer margins very oblique, entire.
Hind wings narrow, apex distinct.

Sphinx drupiferarum 4. & 5S.
PRATE VV. RiGser:

Fore wings smoky black, broadly grayish or whitish along the costal region
from the base of the wings to nearly the apex ; the outer margin is also grayish,
containing a whitish line which is limited inwardly by a wavy black line ; between
the veins in the dark portion of the wings are several black dashes. Hind

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 3,01

wings black, base whitish, and also a central whitish band ; terminal border
dirty grayish brown. Thorax black, sides grayish, as is also the head. Abdo-
men brownish, with a fine black line along the middle ; sides black, with a row
of four or five large white spots. Underside: fore wings smoky, terminal
border grayish brown ; hind wings grayish at base and a central band and outer
border of the same color. Expanse, 3-4 inches=75-100 mm.

Larva.—Bright apple green; head with a_dark brown stripe on each side;
along each side of the body are seven oblique white stripes bordered with purple
on the upper side; spiracles orange ; caudal horn dark brown, yellow at the
base of the sides. Length, about 3.50 inches=87 mm.

Pupa.—Dark chestnut brown ; tongue-case detached, short and straight, and
not resting on the breast. Length, about 2 inches=50 mm; tongue-case, .25
inch=6 mm.

Food-plants.—Apple, Plum, Hackberry (Ce/¢zs).

Not common. Double brooded in this vicinity, appearing in
June and again early in August. The species is recognizable by
the smoky black fore wings and the whitish costal space. Found
from Canada to Florida and westward.

Sphinx kalmiz 4.& S.
PLATE V, Fic. 2.

Fore wings pale chestnut brown, with lighter and darker streak-like shadings ;
before and parallel to the outer border is a pale brownish white transverse line,
limited inwardly with black ; fringes alternately brown and whitish. Hind
wings brownish white with a central and subterminal blackish band. Head
and thorax chestnut brown on top, patagia edged with black; sides of head
and thorax pale whitish brown. Abdomen chestnut brown along the back
with a narrow black line; sides black, with a row of large whitish spots.
Underside of wings chestnut brown, with a terminal dark brown shade, and a
paler central band across the hind wings. Expanse, 3-4.50 inches=
75-112 mm.

Larva.—Body apple green, paler above and dark at the sides, with seven
oblique lateral stripes, which are whitish along the middle, bordered with blue-
black anteriorly and with yellow posteriorly. Caudal horn light blue, with
black tubercles. Spiracles pale orange, thoracic feet black, whitish at their
bases ; abdominal legs with two black spots externally, and separated by yellow.
Length, about 3 inches=75 mm.

Pupa.—Deep chestnut brown, with the detached tongue-case short and
straight, and is similar in shape to the pupa of S. drufiferarum. Length,
about 2 inches=50 mm.

Food-plants.—Laurel, Lilac, Privet, Chionanthus, and Ash.

302 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Not common. It may be known by its chestnut brown color,
with lighter and darker streaks. The larva is quite conspicuous,
with the lateral oblique stripes very broad. It is double brooded,
the first brood appearing in June and the second late in July and
early in August. Found from Canada to Georgia, and westward
to Missouri.

Sphinx lucitiosa Clemens.
PEATE VeceIGs3:

Fore wings rusty brown with the costa and outer margin sooty brown ; most
of the veins are finely marked with blackish. The band on the outer margin
gradually narrows as it nearly reaches the apex ; before this band, from the inner
margin, is a light brownish oblique wavy streak. Discal dot small, whitish.
Hind wings ochre yellow with traces of a dark central band and a broad black
outer border. Thorax and top of head sooty black ; sides of head and thorax
pale brownish gray. Abdomen dull ochre yellow, with a narrow black dorsal
stripe, a black band along each side, broken by whitish spots on the edges of
the segments. Underside of wings pale ochreous yellow, with a smoky brown
outer border. Expanse, 2.50-3 inches=62-75 mm.

Larva.—Head pale green with a yellow line on each side, indistinctly edged
above with black ; mouth parts black ; body green; the first three segments
and the lower half of all the others covered with small white dots, each dot
encircled with black ; on each side are seven oblique stripes, white, with pinkish
lilac above. Thoracic legs white with red tips; abdominal legs green with a
faint purplish tinge ; caudal horn rather short, green with a black stripe on
each side; spiracles red. Length, 3.50 inches=87 mm.

Pupa.—Bright mahogany brown, with a short detached tongue-case. Length,
1.59 inches=37 mm ; tongue-case, .125 inch=3 mm.

Food-plant.—Willow.

Very rare in this vicinity. It may be known by its brown
color and ochre yellow hind wings.

Sphinx gordius Cramer.
PLATE V, FIG. 4.

Fore wings gray, more or less clouded with sooty brown ; veins finely marked
with black, with a few dashes of the same color between them and in the cell ;
outer border of wing sooty black, the band gradually narrowing as it reaches
the apex. Discal spot white. In some individuals there are traces of a few

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 303

transverse dark bands, one across the basal fourth, one across the middle, and
another a little beyond. Hind wings dirty white, with a central black band and
a broad black outer border. Head and vertex of head sooty black, sides gray-
ish. Abdomen grayish, with a black dorsal line ; sides black and white in form
of bands. Underside of fore wings smoky ; hind wings marked as above,
but paler. Expanse, 3-3.60 inches=75-90 mm.

Larva.—Bright apple green, with a yellow and brownish stripe on each side
of the head ; along the sides of the body are seven short, oblique stripes, which
are white and margined above with carmine. Caudal horn black, green on top
and beneath. Length, about 2.50 inches=62 mm.

Pupa.—Deep brown, with a very short detached tongue-case. Length, 1.40
inches=35 mm.

Food-plants.—Apple, Pear, Ash and Wax-Myrtle (AZyrica).

This species is allied to .S. Zucztiosa, but may be separated by its
gray color and differently marked hind wings, which are ochre
yellow in 5S. Zucitiosa. It is not common in this vicinity, and is
double brooded. It ranges from Canada to Georgia, and west-
ward to the Mississippi, and probably further westward.

Sphinx chersis (/iézer).
PEATE OV BbiGanb:

Fore wings light ashy gray with a small bunch of blackish scales at the base of
the inner margin ; between the veins, from beneath the cell to the apex, is a short
black dash between each, the last one almost uniting with a short black apical
streak ; before the outer margin is a narrow transverse black and whitish line.
Hind wings whitish with a black central band and a terminal band. Head and
thorax light gray ; patagia lined inwardly with black, and a tuft of the same
color on each side of the posterior edge of the thorax. Abdomen gray, with a
central black line ; sides black and broken by white cross-stripes. Underside
of wings gray with an ill-defined subterminal band on the fore wings and a pale
dentate, median band on the hind wings. Expanse, 4-5 inches=100-125 mm.

Larva.—Pale apple green ; dorsal region whitish, and with seven oblique
yellow stripes along each side. Head with a yellow stripe on each side ; caudal
horn pale bluish ; thoracic feet pink. Length, about 3 inches=75 mm.

Pupa.—Deep chestnut brown, with a short detached tongue-case. Length,
2.50 inches.

Food-plants.—Lilac, Privet and Ash.

304 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VU,

Double brooded in this vicinity, appearing in May-June and
again late in July. It may be known by its uniform gray color,
very oblique outer margin and pointed apex. Found from Canada
to Georgia, and westward to California.

Sphinx canadensis Zoisd.
PLATE VI, FIc. 1.

Fore wings light brownish gray, streaked with black between the veins, and
a terminal black line edged with whitish and followed by another within. Hind
wings pale grayish at the extreme base, followed by a broad median and a
terminal band, leaving the space between them very narrow. Head and
thorax grayish, the latter brownish gray, with the patagia edged inwardly with
black. Abdomen gray black on each side, broken by white on the edges of
the segments. Expanse, 3.25-3.60 inches=81-g0 mm.

It is possible that this rare species may occur in this vicinity.
It is found in Newfoundland, Canada, Maine, northern New York
and Ohio. The early stages are unknown,

Sphinx eremitus Drury.
PVATE Vile SRiGe 2:

Fore wings brownish ash color, clouded with darker brown, with a rather
heavy short black dash between each vein from beneath the cell to the apex.
Discal spot white. From near the base, on the inner margin, are two short,
parallel, oblique, black streaks and across the outer portion of the wing is an
indistinct transverse, curved band. Hind wings with a black patch at the base
and a broad median and terminal border of the same color; spaces between
these and the basal spot dirty white. Head and thorax brownish ash, the latter
with a black line through the middle of the patagia. Abdomen brownish ash,
a median black line and the side alternately black and dirty white. Underside
of fore wings grayish brown with faint indications of three transverse bands ;
hind wings dirty whitish, with the central and terminal band brownish. Ex-
panse, 2.50-3.15 inches=63-79 mm.

Larva.—Head small, brown with a lateral white stripe. Abdominal segments
reddish brown with many tan-colored or whitish ocellated spots. Second
segment light brown above, olive at the sides ; collar light brown outlined with
black. The second segment is subtriangularly produced, with the apex rounded,
pointing forward, and extending over the head when the larva is at rest ; it is
olive brown at sides with a velvety brown spot. Third and fourth segments also

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 305

olive brown with a velvety brown spot on top. Along the sides of the body are
seven whitish oblique stripes, bordered with brown posteriorly. Caudal horn
brown. Length, 2.25-2.75 inches=56-68 mm.

Pupa.—Chestnut brown ; head-case subtriangular ; tongue-case exerted, dark
brown, nearly straight and slightly raised from the breast by its bulbous end.
Length, 1.60 inches=65 mm.

Food-plants.—Spear Mint (AZentha), Wild Bergamot (AZonarda), Salvia, etc.

Very rare in this vicinity. It may be recognized by its brown
color and the black streaks on the fore wings. Double brooded.
The larva may be known by the triangular protuberance on the
second segment, differing in this respect from all our Sphinges,

Sphinx plebeius /aé;.
PEATE Vi-° Fic: 3.

Fore wings gray, streaked with black between the veins from the base of the
inner margin, thence obliquely to the apex. Discal spot white. Across the
outer fourth are traces of transverse lines, but they are very indistinct or absent;
before the outer margin are some indistinct shadings of whitish. Hind wings
smoky brown with traces of a lighter shade across the middle and base ; fringes
white, cut with smoky brown. Head and thorax gray, with a black line around
the anterior portion and continued along the middle of the patagia. Abdomen
gray, with a narrow black dorsal stripe and a broad black stripe along each side
containing a row of grayish spots. Underside of wings fuscous. Expanse,
2.65-3 inches—66-75 mm.

Larva.—Body green, paler above, with seven oblique lateral stripes along
each side, yellow, edged with black anteriorly. Caudal horn blue, with small
black tubercles. Sometimes the larva is olive pink with numerous flesh-colored
dots, with the oblique bands olive, and a shade of the same color along the
subdorsum ; sides of body olivaceous Length, 2.60 inches=65 mm.

Pupa.—Chestnut brown, with the detached tongue-case very straight and
closely applied to the breast ; and at its base it is very slightly curved and
reaches to about the middle of the wing-cases. Length, 1.40 inches=35 mm.

food-plant.—Trumpet-vine ( Tecoma).

This species is not rare in this vicinity ; especially found in
flower gardens about the trumpet-vines. It is double brooded,
appearing in June and again latter in July and early in August.
Found from Canada to Florida and westward to the Mississippi.

[ September, 1895. 20

306 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VII,

Chlenogramma Smith.

Form robust ; head rather large with a small tuft between the antennz ; eyes
moderate, not lashed; antennz fusiform, minutely biciliate in the male, simple
in the female, slightly curved at the tip ; thorax stout, somewhat produced be-
fore the base of the fore wings; abdomen long, pointed, with a row of loose
tufts along the back. Fore wings long, much longer than the body, and rather
broad ; outer margin slightly rounded, oblique, and somewhat excavated above
the hind angle. Hind wings rounded.

Chlenogramma jasminearum (Boisduva/).
PLATE VJ, Fic. 5.-

Fore wings pale gray, finely mixed with brown and blackish scales ; across
the basal third are two indistinct wavy lines, and three similar transverse lines
beyond the middle, and beyond these is another line less distinct and inter-
rupted ; from the basal line on the costa is a conspicuous blackish shade running
obliquely to the middle of the outer margin ; discal spot small, whitish, with a
yellowish brown blotch beyond ; fringes white and black. Hind wings brown-
ish black with traces of a very indistinct paler central band. Head, thorax
and abdomen gray ; thorax with a blackish transverse line in front extending
through the middle of the patagia, hind part with two black spots and two spot-
like bands along each side. Underside of wings uniform fuscous, with a
slightly darker central band. Expanse, 3.20-4.25 inches=80-105 mm.

Larva.—Pale green, lighter dorsally ; body with six oblique lateral white
stripes, and a seventh red stripe which extends to the green caudal horn ; thor-
acic feet pink ; spiracles white encircled with black, Length, 3 inches=75 mm.

Pupa.—Dark brown, with a very short cylindrical tongue-case, bulbous at
the end, and applied to the breast. Length, about 2.50 inches=62 mm.

Food-plants.—Various species of Ash (/raxtnus).

This species may be easily known by its gray color and distinct
oblique black shade across the fore wings. In this vicinity it is
quite rare, and is probably double brooded. It is found from
Canada to Georgia. The larva and pupa are imperfectly known.

Ceratomia Harris.

Head rather small, with a light tuft between the antennz ; eyes small, not
prominent ; antennz biciliate in the male, simple in the female ; proboscis
reaching the end of the thorax ; thorax short, somewhat advanced in front of
the base of the fore wings ; abdomen untufted, tapering. Spurs of middle and

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 307

posterior tibiz small. Fore tibiz with short stout terminal spinules ; anterior
tarsi with three claw-like spines on the first joint and one on the second. Fore
wings large, much longer than the body, outer margin oblique or slightly rounded.
Hind wings with margins entire, and anal angle slightly produced ; apex
obtusely rounded.

Ceratomia amyntor (//bner).
PEATE. VL. RIG. «6:

Fore wings dark coffee brown ; costal region and outer margin clay brown ;
outer portion of costa mixed with gray ; along the middle portion of the wings
between and parallel with the veins, below the median vein and beyond the
cell, are several heavy black dashes; at the basal portion of the wings are
traces of several wavy transverse lines; across the outer fourth are several
angulated and wavy transverse lines, curved outwardly. Discal spot distinct,
whitish. Hind wings clay brown, with a central and subterminal ill-defined
band. Head above, collar and front part of thorax whitish; patagia coffee
brown with black lines ; central portion of thorax clay brown ; abdomen clay
brown, with a black dorsal stripe and two lateral stripes. Underside of wings
brown with grayish scales, fore wings with traces of the outer transverse lines
from above repeated ; hind wings with a double transverse zig-zag line. Fringes
above and below brown, interrupted with whitish spots. Expanse, 3-4.25
inches= 75-106 mm.

Larva.—Pale green, sometimes reddish brown; head and body strongly
granulated, with a dorsal row of short fleshy teeth, tipped with white or pink,
these teeth extending from the fourth segment to the caudal horn ; on each of
the third and fourth segments is a pair of short, straight tubercles, covered
with short spines ; along the sides are seven oblique whitish stripes composed
of granulations. Caudal horn green, thicky covered with short spines. Length,
2.75-3.25 inches=68-81 mm.

Pupa.—Chestnut brown ; head small, rounded, slightly depressed ; eye-cases
margined inferiorly by an impressed line ; tongue-case buried ; antennz-cases
granulated ; first and second segments with a slightly elevated median line.
Abdominal segments punctulate, wrinkled posteriorly ; terminal spine rugose,
pointed, minutely bifid. Length, 1.50-2 inches=37-50 mm.

Food-plants.—Various species of Elm, Linden and White Birch.

Rather common in this vicinity in June and July. It may be
readily known by its coffee brown and clay brown colors and by
the black dashes on the fore wings. The larva may be known by
the two fleshy horns on each of the third and fourth segments.
Its favorite food is elm. The insect is found from Canada to
Virginia, westward to Missouri and Iowa.

308 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {[Vol. VU,

Ceratomia undulosa (/Va/ker).
PrADE VAR EGs 775

Fore wings gray mixed with light brownish scales ; across the basal portion
are three angulated transverse black lines, furthest apart on the costa and com-
ing closer together as they reach the inner margin ; these lines are more or less
distinct ; from the middle to the outer fourth are four transverse curved lines,
the middle two are toothed and the space between them is gray; from below
and beyond the cell, between the veins, are three black dashes and a wavy
apical streak ; discal spot white narrowly bordered with black ; fringes alter-
nately brown and white. Hind wings grayish brown, with three ill-defined
blackish bands. Head grayish, thorax gray mixed with yellow; through the
middle of the patagia is a black line connected with the one across the anterior
portion of the thorax ; across the hind part of the thorax is also a black line
edged with yellow and white ; abdomen grayish brown with a black dorsal line
and two rows of large black spots along each side. Wings beneath almost
uniform grayish brown, hind wings somewhat paler, both wings with two trans-
verse bands ; fringes same as above. Expanse, 2.80-4.60 inches=70-115 mm.

Larva.—Pale green, smooth ; on each side of the body are seven oblique
yellowish white stripes ; spiracles pink ; caudal horn pink ; head green with a
whitish band on each side. Length, 3 inches=75 mm.

Pupa.—Dark brown ; head-case rugose, rounded, somewhat prominent, and
a little compressed laterally ; eye-cases rough, slightly prominent, with a
crescent-shaped mark before the middle ; tongue-case concealed ; thorax sha-
greened ; wing-cases very slightly wrinkled ; abdominal segment deeply punc-
tured, smooth on the junctions ; anal spine short, rugose, pointed. Length,
about 1.75 inches=43 mm.

Food-plants.—Lilac, Ash and Privet (Ligzstvum).

Rather common and double brooded in this vicinity, the first
brood appearing in June and the second in August. The ground
color of the insect varies somewhat from light to dark gray, and
the lines are more or less heavily marked. It is found from
Canada to Carolina, and westward to Iowa.

Dolba Watlker.

Head rather small, roughly scaled, inclining to form a tuft between the anten-
nx ; palpi roughly scaled ; proboscis longer than the body ; eyes moderate,
lashed ; antennce minutely biciliate in the male, simple in the female, hooked at
the end ; thorax stout, as broad as long. ‘Tibiz: not spinulose, middle with one

1895.| Beutenmiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 309

air sterior with two pairs of unequal spurs. Fore wings as long as the bod
’ db £ y;

rather broad ; outer margin entire, very slightly excavated above the hind angle.

Hind wings broad, apex well rounded, entire, and slightly excavated before the
anal angle.

Dolba hylzus (Drury).
PLATE-VI, Fic. 4.

Fore wings dark rusty brown with three transverse black lines across the basal
third, the inner two diffused with white ; across the outer fourth are four dentate
black lines, the outer ones with more or less white between them ; terminal
space shaded with white, forming no definite pattern. Discal spot small, white.
Fringes rusty brown, cut with white. Hind wings smoky brown with two
parallel whitish lines across the middle. Fringes white, cut with brown. Head
and thorax rusty brown, the latter white at the extreme sides, with black and
white on top. Abdomen rusty brown, a dusky broken central line, and a row
of small white dots on each side ; laterally the abdomen is black and broken
with white on the edges of the segments. Underside of wings smoky brown,
with traces of transverse lines across the outer fourth of the fore wings. Hind
wings whitish and crossed by several dentate lines, followed by whitish shades.
Expanse, 2.20-2.60 inches=50-65 mm.

Larva.—Pea green, with seven oblique lateral whitish bands edged above
with pink ; caudal horn purple, and a pale blue stripe on each side of the head.
Length, 2.33 inches=58 mm.

Pupa.—Chestnut brown; tongue-case concealed, straight and closely ap-
plied to the breast. Length, 1.60 inches=40 mm. ; tongue-case, .50 inch=
12 mm.

Food-plant.—Ink-berry (/lex glabra).

Not common in this vicinity. It may be easily known by its
small size and rusty brown color, with the transverse black lines
and white shades. In general appearance it resembles a miniature
Phlegcthontius rusticus. It is found from Canada to Florida, and
westward to Lowa.

Lapara Walker.

Head small, retracted, the scales forming a tuft or ridge between the anten-
nz ; palpi short, slender, porrect not pointed upwards, and much shorter in the
female than in the male ; eyes of medium size, slightly lashed ; proboscis very
short ; antennz biciliate in the male, simple in the female, tip slightly bent ;
thorax scarcely advanced in front of the wings, short, stout ; abdomen un-
tufted. Fore wings entire, with outer margin obliquely rounded. Hind wings
with apex rounded, outer margin with hind angle somewhat produced.

310 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1,

Lapara coniferarum (4.& S.).
]ereyNanioy WWI, Tie, Ti

Fore wings leaden gray, with a darker, dentate line across the outer fourth,
from the costa to the inner margin ; between the veins beneath the cell are two
blackish dashes, the lower one being the shortest. Hind wings grayish brown.
Head and thorax leaden gray ; abdomen brownish gray. Underside of wings
uniform brownish gray. Expanse, 2-2.50 inches=50-62 mm.

Larva.—VYellowish green with three longitudinal, equidistant, white stripes
along each side. Head conical, flattened in front, yellowish green with a black
line along each side, uniting on the summit. Stigmatal spaces marked with
red. Caudal horn wanting. Sometimes the larva is checkered with light and
dark-gray squares. Length, 2.25-3 inches=56-75 mm.

Pupa.—Cylindrical, pitchy black. Head, thorax, and anterior margin of
wing-covers rugosely punctate, as are also the fore margins of the segments.
The four posterior segments are rugosely punctate nearly over their entire sur-
face. Anal spine pointed. Tongue-case concealed. Length, 32 mm.

Food-plants.—Various species of Pines.

This species is somewhat variable. The fore wings are some-
times almost uniformly leaden gray without the two dark dashes,
or have only one dash. The insect is quite rare in this ne
hood. Found from Canada to Florida.

Lapara bombycoides var. harrisii (C/em.).
PLATE VII, Fic. 2.

Fore wings gray, with a pair of dentate lines across the outer fourth from
the costa to the inner margin, with the space between light gray, as is also the
outer portion of the wings ; before the middle and across the basal fifth are
two transverse lines, angulated outwardly above the middle ; beneath the cell
are two conspicuous black dashes. The spaces between the lines are more or
less shaded with light gray. Hind wings uniform brownish gray ; also the
head, thorax, abdomen and tip of the patagia are light gray, Underside of
wings uniform gray or brown, sometimes with a dark line across each, Ex-
panse, 2-2.25 inches =50-56 mm.

Larva.—The ornamentation consists of alternate green and white longitudi-
nal stripes. Dorsal stripe green, spotted with red. Head red in front, with
a white or pinkish white border. Collar and legs green; prolegs and last
segment bordered with red. Caudal horn absent. Length, 2-2.50 inches=
50-62 mm.

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New Vork. 311

Pupa.—Chestnut brown, with a rough, not produced head-case. Tongue-
case buried. Posterior segment tapering. Terminal spine black, contracted at
base, minutely bifid at tip. Length, 1-1.10 inches=25-27 mm.

Food-plants.—Various species of Pines.

Rare in this neighborhood, and is probably double brooded.
Found from Canada to Florida, and westward to the Mississippi.
It may be recognized by its small size, gray color, and transverse,
dentate and angulated lines.

Synopsis of Species of Sphingine.

Dilophonota.
Thorax anteriorly with a short crest divided in the middle; eyes large.
Fore wings light gray or streaked with fuscous; hind wings
FUSE Te Wilh. DidckOULemDOLER. 2...) se eset sees ws D. ello.

Phiegethontius.
Thorax not crested ; head and eyes very large; abdomen with yellow or
pink spots along each side.
Fore wings light ashen and dark gray, with black lines and
streaks; hind wings with two central dentate lines,
P. qguinguemaculatus.
Fore wings dark brownish gray, markings similar to guingze-
maculatus, hind wings with central lines not dentate, P. carolina.
Fore wings dark gray, lines and streaks black; hind wings at

base and spots on abdomen pink........ ........ P. cingulatus,
Fore wings sooty or rust brown, with black transverse lines and
Shadediwithinwiter sy eee a= SCs .2 ais 5. 2's peers CUSLICUS:
Sphinx.

Head moderate, eyes small ; abdomen black at’sides, with spots.
Thorax dark smoky brown, pale grayish at sides.

Fore wings smoky black ; costal region whitish. ... : S. drupiferarum.

Fore wings entirely sooty black marked with gray, costal region
concolorous: “Discalspotwhite::i— -.2%.f.- 22.5.5. S. gordius.

Fore wings rust brown ; discal spot wanting; hind wings ochre
yellow moutersbordersblacksme 42m os acidle oe. oleae S. lucitiosa,

Thorax chestnut brown, sides grayish.
Fore wings light and dark chestnut brown, in form of streaks, S. almie.
Thorax dark grayish, sides whitish; patagia with a black line
inwardly.
Fore wings gray, with black dashes between the veins... S. canadensts.
Thorax entirely gray ; patagia with a black line inwardly.

Fore wings light gray with black dashes..... ............ S. chersis.
Thorax ashen brown with black through the patagia ; sides pale.
Fore wings ashen brown with black dashes.......... ..-S. evemitus.

Thorax ashen gray, white at sides ; patagia with a broad black line
through the middle.
Fore wings gray with black streaks ; discal spot white ; hind
Vala EO Ha Skic eur Su ane ee EO ae eee aoe S. plebetus.
Dolba.
Small species: Head roughly scaled, with a tuft between the antennz.
Fore wings sooty brown or rust brown, with transverse dentate
black lines, shaded with white........ ...........- D hyleus.

312 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Chlenogramma.
Large species : Eyes large ; abdomen with bunches of raised scales along
the dorsum ; legs not spinose.
Fore wings gray mixed with brown, and a black shade from the
middle of the costa to the middle of the outer margin,
C. jasminearum.,
Ceratomia.
Large species : Eyes small ; abdomen without dorsal tufts ; legs spinose.
Fore wings coffee brown, paler along costal and outer region,

and with black streaks between the veins... .. ...C. amyntor.
Fore wings gray, with transverse black lines............ C. undulosa.
Lapara.

Small species : Head small, retracted ; palpi very small, not ascending.
Fore wings leaden gray, with a transverse black line beyond the
middle, sometimes with two short black dashes beneath the
2 | eee See cia coho 0 A ans rier o Me L. coniferarum.
Fore wings gray scaled with white; two angulated transverse
lines before the middle, and two dentate ones beyond,
L. bombycotdes var. harrisii. -

Subfamily SMERINTHINZ:.

Amorpha /iibner.

Large species ; head small, sunken, with a small median crest; palpi very
small, rudimentary ; antenne strongly biciliate in the male, simple in the female.
Thorax stout, not tufted ; abdomen plump, last segment blunt. Middle and
hind tibize with a single pair of short terminal spines; anterior with a stout
curved spine at the inner side of the tip. Tarsi finely spinose. Fore wings
broad, much longer than the body, with the outer border regularly scolloped.
Hind wings also scolloped.

Amorpha modesta (//arris).
Prare Villy Pic. 7.

Fore wings light mouse gray at the base ; across the middle is a very broad
olive gray band; outer portion of wings olivaceous with lighter transverse
shades. Hind wings gray, shaded more or less with claret red through the
middle, and at the anal angle a bluish gray patch. Head, thorax and abdomen
mouse gray, witha bluish tint. The wings have also a decided bluish reflection.
Underside of wings olive gray with pale gray transverse shade ; fore wings
more or less claret red towards the base ; sometimes the wings are almost uni-
form gray. Expanse, 3.50-5.50 inches=88-138 mm.

Larva.—Light green coarsely granulated with white points ; along each side
with seven oblique yellow bands, and on each side a yellow subdorsal line ;
caudal horn rudimentary; prolegs red; spiracles brown; head green, trian-
gular, granulated. Length, 3 inches=75 mm.

1895.| Beutenmiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 313

Pupa.—Robust, blackish brown, shagreened, terminal spine short, blunt and
flattened horizontally; tongue-case concealed. Length. 1.80-2 inches=45-50 mm.

Food-plants.—Willow and Poplar.

Rather scarce in this vicinity, but more common in the North-
ern and Western States. It is found from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. It varies in depth of the ground color from light to
dark, and in the distinctness of the transverse markings. In the
Western States the prevailing form of this species is quite pale,
and has been named occidentalis. In this neighborhood it is
found during the latter part of July and August, and is probably
double brooded.

Smerinthus Zafrez//e.

Head small, sunken, tufted between the antennz ; palpi short, not closely
applied to the head ; tongue rudimentary ; eyes small ; antennz rather strongly
pectinate in the male, simple in the female ; thorax stout ; abdomen more or
less tufted at the sides. Fore wings more or less excavated outwardly or scol-
loped ; anal angle produced ; inner margin excavated ; hind wings rounded,
costa straight or excavated ; anal angle more or less produced.

Smerinthus geminatus Say.
PLATE VII, Fie. 4:

Fore wings ashen gray, or brown with a rosy tinge ; across the basal third is
an angulated deep brown line, the angle being a little below the middle and
pointing outwardly ; across the wings are also a number of transverse wavy
lines, usually more or less distinct but sometimes quite confluent with the
ground color ; from the angle of the basal line a velvety brown dash runs out-
wardly to the transverse roseate or gray line, sometimes filling the lower half
of this interspace. The terminal space is light or dark brown, forming a dis-
tinct apical lunule. Hind wings rosy red, with buff colored outer borders,
which are rarely pink, and a large black spot near the anal angle containing one
or two small blue spots. Head and thorax ashen gray or ashen brown, the
latter with a deep brown patch occupying the entire space between the patagia.
Underside of fore wings rosy red at base, outer half brown with wavy trans-
verse lines; hind wings brown and grayish, powdery, with transverse curved
lines. Expanse, 1.80-2.75 inches=45-65 inches.

Larva.—Body green, paler dorsally, with numerous granulations ; along each
side are seven oblique bands of a pale yellow color except the last, which is
bright yellow ; on the anterior segments is also a stripe on the subdorsum ;

314 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

head triangular, green, granulated, with an oblique yellow stripe on each side,
meeting at the apex. Caudal horn bluish. granulated; thoracic feet green ;
spiracles red. Length, 2-2.60 inches=50-56 mm.

Pupa.—Very similar to that of .S. excecatus, but smaller.

Food-plants.—Cherry, wild and cultivated, Plum, Apple, Elm, Oak, Hazel,
Hornbeam (Carpfinus), Ironwood (Ostrya), Birch, Willow, Poplar, Ash, ete.

Rather common in this vicinity. It is double brooded, the
first brood appearing in June and July, and the second in August.
The moth is subject to considerable variation from light to dark
shades on the fore wings. It also varies in the form of the
ocellus of the secondaries. It is found from Canada to Virginia,
and westward to Iowa.

Smerinthus excecatus (4. & S.).
Prare VIL, Fie. 4:

Fore wings fawn color, with a pinkish tinge and darker shades and mark-
ings; the basal third is fawn color with one or two more or less distinct wavy
brown lines ; beyond this is an oblique dark brown shade running from the
costa at the basal fourth to the hind margin near the angle, where it is broken
by two or three small black spots. Across the outer fourth are three sinuous
lines of the same color as the base of the wing, and in which are two narrow
darker lines; outer part of wings dark with a narrow, wavy, light band or
shade. Hind wings rose red with a large black spot containing a blue centre.
Underside of fore wings rose color, outer portion partly ochreous, with pinkish
broken lines. Hind wings ochraceous with pink transverse lines. Head
and thorax fawn color, the latter rich velvety brown along the middle ; abdo-
men ochreous above, pinkish fawn color at sides. Expanse, 2-3.80 inches=
50-95 mm.

Larva.—Body granulated, apple green, paler above, with oblique, yellow
lateral bands and a yellow subdorsal stripe broken by the bands. lead tri-
angular, green with a yellow stripe on each side uniting at the apex, granula-
ted ; caudal horn green; thoracic feet reddish brown, bases yellow. Some-
times the body is more or less marked and spotted with red. Length, 2.20
inches=55 mm. ;

Pupa.—Dark brown ; head-case rounded, corrugated ; wing-cases smooth ;
thorax and segments punctured ; terminal spine corrugated, and _ sharply
pointed ; tongue-case concealed. Length, 1.20-1.80 inches= 30-40 mm.

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New Vork. 315

Food-plants.—Wistaria, Cherry, wild and cultivated, Plum, Apple, Pear,
Raspberry, Rose, Sfir@a, Elm, Oak, Hazel, Hornbeam (Carfinus), Ironwood
(Ostrya), Birch, Willow, Poplar, Ash, etc.

Common in this neighborhood, and is double brooded, appearing
in June and July and again in August. The moth is very vari-
able in color; sometimes the males are very much darker with an
olivaceous shade, tinged with purplish. It is found throughout
the eastern United States and Canada. It may be easily recog-
nized by having the outer edge of the fore wings regularly scol-
loped, and by the rose-colored hind wings with the eye-like spot.

Smerinthus myops (4. & 5.).
PLATE VII, Fic. 5.

Fore wings rich brown with a lilac wavy line across the basal third and sev-
eral across the outer fourth; on the costa before the apex is a small yellow
patch, and another before the anal angle ; sometimes these two patches almost
run across the wing in shape of a band between the lilac lines. Head, thorax
and abdomen light or dark brown, thorax yellowish along the middle. Hind
wings yellow bordered with brown along the costa and outer border; in the
yellow area is a large black spot with a blue centre. Underside of wings yel-
low, more or less marked with brown, and with the lilac outer lines of the fore
wings partly repeated ; across the hind wings are two or three wavy, lilac lines.
Expanse, 2—2.50 inches=50-62 mm.

Larva.—Green, not granulated, with seven yellow oblique lateral bands, and
one on each side of the head ; along each side of the back a row of red spots
and another row near the spiracles ; caudal horn green. Length, 2 inches=
50 mm.

Pupa.—Same shape as that of S. excecatus, but smaller and less stout.
Length, 1.20 inches=30 mm.

Food-plants.—Wild and cultivated Cherry.

Rare in this neighborhood ; found during June and July. It
is probably double brooded. The moth may be easily known by
the deep brown upper wings and yellow hind wings with the
black eye-like spot. The larva very much resembles that of
S. excecatus, but is smooth instead of granulated. It is found
from Canada to Florida, and west to the Mississippi.

316 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VII,

Smerinthus astylus (Yury).
PLATE VII, Fic. 6.

Fore wings ochraceous brown with lighter and darker shades ; across the
wings, from near the base to the inner margin near the angle, is a.dark oblique
line ; along the inner margin, beyond the base, runs a black shade terminating
on a yellowish brown spot before the hind angle; across the terminal space is a
lilac line ; on the costa before the apex is a subtriangular orange ochreous patch
from which runs a darker shade, losing itself in the ground color about the
middle of the wing; before the costal patch are two short lilac lines. Hind
wings paler than the fore wings, containing a round black spot with a bluish
centre. Head and thorax with a lilac tinge, the latter ochreous brown along
the middle ; abdomen lilaceous with a yellowish ochreous shade along each side
of the back, and a darker dorsal line more or less distinct. Underside of wings
ochreous, outer portion darker ; on the fore wings the lilac lines from above are
repeated, as are also the orange ochraceous patches, the one near the hind angle
much the larger; hind wings with two transverse lilac lines across the middle
followed by a bright orange ochraceous band, terminal space dark. Expanse,
2-2.50 inches=50-62 mm.

Larva.—Yellowish green ; yellowish along the dorsal region ; head broadly
marked with pink on each side, this color uniting at the apex ; on the first to
the end of the second segment is a pink subdorsal stripe ; on each side of the
body are seven oblique, broad yellow bands, which are broadly marked anteri-
orly with pink on the dorsal region ; spiracles in a pink patch ; thoracic feet
pink ; abdominal and anal legs pinkish outside ; caudal horn pinkish at base,
tip yellow and minutely forked ; head and body covered with small white
granulations. Length, 2 inches=50 mm.

Food-plants.—Various species of Huckleberry and Rosacez.

This rare species may be distinguished from its congeners by
its plain color and markings. ‘The life history is imperfectly
known. It is found from Canada to Pennsylvania, and probably
also southward and westward.

Cressonia G. & R.

Head small, sunken, with a ridge in front; palpi in the male long and ex-
ceeding the vertex, not closely applied to the head, separated and divaricate at
the tip; in the female the palpi are much shorter ; tongue rudimentary ; an-
tennz of male strongly bipectinate, simple in the female; thorax short and
stout, slightly crested along the middle ; abdomen of male tapering, with tufts

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York. 317

along each side in form of dentations, hardly visible in the female. Fore wings
as long as the body in the male, longer in the female, broad, outer margin den-
tate, inner margin sinuate. Hind wings rounded, dentate outwardly.

Cressonia juglandis (4.& S$).
Prare Vil, Fre.'s.

Fore wings pale fawn color, sometimes with a pinkish tint, or sometimes with
light or dark brown shades between the transverse markings and outer portion
of the wings; across the basal fourth is a narrow brown line, and another
across the basal third ; across the outer fourth are also two parallel transverse
lines, curved at the costa and running to the hind margin, the inner line ending
near the middle of the wing; before the inner line is sometimes a transverse
shade in form of a line. Hind wings with two or three lines across the middle.
Head, thorax and abdomen pale fawn color, thorax light or dark brown along
the middle. Undersides light or dark ochraceous with the outer transverse line
from above on the fore wings repeated ; hind wings with lines same as above.
Expanse, 2-3.20 inches=50-80 mm.

Larva.—Green or brown ; head triangular, apex quite pointed and _ bifid,
much more so than in the larvze of Smerinthus, with white granulations ; body
elongated, tapering gradually from the seventh segment to the extremity, granu-
lated with white ; along each side are seven light green or whitish oblique
bands, composed of granules; caudal horn brownish, covered with black
spinules. Sometimes the body is spotted with pink. Length, 2.50 inches=
63 mm.

Pupa.—Dark brown, almost black, rough, covered with short points ; head-
case with four projections and also one on each eye-case; antennze-cases with a
row of short pointed spines ; tongue-case buried ; last segments very much flat-
tened beneath and compressed laterally ; anal segment with a flat, truncate
projection ; last few segments encircled with rows of short spines. Length,
I,20-1.50 inches= 30-43 mm.

Food-plants.—Hickory, Walnut and Ironwood (Ostryza).

Not rare, and double brooded in this vicinity. The first brood
appears in June and the second in August. The species is sub-
ject to considerable variation; some specimens are uniformly
pale fawn color or ochraceous, with the transverse lines distinct,
while other examples are more or less covered with dark brown
so as to almost obscure the ground color and transverse lines. It
is found from Canada to Florida, westward to the Mississippi
and Texas. The larva may be known by its triangular head with
the apex pointed and bifid.

318 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. VII,

Synopsis of Species of Smerinthine.

Amorpha.

Large species : Outer margin of fore wings regularly scolloped ; abdo-
men obtuse at apex.
Fore wings pale gray, with a very broad olive gray median band ;
hind «wines; Shaded with claret redssea ctrl ietn rae A. modesta,

Smerinthus.

Head small, sunken, tufted between the antennz ; fore wings scolloped
or more or less excavated. Hind wings with an eye-like spot.
Fore wings scolloped, fawn color with darker shades ; hind wings

[Oils erase ee chneat ee eiake ts a cb Baa ok wcicns S. excecaus.
Fore wings excavate ; gray with dark brown markings ; hind wings

punk: in ‘the middle: iy. .c e-em nn olan a ee ee ... S. geminatus.
Fore wings less excavate than in gemdnatus, dark chocolate brown ;

hindiwineshyellow centrally ayers) eee S. myops.
Fore wings with outer margin almost entirely straight ; color almost

Uholbiolde (Xcel KONA Dacca meeuende Socogeoose.s2 ... S. astylus,

Cressonia.

Wings broad, outer margin dentate ; palpi of male long, ascending, and
divaricate at tip ; very short in the female ; hind wings without
eye-like spots.

Pale fawn color, sometimes shaded more or less with dark brown,
with narrow transverse lines.............- aretha asthe C. juglandis. .

1895.| Beutenmiiller, Hawk-moths of Vicinity of New York.

She

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE II.

1.—Hemaris thysbe (Fabr.).

Hate A ‘* var. uniformis (G. & k.).
3—- “ gracilis (G. & R.).
4—- “ diffinis (Bdv.).

5.—Amphion nessus (Cramer).
6.—Sphecodina abbotii (Swains.).
7.—Deidamia inscripta (Harris).
8.—Everyx cherilus (Cramer).

g.— ‘* myron (Cramer).
10.— ‘‘ versicolor (Harris).
PiaTeE III.

1.—Aéllopos fadus (Cramer).
2.—Deilephila lineata (Fabr.).
3.— s galii (Rott.).
4.—Theretra tersa (Linn.).
5.—Pholus pandorus (Hibn.).

6.— fe achemon (Dru.).
7.— 3 vitis (Linn.).
PLATE IV.

1.—Dilophonota ello (Linn.). Male.

= Ba + - Female.
3.—Phlegethontius quinguemaculatus (H aw.).
4.— S¢ carolina (Linn.).
5.— 7 cingulatus (Fabr.).
6.— rusticus (Fabr.).

PLATE V.

1.— Sphinx drupiferarum A. &S.

2.— ‘“ kalmie A. &S5.

3.— ‘“ lucitiosa Cramer.
4.— ‘* gordius Cramer.

5.— ‘“ chersis Hiibn.

6.—Argeus labrusce (Linn.).

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Bigs
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

PLaTE VI.
1.— Sphinx canadensis Bdv.
2— ‘ eremitus (Hiibn.).
3.— “ plebetus Fabr.

4.—Dolba hyleus (Dru.).
5.—Chlenogramma jasminearum (Bdv.).
6.—Ceratomia amyntor (Hiibn.).

7.— a undulosa (Walker).

eA, WALL

1.—Lapara coniferarum (A. &S.).

2.— bombycotdes, var. harristi (Clem ).
3.—Smerinthus geminatus Say.

4.— os excecatus (A. & S.).

5.— a myops (A. & S.).

6.— ss astylus (Dru.).

7-—Amorpha modesta (Harris).
8.—Cressonia juglandis G. & RX.

Buiretin A. M. N. H. Vor. VII, Prate II.

f
A MU es

E607 Ei. Dre

1. Hemaris thysbe (Faér.). 6. Sphecodina abbotii (Swazz.).
2. s ne var uniformis (G. & 2#.). 7. Deidamia inscripta (Harris).
3 a gracilis (CG. & R.). 8. Everyx choerilus (Cramer).
4. “« diffinis (Bdv.). 9 “© myron (Cramer).

5. Amphion nessus (Cvavz.). 10. «* versicolor (Hayvris).

Butietin A. M.N. H.

LJourer. per

I
2
26
4

. Aéllopos fadus (Cramer).

. Deilephila lineata (Faér.).

er galii var. INTERMEDIA (Kéy.).
. Theretra tersa (Zzzz.).

Vot. VII, Prate III.

. Pholus pandorus (/7#0.).

vitis (Zzz7.).

Buttetin A. M.N.H.

7 eh | e
aut}
Ny
ew" a
eon 4

Lou TEL. DEL.

Aun +

Vor. VII, Prare IV.

. Phlegethontius carolina (L7xz.).
ce

cingulatus (/aér.).
se rusticus (/aér.).

‘Ae,

Buttetin A. M. N. H. Vot. VII, PLATE V.

Cae
L -Jovre. Det bi
x. Sphinx drupiferarum (4. & S’. 4. Sphinx gordius (Cramer).
2. cs kalmize (A. & S.). F ‘© chersis (H76z.).

ButieTin A. M. N. H.

3- *« plebeius (Faér.).
4. Dolba hylzeus (D7x).

Vou. VII, Pirate VI.

5. Chlaenogramma jasminearum (4az.)

6. Ceratomia amyntor (//7é.).
7. ss undulosa (Wad/.).

Butietin A. M. N. H. Vo. VII, Pratre VIL.

er
AU
ial nt

ay a ; i

tad

a )

i ‘rms

LJourEL., vet
1. Lapara coniferarum (4. & S.). . Smerinthus myops (A. & S.).
2. e bombycoides yar. harrisii (C7Zev.). “e astylus (Dr ay

Amorpha modesta (/avrr7s).

3. Smerinthus geminatus (Say).
Cressonia juglandis (G. & #.).

4. ss exceecatus (A. & S.).

on am

Article IX.— FURTHER NOTES ON TRINIDAD BIRDS,
WITH A DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF
SVYNALLAXIS.

By Frank M. CHapMAN.

A second visit to Trinidad during March and April, 1894, while
made largely for the purpose of collecting mammals, resulted in
the acquisition of notes on birds which supplement those pub-
lished in the preceding volume of this Bulletin.’ On this occa-
sion | was accompanied by Mr. William Brewster, and after a
brief visit to my former headquarters near Princestown, we be-
came the guests of Mr. Albert B. Carr, on his cacao estate at
Caparo, in the west-central part of the island, seven miles east of
Chaguanas. The country here is not unlike that about the rest-
house where previous collections were made, the primeval forest
being broken only by cacao estates. These, however, are younger
and smaller, the region having been settled within comparatively
recent years. Probably for this reason certain birds, which are
common in the clearings and cacao groves about the rest-house,
are as yet comparatively rare or wanting on Mr. Carr’s estate ;
for example: Vireo chivi agilis, Ramphocelus yacapa magnirostrts,
Elainea pagana, Pitangus sulphuratus, and Tyrannus melancholicus
Ssairapa.

The month of April was passed in the mountains which form
the northern coast of the island. On their northern or seaward
side the bases of these mountains are indented by but few bays ;
on their southern side, however, they are penetrated by numerous
valleys. Our home was near the head of one of the most beau-
tiful of these—the Caura Valley—about seven miles from its
opening on the plains. Here we were the guests of Mr. J. E.
Lickfold.

1*QOn the Birds of the Island of Trinidad,’ Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VI, 1804, pp. 1-86.

[November, 1895.) [321] 21

322 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

Mr. Lickfold’s house is at an elevation of 500 feet, while the crests
of the surrounding hills reach an average altitude of about 2000
feet. The locality has long been devoted to cacao growing, and
the primeval forest has largely disappeared. Still there are many
large tracts of first-growth timber within a few hours’ ride.
While I visited them on several occasions, my experience was too
limited to render valuable a comparison of the avifauna of the
mountains with that of the lowlands; and I leave to future ob-
servers the task of explaining the rarity of such common lowland
birds as Glaucis hirsutus, Pygmornis longuemareus, Phaéthornis
guyl, Galbula ruficauda, Rhamphastos vitellinus, and Pionus men-
struus ; while the following equally common lowland species were
not once observed : Ostinops decumanus, Cassicus persicus, Pipra
auricapilla, Momotus swainsoni, Trogon (three species), Amazona,
and Urochroma. On the other hand, Luphonia trinttatis and
Calliste desmaresti were observed only in the mountains.

In attempting to express my appreciation of the hospitality
extended me, I am again impressed by the failure of words to
convey a sense of either my indebtedness or gratitude. Mr. Carr
and Mr. Lickfold not only placed their homes at our disposal,
but assisted us in every possible manner. I am also under many
obligations to Mr. F. W. Urich.

NOTES ON SPECIES NOT OBSERVED IN 1893.

Merula phzopyga (Cuv/.). WHItTE-THROATED THRUSH.—
One female was taken at Caparo and another at Caura. They
agree in color with a Venezuelan specimen.

Euphonia trinitatis (S¢r7ck/.). Cravar.—Not uncommon
in the mountains, but not observed in the lowlands.

Calliste desmaresti Gray. WorrHtrss.—Observed only on
the crests of the ridges in the Caura district, where it was not
uncommon.

1895.| Chapman, Further Notes on Trinidad Birds.

323

Piranga hemalea S.& G. Rurous Tanacer.—A male
in the plumage of the female, but with testes measuring about
.18 in their longer diameter, was taken at Caura April 21.

Legatus albicollis (Vze//.). BLACK-BANDED PErcHARY.—
A male of this species, heard calling from a tree-top, was taken
at Caparo.

Chasmorhynchus variegatus (Gm.). BELi-pirp ; Cam-
PANERO.—This bird was not uncommon in the forests at Caparo,
and in the more heavily wooded districts of the Caura Valley I have
heard three birds calling at one time. The notes of this species
will be found described at length in an article by Mr. Brewster
and myself in ‘The Auk’ for July, 1895.

Synallaxis carri, sp. nov.

Synallaxis cinerascens LEOTAUD, mec TEMM.

Char. Sp.—Similar to Synallaxis terrestris Jard., but upper parts, wings, and
tail darker, throat blacker, rest of underparts darker and more olivaceous.

Description of Type (Coll. Am. Mus., No. 60,614, male, Caparo, Trinidad,
March 27, 1894; I'rank M. Chapman). —Upper parts mummy-brown ;' exposed
portion of the wing-quills and wing-coverts deep chestnut-rufous, tail decidedly
darker ; central third of the feathers of the upper throat white, lateral third
black ; feathers of the lower throat centrally buffy ; rest of the underparts
bistre with a slight cinnamon tinge, the breast faintly streaked with cinnamon.
Wing, 2.08 ; tail, 2.52 ; exposed culmen, .53 inch.

The differences between this bird and a specimen of 5S. ¢erres-
tris from Tobago are found in its darker coloration throughout,
and especially in the restriction of the white of the throat. In
this character it resembles the Colombian 4S. Zemosticta, from
which species it may, however, be distinguished at a glance by
its more olivaceous and less rufous color.

The only specimen secured was killed on the ground in the
forests at Caparo.

It gives me pleasure to dedicate this species to Mr. Albert B.
Carr, of Trinidad, not only as a token of my gratitude for his

1 Cf Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors.

324 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VXI,

assistance, but also in recognition of his knowledge of the Trini-
dad fauna.

Chetura cinereicauda (Cass.).—A common species at Ca-
paro, where four species of this genus were more or less abun-
dant—the present, C. c/neretventris lawrence, C. spinicauda, and
C. polioura. Frequently all four would be circling above us at
the same time. C. céwereicauda has not been before recorded
from Trinidad, and this capture extends its known range from
Southern Brazil. I have no other specimens of C. c7nerezcauda
for comparison, but my eight specimens differ from six Yucatan
examples of C. gaumer? as stated by Mr. Hartert (Cat. Birds
Brit. Mus., XVI, p. 482).

Lurocalis semitorquatus (Gv.).—'!wo birds of this species
were procured at Caparo. They were observed more or less regu-
larly feeding at dusk near the border of the forest, flying swiftly
back and forth over a short circuit and within ten feet of the
ground. They thus resembled both a Nighthawk and Whip-poor-
will in their feeding habits. A single low, insignificant note,
uttered in flight, was the only one heard.

Celeus elegans (J/7i//.). YELLOW-HEADED WoODPECKER.—
One of two birds seen at Caparo was secured.

Falco rufigularis Daud. Rep-THROATED FaLcon.—A speci-
men was taken by Mr. Brewster.

Cancroma cochlearia Zin. Boar-Bitt.—One immature
specimen, in rufous plumage, was killed by Mr. Carr.

ADDITIONAL NOTES ON BIRDS OBSERVED IN 1893.

Thamnophilus major albicrissus (A/dew.).

Thamnophilus albicrissus RipGW. Proc. U. S. N. M. XIV, 1891, p. 481.
Thamnophilus major CHAPM. Bull. A. M. N. H. VI, 1894, p. 40.

In reviewing my paper on Trinidad Birds,’ Mr. Ridgway
speaks of the “Omission of Formicarius [lege Thamnophilus|

1 Auk, XI, 1894, p. 172.

1895.| Chapman, Further Notes on Trinidad Birds. 325

trinitatis and F. [lege T.| albicrissus described by me in the Pro-
ceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Vol. XIV, No. 871, p.
481.” These birds were not omitted, but having overlooked Mr.
Ridgway’s separation of them, I included them both under the
names of the Continental forms. At my request Mr. Ridgway
has kindly loaned me the two specimens upon which his descrip-
tions were based. Comparison of the type of Zhamnophilus albi-
crissus with seven males from Trinidad and twenty males of true
T. major from Brazil, apparently proves the Trinidad bird to be
a race of the latter distinguished by its larger bill, whiter under-
parts, narrower white edgings on the outer vane of the primaries,
and narrower white bars on the rectrices. ‘The character of

””

“remiges entirely without white edgings,” given by Mr. Ridgway,
appears to be a variable one, dependent probably upon age. Im-
mature specimens with brown wing-coverts, like the type, have
no white on the primaries, but fully adult examples have well-
developed margins to these feathers.

A male from El] Pilar, Venezuela, and also one from British
Guiana, agree with Trinidad specimens, and it is probable that
all birds from north of the Amazon should stand as 7hamnophilus
mayor albicrissus (Ridgw.).

Thamnophilus cirrhatus (Gm).
Thamnophilus trinitatis RiDGW. Proc. U. S. N. M. XIV, 1891, p. 481.

As stated above, Mr. Ridgway has aiso loaned me his type of
Thamnophilus trinitatts. The characters assigned to this race
prove evidently, in my opinion, to be due largely if not entirely
to individual variation. Two of three Trinidad specimens have
the back of the same color as Mr. Ridgway’s type, while the third
agrees in coloration with a Demararan specimen. ‘The color of
the underparts is also variable. ‘Trinidad specimens may average
darker below, but a specimen from Demarara is fully as dark, if
not darker, than one from Trinidad.

Phaéthornis guyi (Zess.). Brin-pLanc. —Notes on the
song-habits of this species, by Mr. Brewster and myself, may be
found in ‘ The Auk’ for July, 1895, p. 207.

326 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VII]

Nyctibius jamaicensis (Gm.). Poor-mE-one.—In the paper
just cited (p. 208), our experience with this species is given in
detail, and also an admirable colored plate. As surmised, /Vyc-
tibius proved to be the author of the ‘ Poor-me-one’ call generally
attributed to the Little Ant-eater (Cyclothurus didactylus), |

Article X.— DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW AMERICAN
MAMMALS.

By J. A. ALLEN.

During the last few months the Museum has acquired several
quite important collections of mammals, which will later form
the basis of special papers. As several months will elapse before
their publication, it seems advisable to publish in advance descrip-
tions of the several forms contained in these collections which
appear to be new.

Lepus aquaticus attwateri, subsp. nov.
ATTWATER’S SWAMP HARE.

Type, No. 4744, ¢ad., Medina River, 18 miles south of San Antonio, Texas,
May 8, 1894; H. P. Attwater.—Above pale buffy gray, heavily lined with
black, paler on the sides, which are whitish gray with a faint tinge of buff ;
median dorsal area more strongly tinged with yellowish, increasing slightly in
intensity on the rump ; nuchal patch, the fulvous ocular region, the pectoral
band, and the outer surface of fore and hind limbs many shades paler than
in L. aguaticus ; ventral surface and inside of fore and hind limbs white, the
fur ashy plumbeous basally.

Measurements (from the fresh specimen by the collector).—‘‘ Nose to end of
tail, 520; tail [to end of hairs], 83; hind foot, 105. Weight, 514 lbs. Con-
tained 3 large embryos.” Ear from notch (measured from skin), 65.

Skull.—Total length (from posterior edge of occipital crest to front edge of
nasals), 87; basal length (posterior border of occipital condyles to front of
intermaxillaries), 79 ; zygomatic breadth, 4o ; mastoid breadth, 32 ; least inter-
orbital breadth, 32 ; length of nasals, 35 ; greatest posterior breadth of nasals,
18 ; length of lower jaw, 63 ; height at coronoid process, 37.

In a former paper on Texas mammals (this Bulletin, VI, 1894,
p. 171) reference was made to two specimens of an aquatic hare
collected at San Antonio by Mr. Attwater, which on comparison
with specimens from Louisiana and the coast of Texas (Mata-
gorda Bay region) proved to be much lighter colored than the
latter. Mr. Attwater has since sent four others, making a series
of six, taken as follows: one in March, three in April, one in
May, and one in June, Oncomparison with a strictly comparable

[327]

328 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

series from the vicinity of Lake Catharine, Louisiana, the contrast
in color is very striking, the San Antonio specimens being many
shades paler throughout, lacking almost entirely the rich rusty
fulvous tint of the Gulf Coast specimens. ‘This is shown quite
as strongly in a young specimen, apparently not more than three
weeks old, as in the adults. Fortunately there is a specimen of
nearly the same age in the Louisiana series, so that both young
and adults of the two forms are available for comparison. In
short, the difference between Z. aguaticus and ZL. a. attwatert is
quite as strong as between the Atlantic coast forms of the Z.
sylvaticus group and their representatives in the arid interior.

I take pleasure in naming this strongly marked subspecies in
honor of Mr. H. P. Attwater, in recognition of his intelligent and
persistent efforts to extend our knowledge of the mammal fauna
of Texas. His experience with this inland form of Swamp Hare
is detailed in the following note.

“Swamp Rabbits are becoming very scarce, being much less
numerous than they were ten years ago. Those I have met with
were found in the drift piles and old fallen tree-tops in the most
tangled parts of the San Antonio and Medina river bottoms. When
frightened from their hiding places and chased by dogs they take
refuge in hollow trees and in holes in the river bluffs. The dogs
seem to have more difficulty in trailing them than they do the
Cottontails:and Jack Rabbits, the Swamp Rabbits often eluding
the hounds by taking to water. I have seen them on several
occasions swimming across the river while the dogs were hunting
for them on the other side. I have not heard of their occurrence
north of San Antonio, and Mr. Lacey has not met with them on
the Guadalupe River in Kerr County.”

Reithrodontomys australis, sp. nov.
TRAzG HARVEST MOUSE.

Very similar in coloration and proportions to adults of 2etthrodontomys
Jongicauda in winter pelage from California, but larger.

Adult.—(Type.) Above warm yellowish brown, sparingly lined with black,
darker medially and lighter and more yellowish on the sides, but without a

1895. | Allen, Descriptions of New American Mammals. 329

distinct fulvous lateral line ; beneath ashy plumbeous with a faint wash of buff,
giving the effect of soiled ashy plumbeous, the fur being plumbeous at base.
Feet grayish; ears blackish, weli haired; tail sharply bicolor, dusky brown
above, whitish below, quite hairy, but the annuli not wholly concealed.

Total length (measurements from skin), 158; tail vertebrae, 80; hind foot,
18 ; ear from crown, 10.

Skull.—Total length, 23; basal length, 20; greatest cranial breadth, 11 ;

’

greatest zygomatic breadth, 10; least interorbital breadth, 3.7; length of
nasals, 8.

Type, No. 422+, ad., Volcan de Irazu, Costa Rica, June, 1892 ; George K.

Cherrie. sar:

This species is based on a single specimen (sex not indicated),
received from Mr. A. Alfaro, labeled as above. In coloration
and in general external features it bears a surprising similarity to
R. longicauda.

In this connection it is of interest to recall Mr. Tomes’s record
(P. Z. S., 1861, p. 284) of * Retthrodon longicauda’ from Duejias,
Guatemala.

Among other interesting mammals received from Mr. Alfaro,
and by him kindly presented to the Museum, may be mentioned
a good series of Geomys cherried Allen’ (this Bulletin, V, 1893, p.
337), described originally from a single specimen, which show
that the white crown spot is a constant and normal character.
He has also sent a single specimen of ZAchimys semispinosus Tomes
(P. Z. S., 1860, p. 265), described from Ecuador, but since re-
corded from Nicaragua and Costa Rica (Pacuare) by Mr. F. W.
True (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1888, p. 467). The specimen is
labeled ““Suerre,’ Costa Rica, alt. 1500 ft., July, 1895. A.
Alfaro.”

Oryzomys cherriei, sp. nov.
CHERRIE’S CoTron Rat.

Pelage rather coarse ; size medium ; tail rather short, considerably less than
half the total length.

Adult.—Above yellowish brown, varied with blackish tipped hairs, darkest
along the middle of the back, lighter and grayer on the sides ; below whitish
gray, the fur dusky at base and tipped with whitish. The color of the lower
surface passes gradually into the grayish brown of the flanks. Feet and ears

1 Macrogeomys cherrtet Merriam, N. Am, Fauna, No. 8, 1895, p. 104, pl. xv, fig. 1.

330 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

gray; tail nearly naked, indistinctly bicolor—dusky brown above, lighter,
grayish brown below.

Half-grown young are wholly plumbeous below, and darker and less washed
with yellowish brown above than adults.

Measurements (average of 16 adults, 1044, 6 22).—Total length, 214 ;
tail vertebrz, 92 (collector’s measurements from fresh specimens). Hind foot,
23; ear from crown, 12 (measurements from skins).

Skull,—The skull differs from that of O. palustris in no very important
feature except in being much smaller. Total length (occipital plane to front
border of nasals), 30; basal length (occipital condyles to front edge of inter-
maxillaries), 28; greatest zygomatic breadth, 16; greatest breadth of brain-
case, 13 ; least interorbital breadth, 6.

Type, No. 4!22;', 6 ad., Boruca, Costa Rica, Dec. 10, 1891; George K.
Cherrie.

Based on a series of 21 specimens (16 adult, 5 juv.), collected
at Boruca, Costa Rica, Nov. 1g-Dec. 10, 1891, by Mr. George K.
Cherrie, for whom the species 1s named.

Oryzomys cherriei needs comparison with no other species
known to me. In general appearance it most resembles O. palus-
tris, but it is fully one-third smaller than any of the known forms
of this species, from all of which it also differs decidedly in colora-
tion. It has no close relation to any other described Central
American species of the genus.

Peromyscus attwateri, sp. nov.
ATTWATER’S CLIFF MOUSE.

Above tawny brown, darker and much mixed with blackish along the median
dorsal area, more golden on the sides, the lower edge of the dorsal area forming
a strongly defined golden lateral line. Below pure white, the base of the fur
plumbeous. Fore feet white to slightly above the wrists; hind feet white
nearly to the tarsal joint, soles naked nearly to the heels. Ears very large,
nearly naked, dusky, faintly edged with whitish. ‘ail sharply bicolor, dusky
above, grayish below, moderately well haired (the annulations showing through
more or less towards the base), and generally well tufted at the end.

Measurements.—Average of to adult specimens, measured in the flesh:
Total length, 196 (187-216) mm. ; tail vertebrae, 100 (96-110); hind foot, 21
(20-23) ; ear from notch (measured from the skins), 16 (15-17). The type, a
breeding female, is rather above the average of the series, measuring as fol-
lows: Total length, 216; tail vertebra, 110 ; hind foot, 23 ; ear, 17.

1895.] Allen, Descriptions of New American Mammals. 331

Skull (of type), total length, 28 ; basilar length, 26; greatest cranial breadth,
14; least interorbital breadth, 5 ; length of nasals, 9.5.

Type, No. 1°A4%', 2 ad., Turtle Creek, Kerr Co., Texas, March 12, 1895;
H. P. Attwater.

This species is based on a series of 14 specimens collected on
Turtle Creek, Kerr Co., Texas, May 24, 1894, and March 9-13,
1895, and on 3 from San Geronimo Creek, Medina Co., Texas, April

3, 1895. Several are in the nearly uniform dark gray pelage of the
young, others are more advanced but still immature, while about one-
half are ‘ young’ adults, only a few being ‘old’ adults. One only
(the type) has a very small spot of bright fulvous on the breast.

Peromyscus attwateri finds its nearest affines in Peromyscus row-
leyi and P. evemicus, but seems to be clearly different from either.

This species is named for the collector, Mr. H. P. Attwater,
who contributes the following interesting field notes.

“T call these mice ‘Cliff Mice,’ to distinguish them from the
other form (7. mearnsii), because they are found in large numbers
in the cracks.and cavities of the rocky cliffs that border the rivers
and smaller streams in the counties directly north and west of
San Antonio. ‘Though most numerous along the sides of canons,
they are also found in hollow trees, logs, fences, and cultivated
fields, and about ranch buildings in the valleys, as well as in the
cedar ‘ brakes’ on the divides and high ground.

“The southern limit of the range of this species, in this part
of Texas, is about ten or twelve miles north and west of San
Antonio. I have not found it at San Antonio or south of it, and
do not think it will be found east of Bexar or Comal Counties.
The short tailed form (?. mearnsi?) doubtless extends up the
valleys into the range of the Cliff Mice, but the latter seem to
restrict themselves to the rocky country.

“They feed on the different nuts and seeds which grow in end-
less variety all over this region, though their favorite food seems
to be acorns and cedar berries. I believe they also prey exten-
sively on birds’ eggs.”

Neotoma cinnamomea, sp. nov.
FuLtvous Woop Rat.

Similar to VV. rupicola Allen, but larger, coloration much deeper, and the
ears darker.

332 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Adult,—Above, in summer, buffy-ochraceous, with often a tinge of vinaceous ;
middle of dorsal region finely lined with black ; sides clear strong ochraceous
buff ; feet and ventral surface pure white to the base of the hairs ; tail bushy,
dusky gray above, pure white below; ears brownish, thinly haired.

Young.—The young in first pelage are ashy above, with a tinge of fulvous,
conspicuously varied with black, especially over the middle of the dorsal region ;
below white, with a tinge of ashy along the sides of the abdomen, owing to the
slight plumbeous cast of the underfur. ‘Tail terete, ashy white above, a little
clearer white below.

From this stage they pass into the autumn coat, in which the upper parts
are cream buff with an ashy shade, strongly lined with black ; below white,
with the basal portion of the fur on the sides of the abdomen ashy or pale
plumbeous. Tail colored nearly as in the adult, but much less bushy.

Measurements.—Votal length (average of 6 adult males), 364 (356-368) ; tail
vertebrae, 158 (151-163) ; hind foot, 41 (40-43) ; ear from notch (measured from
dry skins), 27 (25-28). Four adult breeding females, average slightly smaller,
as follows: Total length, 343 (337-351) ; tail vertebrae, 148 (144-150) ; hind
foot, 39 (37-41) ; ear from notch (from dry skins), 27 (26-28).

Type, No. 41992, 6 ad., Kinney Ranch, Bitter Creek, Wyoming, July 9,
1895 ; Walter W. Granger.

This species is based primarily on a series of 31 specimens,
collected by Mr. Granger at Kinney Ranch, Bitter Creek, Wyo-
ming, July 6-Aug. 6; to which are also referred 2 specimens
taken on the Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, Utah, April 2
and 9, and 3 taken on the Little Snake River, near the Colorado-
Wyoming boundary line, Aug. 26. The adults of both sexes are
well represented, as are the immature stages, from quarter-grown
young to full-grown young of the year.

This species belongs to the same group of bushy-tailed Wood
Rats as JV. orolestes Merriam and JV. rupico/a Allen, being inter-
mediate between them in size, but quite different from either in
coloration. It is much smaller than ZV. ovolestes, which it appears
to most resemble in color. It differs from WV. rupicola in its
considerably larger size, and in its much deeper and more vina-
ceous buff shade of coloration, and much darker ears at all ages.

Microsciurus, subgen. nov.

Skull short, broad, the dorsal outline very convex, postorbital processes
placed slightly behind the widest part of the malar, which is remarkably

expanded. Premolars 7.

1895.| Allen, Descriptions of New American Mammals. 333

In regard to external characters, the tail is narrow, and the ears are very
small; the pelage is short and close.
Type, Scvurus (MWicroscturus) alfart, sp. nov.

This group of Squirrels, which will probably be found to
include all of the Guerlinguets (as Sc7wrus pusillus Desm., and 5S.
chrysuros Puch.), is exceptional for the peculiar form of the
malar and the relatively great breadth and convexity of the skull.

Sciurus (Microsciurus) alfari, sp. nov.
ALFARO’S SQUIRREL.

Total length (measurements from dry skins), 290 ; head and body, 145 ; tail
vertebrze, 105 ; tail to end of hairs, 145 ; hind foot, 35 ; ear from crown, 9.

Above, including upper surface of both fore and hind feet, dark olivaceous
brown, minutely punctated with yellowish rusty, the hairs being blackish,
slightly tipped with yellowish rusty, giving a dusky olivaceous general effect,
becoming, however, more reddish brown on the head ; below and inside of
limbs fulvous gray, varying in different specimens from buff to strong fulvous,
and even rufous.

Upper surface. of tail uniform in color with the back ; lower surface similar,
hence much darker than ventral surface of the body, with which it is in strong
contrast. The hairs of the lower surface of the tail are individually dark red-
dish brown or deep chestnut, with three narrow bands of black, the outer much
broader than the others. Whole front of head washed with dark rufous,
strongest on the sides of the head. Ears small, rounded, showing but little
above the surrounding pelage.

In two old females the space enclosing each nipple is gray.

Skull.—Total length (front border of nasals to occipital crest), 36; basal
length (front border of intermaxillaries to occipital condyles), 32; greatest
zygomatic breadth, 22 ; least interorbital breadth, 13; nasals, ro.

Type, G2e¢, 9 ad., Jimenez, Costa Rica, Jan. 24, 1894; George K. Cherrie.

Based on three females, two of which are adult, and the other about two-
thirds grown, collected by Messrs. Anastasio Alfaro and George K. Cherrie.

This species should be compared with Scéwrus pusillus Desm.
and S. chrysuros Puch., from either of which, judging from de-
scriptions, it differs quite markedly in color, and from the former
also in size.

Tamias pricei, sp. nov.
PRICE’s CHIPMUNK.

Intermediate in size and coloration between 7. merriami and 7. hindsiz,
but very different and about equally distinct from either.

334 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. {Vol. VU,

Breeding Pelage (April specimens).—General color above, dull grayish
brown, or gray varied with hazel and brown. Flanks tawny; sides of
shoulders and thighs strongly grayish ; lower surface whitish, the abdominal
area washed more or less strongly with dull yellowish brown ; color of the flanks
often encroaching considerably upon the sides of the ventral area. Dorsal
stripes nine—five mixed hazei and black, and four clear ashy gray. The
median dark stripe extends from the nape to the base of the tail ; the anterior
third is mainly brown, mixed more or less in different specimens with black ;
the posterior half or two-thirds mainly black, edged and more or less varied
with hazel. The first lateral dark stripe on either side is similar to the median
one, but is shorter, extending generally only from the shoulder to a little
beyond the hip, and contains less black. The outer dusky stripe is still
shorter and only slightly varied with black. Inner pair of light stripes gray ;
outer pair broader and clearer gray. Post auricular patches small, dull grayish
white ; light facial stripes clear gray ; the dark ones dull hazel brown, lighter
than in 7. Azvdsiz, but much darker than in 7. merriami. ‘Tail above pale,
the color beneath the surface being clay color, which shows conspicuously
through the surface, the individual hairs being black at the extreme base, and
then ringed broadly and about equally with clay color and black and tipped
with whitish gray; tail below centrally deep reddish chestnut, with a narrow
border of black fringed with gray—about as in 7. hindsiz, Ears of medium
size (much smaller than in 7. merriamz), externally blackish on the anterior
portion and gray on the posterior third or half.

Measurements.—Average and extremes of 23 646: Total length, 252!
(234-278) ; tail vertebrae, 119 (109-130) ; hind foot, 35 (32-37). Averages and
extremes of 17 99: Total length, 256 (241-271); tail vertebra, 122.5

(113-130) ; hind foot, 35 (32-37).

Type, No. 4283, ¢ ad., Portola, San Mateo Co., California, April 12, 1895 ;

9552)

J. Diefenbach. Named for Mr. W. W. Price.

This very distinct form of Tamas is based on a series of 45
specimens taken at Portola, in the Santa Cruz Mountains, Cali-
fornia, during the last week of March and the first two weeks of
April, by Messrs. R. L. Wilbur and J. Diefenbach for Mr. W. W.
Price, to whom [I am indebted for the opportunity of examining
a large collection of mammals from different localities in the Santa
Cruz Mountains. Zam/as priced is almost exactly intermediate in
all essential features between 7. Azndsit of the coast region of
California north of San Francisco and 7. merriami of the moun-
tains of southern California (San Diego, and San Bernardino

1 From nose to end of caudal vertebrze; about 30 mm. should be added for the extension of
the hairs beyond the vertebra.

1895.] Allen, Descriptions of New American Mammals. 335

Counties, etc.). The gap between 7. prvcei and these forms is so
evenly balanced that it is difficult to say to which of them 7. priced
is most closely allied. The line of separation from either, so far
as present material goes, is so sharp that it seems best for the
present to treat the new form as specifically distinct from either,
although it seems not improbable that specimens from interme-
diate points between the present known ranges of the three forms
may show their complete intergradation. As at present known,
T. pricet is much more distinct from either 7. merriami or 7.
hindsit than 7. obscurus is from 7. merriamt, or than 7. townsendit
is from 7. Aindsi.

Tamias wortmani, sp. nov.
WoORTMAN’S CHIPMUNK.

Female, Breeding Pelage.—Above dull yellowish gray, with a slight vinaceous
tinge. A narrow yellowish white band on either side from the ear to the hip,
with no dusky band (or only a very slight trace of one) on the zzmerside of the
white band ; a short broad black band on the outside of the white band; sides
of body below the black band yellowish white ; sides of neck and shoulders
scarcely more yellowish than the sides of the body ; ventral surface whitish or
grayish white, the dusky basal portion of the pelage more or less visible through
the surface ; tail above grizzled dusky and pale yellowish, the hairs being black,
tipped and sub-basally ringed with pale fulvous ; tail below, buff, with a broad
subapical zone of black, and a narrow line of black near the base of the lateral
hairs, visible only on parting the hairs ; feet buffy gray. In several specimens
the lower, as well as the usual upper, black band on the sides of the body is
wholly wanting.

The male is probably similar, but doubtless a little brighter colored, especially
on the sides of the shoulders. (The males when taken had already assumed the
post-breeding pelage.)

Male, Post-breeding Pelage.—Middle of the dorsal region, from the nape
to the tail, yellowish gray, varied with black-tipped hairs, and with a faint wash
of vinaceous, bounded on either side by a broad line of yellowish white, extend-
ing from the shoulders to the hips; top of head more strongly vinaceous or
tufescent ; sides of neck and shoulders deep ochraceous, cutting off the lateral
white line at the shoulders. Below the white lateral line is a short broad band
of deep black ; sides of body behind the shoulders straw yellow ; below buffy
white, with a tinge of dusky, due to the dusky basal portion of the pelage show-
ing through the surface. Tail above dusky, edged and varied with fulvous ;
below pale fulvous, with a submarginal narrow black band, and a narrow dusky
line at the extreme base of the lateral hairs, only seen on carefully parting the
hairs.

336 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. V1,

The female at this stage is probably similar but paler, especially on the sides
of the shoulders. (None of the adult females when taken had acquired the
post-breeding dress.)

Young in First Pelage.—Pelage soft and thin; above dull yellowish gray-
brown, with a well-defined narrow white lateral line, and below this a short,
broad dusky band ; sides of body and below grayish white ; tail above grizzled
fulvous and dusky, below fulvous centrally, submarginally dusky, and edged
with pale fulvous.

Young in Molt.—A large series of young of the year show that the young
molt directly from the first pelage into a dress similar to the post-breeding
pelage of the adults. This series also shows that the females are much less
richly colored than the males, particularly over the sides of the neck and
shoulders.

Measurements.—Seven adult females give the following averages and ex-
tremes: Total length, 280 (271-292) ; tail vertebrae, g5 (87-100) ; hind foot, 42
(41-44). Four adult males give the following : Total length, 272 (260-282) ;
tail vertebrae, 96 (92-101) ; hind foot, 43 (42-44). .

Type, No. ‘p03, 4 ad. (still partly in molt), Kinney Ranch, Bitter Creek,

935

Wyoming, July 13, 1895; Walter W. Granger.

Named for Dr. J. L. Wortman, the Director of the American Museum Palze-
ontological Expeditions to the western Bad Lands, to whose interest in Mr.
Granger's work is largely due his eminent success during the field seasons of
1894 and 1895.

This species is based on a series of 55 specimens collected by
Mr. W. W. Granger, in the vicinity of Bitter Creek, Wyoming,
July 5-Aug. 2, 1895. The series consists largely of young of the
year, but includes about a dozen adults, representing both sexes.
Both adult and young are in molt, but the greater part have nearly
acquired the post breeding dress.

This species is perhaps most nearly related to Zamzas lateralis,
but combines in a singular manner the characters of the two
‘couplets’ into which Dr. Merriam, a few years since (N. Am.
Fauna, No. 4, Oct., 1890, p. 18), separated the 7° datera/is group.
It differs from 7. Zateralis and 7. cinerascens in having the whole
under surface of the tail (except the submarginal black band
common to all) uniform fulvous as in 7. castanurus and 7. chry-
sodetrus, but differs from the latter, and also from 7. /aferalis and
T. cinerascens in the entire absence of the inner black lateral band.
In the entire series of 55 specimens, made up of examples of all

1895.| Allen, Descriptions of New American Mammals. 337

ages and conditions of pelage, only three or four show even a
trace of this inner black dorsal band—a feature sometimes lack-
ing, it is true, in 7. Zateralis ; but in 7. wortmani its nearly uniform
absence is combined with a fulvous lower tail surface.

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus olivaceus, subsp. nov.
BLACK HILLS SPERMOPHILE.

Similar in size and markings to S. tridecemlineatus pallidus, but much darker,
as regards the ground color of the upper parts, with the light stripes and spots
pale yellowish olivaceous.

Breeding Pelage (July females).—Above ground color dusky brown or black-
ish, with no trace of ferrugineous or chestnut ; flanks, stripes, and spots pale
creamy buff with a slight olivaceous effect ; below rather strong cream buff.

Post-breeding Pelage (July males).—Pelage longer and softer, but coloration
not appreciably different.

Young of the year are similar in coloration to the adults.

Measurements.—Averages and extremes of 7 breeding adults(2 44 and 5 29):
Total length, 252 (245-265) ; tail vertebrz, 89 (76-94) ; hind foot, 34.5 (33-37).

Type, No. 23%, 2 ad., Custer, Black Hills, South Dakota, July 25, 1894 ;
W. W. Granger.

This strongly-marked subspecies is based on 7 adults and 12
young of the year, the latter one-half to two-thirds grown. It
differs from fa//idus in its much darker ground color and the
olivaceous creamy white tint of the light stripes and spots.

Spermophilus tridecemlineatus parvus, subsp. nov.
SMALL STRIPED SPERMOPHILE.

Much smaller than either S. tridecemlineatus or S. ¢t. pallidus, and very
different in coloration from either.

Breeding Pelage (April specimens).—Coloration, especially the ground color
of the dorsal surface, much paler than in either S. tridecemlineatus or S. t. pal-
fidus. (Ground color above deep russet, slightly varied with blackish; the
stripes and spots grayish white with a very faint tinge of cream color ; feet and
ventral surface white, the dusky basal portion of the hairs showing faintly
through the surface.

Measurements.— Average and extremes of 5 specimens: Total length, 204
(200-207) ; tail vertebrae, 80 (75-86) ; hind foot, 30.6 (30-31).

Type No. 12335, 4 ad., Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, northeastern Utah,
May 2, 1895; W. W. Granger.

[ December, 1895.| Zz

338 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

This subspecies is based primarily on two specimens from the
Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, in northeastern Utah, taken
respectively April 4 and May 2, to which are also referred 8
specimens from the vicinity of Bitter Creek, in southwestern
Wyoming, taken July 21-Aug. 5, all collected by Mr. W. W.
Granger. The series is very uniform in coloration, the exception
being one or two of the July specimens in which the light stripes
and spots, and also the flanks, are slightly more tinged with a
faint wash of creamy white.

The type of Mitchell’s Scéwrus tridecemlineatus came from “ the
sources of the Mississippi River,” and hence from Central Min-
nesota. Professor Baird, writing in 1857 (Mam. N. Am., p. 317),
observes that specimens “ from Wisconsin are seen to differ quite
materially from those [from] further west, in a considerably larger
the spots and lines,” he adds, being “not
so large in proportion as in the lighter prairie specimens.” In
1874 I separated (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1874, p.
291) the pale western form here referred to as Spermophilus tr1-
decemlineatus pallidus, without, however, giving any diagnosis.

90 66

size and darker color,

This was supplied three years later in my monographic revision
of the American Sciuride (Mon. N. Am. Roden., 1877, p. 873).
As was customary at the time, no type was designated, but it was
stated that ‘‘ Among the smallest and palest examples are the
specimens from Fort Union and the Yellowstone and Platte
Rivers, an especially pale and small phase characterizing the
Mauvaises Terres of the Upper Missouri.”’

In now separating additional forms of this group, | would
restrict pal/idus to the arid region of the Plains, from the Upper
Missouri southward to eastern Colorado, western Kansas, etc.,
and designate as its type region the plains of the Lower Yellow-
stone River.

The four forms of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus here recog-
nized may be diagnosed as follows, the characters being based in
each case on breeding specimens :

Ground color of dorsal surface blackish chestnut—dark chestnut mixed with a
profusion of black-tipped hairs, the black generally prevailing ; light stripes
and spots pale yellowish white, the light stripes less than half the width

of the intervening dark spaces; lower parts buffy white, the hairs dusky
oF cy 10h el eae enn coarctation Aaia0.0 « ... tridecemlineatus.

|
|

se te gi ty

1895.| Allen, Descriptions of New American Mammals. 339

Ground color above clear chestnut, scantily varied with black-tipped hairs, the
prevailing tone being rather light chestnut ; light stripes and spots creamy
white, the light stripes being nearly as wide as the intervening dark spaces ;
lower parts pale yellowish white to the base of the hairs...... .. pallidus.

Ground color dusky yellowish gray, the dark tint being ade up of an
intimate mixture of yellowish gray and black-tipped hairs, generally wholly
without chestnut or ferrugineous; light stripes and spots pale yellowish
white with a tinge of olivaceous buff ; below pale creamy white, the hairs
eA Geimaimtne: DASE ese, eee. tit Scie tics ek eae ews cece olivaceus.

Ground color russet, sparingly varied with black-tipped hairs ; stripes and
spots grayish white with a faint creamy tinge ; lower parts clear whitish

MET AV icetal Siete) ela MCi ays emi wa aiie al alnlwicelel alee rela dete Ce cia mee vine r ew nee parvus.

Measurements.

Blarina (Soriciscus) nigrescens, sp. nov.

Blarina micrura ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., V, 1893, p. 338, not
Sorex micrurus TOMES (=8larina micrurva ALSTON), from Duejfias,
Guatemala.

Pelage coarse, rather long, and not lustrous. Above dusky plumbeous, in
some lights black; lower surface not appreciably different. Feet and tail
blackish, nearly naked, the annulations of the latter being distinctly visible.

Measurements.—Head and body, 65 ; tail vertebrae, 22 ; hind foot, 12.

Skull, total length, 20 ; mastoid breadth, 9.5 ; length of nasals, 7; length of
upper tooth row, g ; distance between outer edges of last molars, 6.3.

Type (and only specimen), No. 2224, adult, San Isidro (San José), Costa
Rica, Sept. 5, 1891 ; George K. Cherrie.

This species is of about the size and proportions of Sorex [7. ¢.,
Blarina| micrurus Tomes (P. Z. S., 1861, p. 279), described from
Bectas, Guatemala, but it is obviously very different in coloration,

1 Fort Sablling. Nas Pear are: 38 er adgie Geedine specimens, measured in the flesh
by Dr. E. A. Mearns, Uz a
i ae Allen, Mon. N re Roden., p. 877—16 specimens, various localities, probably not
all adult.

* Custer, Black Hills, S. D.; 244, 5 92 —all adult breeding specimens.
+ Bitter Creek, Wyo. ; 5 specimens—all practically adult.

340 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V11.]

B. micrura being described as having the upper parts “ darkish
grey-brown, with a slight grisly appearance,” and the “whole
under surface” as “ lightish grey-brown, tinged on the chin and
along the middle of the abdomen with yellowish rufous,” with the
feet and tail “of a lightish grey colour.”

Blarina (Soriciscus) orophila, sp. nov.

Pelage glossy, very short, soft and velvety. Above dark brown (shading
slightly on seal brown), becoming lighter on the sides, and passing gradually
into smoke gray on the ventral surface, where the hairs are conspicuously tipped
with whitish. Feet grayish brown ; tail dusky above, distinctly lighter below,
well clothed, and with a minute pencil at the tip. Ears rudimentary and not
easily detected.

Measurements.—Head and body, 55; tail vertebra, 21; hind foot, 11 ;
head, 20.

Skull (too imperfect for complete measurements).—Length of nasals, 5 ;
length of upper tooth row, 8 ; distance between outer borders of last molars,
Ee

Type, No. $$49, adult, Volcan de Irazu, Feb., 1894 ; George K. Cherrie.

Based on two specimens, preserved in alcohol, one of which
is adult, the other immature, collected as above, and kindly pre-
sented by Mr. Cherrie to the Museum. ‘The description is based
on the specimens in a dry state, after removal from alcohol, to
which they have since been returned for safer preservation.

In color this species somewhat resembles Alarina cinerea but it
is very much darker, and has a much longer tail. It is nearly one-
third smaller (in actual bulk) than either 4. mecrura or B.
nigrescens, and very different in color from either, particularly the
latter, to which it has, for this group of animals, comparatively
no resemblance.

Blarina orophila differs very strikingly from &. nigrescens in the
entire structure of the first upper molariform tooth, the first outer
cusp of which rises to the same height as the others, instead of
being rudimentary and uncolored, as in 4. zigrescens. There are
also differences in every detail of structure between the two teeth,
and also in the structure of the third upper molariform tooth, in
the two species.

Article XI.— NOTES ON SOME SPECIMENS OF
MINERALS FROM WASHINGTON’ HEIGHTS,
NEW YORK CITY.

By E. O. Hovey.

Recent excavation at 171st Street and Fort Washington Avenue,
New York City, has brought to light mineral specimens of more
than local interest on account of their rarity or size or both, and
the purpose of this article is to put on record some facts concern-
ing their dimensions and occurrence. The minerals occurred in
three pockets close together, aggregating eighty feet (about 24 m.)
in length in a vein of coarse pegmatite in mica schist. ‘The strike
of the schist is about N. 30 E. (magnetic), and its dip 85° east-
ward, and the vein is essentially parallel thereto, with a maximum
width of about 3 feet (1 m.). The body of the vein is granular
gray quartz, feldspar (orthoclase), and flaky muscovite, in which
were imbedded the specimens noted in the following lines. To
Mr. William Niven is due the credit for discovering and exploit-
ing the deposit.

Xenotime.—During the excavation of the roadbed of the new
speedway along the Harlem River Mr. Niven’ found a great
many small xenotimes imbedded in oligoclase, and a few large
ones, one of them being the largest ever found on the island up
to that time. At the locality at present under discussion the
xenotimes were fewer in number but averaged larger in size, and
one exceeded the largest found on the speedway. The last
mentioned crystal is 8 -+- mm. square, and its approximate height
is6 mm. _ It is a simple symmetrical octahedron composed of the
unit pyramid. The color is clear yellowish brown, and the crystal
is imbedded in granular gray quartz. A second crystal is 5.5 mm.
by 6 mm. in horizontal dimensions, and has a semi-altitude of
3mm. It is composed of the unit pyramid predominating with
the unit prism well developed, and a second pyramid ¢ (311)
indicated. It is imbedded in feldspar and mica. The third
xenotime to be noted is a very perfectly preserved one imbedded

1 Vid. On a new locality for Xenotime, Monazite, etc.,on Manhattan Island. Am. Jour.
Sci. III, 1, 75, 1895.

[341]

342 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. Vi1.|

so as to show only one set of pyramidal faces. It is 7-++mm. long
and 5 mm. wide with an apparent semi-altitude of about 3 mm.,
and is surrounded by the three minerals of the vein. The planes
of all these crystals are pitted as if by etching.

Monazite.—This mineral, of good quality, was found in
numerous small crystals and parallel growths. ‘The largest crystal
is translucent, clove-brown in color, and very perfect in its
development. It is imbedded in quartz and feldspar. The
portion exposed measures 13.5 mm. long and 6.5 mm. wide; the
whole length may be 18 mm. ‘The crystal is strongly columnar
in habit and is not flattened on the orthodiagonal axis, as is so
commonly the case in monazite. ‘The planes present are a (110),
n (120) and + (111) predominating, 7 (110) narrow and w (ror)
narrow and interrupted. A detached group of smaller crystals
showing in addition to the planes just mentioned, the two clino-
domes, ¢ (o11) and w (021), is ro mm. in total height and 6 mm.
in diameter. All the planes are more or less pitted.

Tourmaline.—Black tourmaline was abundant in the vein,
mostly in small, brilliant crystals, but there were some large ones,
of which one is worthy of note. It is 243 mm. long and 96 mm. in
greatest diameter, the least diameter being 80 mm. It is a very
simple crystal showing one termination consisting of the rhom-
bohedra, ~ (torr) and ¢ (o112). The body of the crystal is quite
round, but on one side it has a small parallel growth, without
terminal planes, extending about two-thirds of its length. At
164.5 mm. from the terminated end a seam of granular gray
quartz from 5 to 9 mm. thick divides the crystal into two portions,
but otherwise it is very compact. ‘The matrix is granular gray
quartz.

Miscellaneous.—Other minerals occurring here, in association
with those already mentioned, are zircon in small long prismatic
crystals, dumortierite, torbernite (? ), autunite (?), apatite, musco-
vite, and garnet (almandite). The apatite is green in color,
abundant, and is sometimes seen in small perfect crystals pene-
trating the tourmaline. As further indications of the large scale
upon which the minerals crystallized at this locality, it may be
mentioned that there were found several very large aggregates of
garnets in parallel position, and crystals of muscovite fifteen
centimeters and more in longest diameter. ‘The largest garnet is
about half of a single crystal which would measure 23 centi-
meters in axial diameter if it were complete. It is a trapezo-
hedron with the dodecahedral planes well developed. The
dumortierite occurs not only in the feldspar, but also as long
filiform inclusions in the muscovite, singly and radiating from
centers,

Article XII. — PERISSODACTYLS OF THE LOWER
MIOCENE WHITE RIVER BEDS.

By HENRY FAIRFIELD OsBorN and J. L. WortTMAN.

With Plates VIII-XI and twelve Figures in the Text.

INTRODUCTION.

The progress of our knowledge of the White River fossil fauna
has been extremely rapid since 1892, owing chiefly to the discovery
of the ‘ Protoceras Beds,’ the location of the “ Metamynodon level,’
and the very exact stratigraphic and expert collecting methods
employed by the American Museum and Princeton exploring
parties.

The most welcome result of the field work is that we are now
securing complete skeletons of animals which have been hitherto
represented only by isolated skulls and limbs. We can now
replace the useful but largely conjectural ‘restorations’ of the
last decade by figures taken directly from the skeletons. The
two types illustrated in this Bulletin are the massive 77tanotherium,
and the smaller but no less interesting J/etamynodon, drawn from
complete skeletons which have recently been mounted by Mr.
Hermann for the new hall of Vertebrate Palzontology.

The second result, less striking perhaps, but of equal importance,
is that we are obtaining very much more perfect and abundant
examples of the rarer forms of White River Mammals.

The present paper is confined to the publication of new or little
known characters of the Perissodactyla, and includes the following
points of chief interest :

1. The entire skeleton of 77tanotherium robustum is described.
The vertebral formula is shown to differ from that of all other
Perissodactyla, and to agree with that of the Artiodactyla. It is
probable that certain wide differences in the development of the

1343]

344 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. \Vol. VU,

horns, which have been assigned a generic value, are merely
sexual characters.

2. The White River Horses exhibit a very marked evolution
in size as we pass from the lower to the upper White River levels.
There is apparently a direct specific succession connecting
Mesohippus bairdii Leidy, through AZ. tntermedius (nobis) of the
‘Protoceras Beds,’ with Anchitherium prestans Cope of the John
Day Beds. A distinct, very much larger, and apparently new
type of Horse is the JZ. coper of the Protoceras Beds.

We have thus in the horse line reached the point long ago pre-
dicted by Lamarck in promulgating the evolution theory, namely,
that the lines drawn in the Linnean system of nomenclature
would be finally obliterated by discovery. In fact we are now
beginning to retain the binomial system upon grounds of con-
venience and of scientific courtesy, rather than upon lines of
definition.

3. The true Lophiodontidz of Europe are found to be repre-
sented in this country by the AMeptodon-Helaletes-Colodon \ine
previously referred by Marsh and ourselves to the Helaletide.
The alleged Ayrachus douvillet of Filhol is actually identical with
Colodon, showing that a contemporary transformation of the
Lophiodons occurred in Europe and in this country. The peculiar
foot formerly referred by us to AZesohippus longipes now appears
to belong to a member of this phylum.

4. The differences between the Tapir, Lophiodon and Hyra-
chyus molar types are clearly defined.

5. The skull of Hyrachyus agrarius from the Bridger Beds is
described in this connection.

6. The mounted skeleton of MMZetamynodon planifrons is
described.

tactyls of White River. 345

er lS SOl

1895.| Osborn and Wortman, P

GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION.

The stratigraphical position of the species described in this

ing table :

he follow

in t

hown

in is §

Bullet

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Hpate
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winliayywasoy ‘suojrueyd uopoudweja

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‘spoq ssdd

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| ‘auYyM souog ‘Avo A143 ysippay

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‘VLOYVG HLNOS ‘sadag AIAIY ALIN AA

3460 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Family TITANOTHERIID Zé.

Genus Titanotherium Zed).

Titanotherium robustum J/ars/.
PLATES VIII AND IX.

The chief result of the Museum Expedition of 1892, under Dr.
Wortman, assisted by Mr. O. A. Peterson, was the discovery of a
large 7Trtanotherium skeleton (No. 518) in the upper Titanotherium
beds of South Dakota near the head of Corral Cafion. The skull
was first found, in a somewhat shattered condition, and then the
neck, entire trunk and fore limbs, perfect even to the sesamoids,
were excavated as far back as the last lumbar vertebra and the
border of one ilium. At this point, to their great disappoint-
ment, the party encountered a sudden change in the rock,
and found that the sacrum, remainder of the pelvis and hind
limbs had been carried away by an erosion which had _ probably
occurred some time after the original deposition of the entire
animal. A vigorous search in the summer of 1894 for hind
limbs of the proper proportions resulted only in the finding
of a left tibia (No. 1075) and fibula (No. 1071), and a left pes
(No. 1073), left caleaneum and astragalus (No. 1076). Finally,
by the kind codperation of the Princeton parties under Mr.
Hatcher and Mr. J. W. Gidley, the Museum secured a perfect
pelvis (No. 1065) and two femora (Nos. 1442, 1443) belonging
to three different individuals. The size of these parts was deter-
mined (1) by the fact that the pelvis corresponds very closely
to that belonging to the main skeleton; (2) one of the femora
had associated with it metacarpal bones, which also agree in size
with those of the main skeleton. We thus have every reason to
believe that the proportions between the fore and hind limbs are
very nearly accurate.

The entire animal was then put together and mounted with the
greatest skill by Mr. Adam Hermann, head preparator of the
Department of Vertebrate Paleontology. The only parts which
he found it necessary to restore were the teeth of the left side and
certain smaller gaps in the skull; the sacrum and a few of the

1895.] Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 347
ro i‘ »

/ caudals ; the cuboid, navicular and cuneiforms of the left pes ;
part of the right tibia (No. 493), caleaneum (1073), and the major
part of the right pes. These missing parts were carefully modeled
from the opposite side or from other individuals of different size.
The only parts missing are the manubrium sterni and some of the
posterior sternals. —

Fig. 1. 7itanotherium robustum. Mounted skeleton (No. 518), ¢ , seen from three-fourths
front view. Approximately one-thirtieth natural size.

The completed skeleton is about 14 feet long, 8 feet high and
4 feet broad. The teeth are well worn, yet the epiphyses upon
the summits of the dorsals indicate that the animal was not fully
adult. An interesting feature of the skeleton is the exostosis and
false joint in the center of the seventh rib, undoubtedly an after
result of fracture.

The skeleton differs from the Scott-Osborn restoration of
Titanothertum proutit (Fig. 2) mainly because 7. proutit is a
more primitive and less robust type. Marsh's restoration of 7.
(Brontops) robustum,’ executed by Mr. Berger, is a remarkably

1 Am. Journ. Sci., Feb., 1889. p. 163.

348 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

skillful drawing of the trunk and limbs, but errs in the too small
proportions of the skull, as seen by a comparison with our Fig.
I, a perspective drawing by Mr. Weber. ‘The Scott-Osborn and
Marsh restorations are both at fault, however, in placing too
many vertebre in the dorso-lumbar series. This animal actually
possessed but ¢zwenxdy dorso-lumbars.

Fig. 2. Vvtanotherium prouti?. As restored in 1887 by Scott and Osborn; now modified by
reduction of the lumbars, One-thirty-second natural size.

SEXUAL AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERS.

This animal was found in the same level (Upper Titanothe-
rium Beds), and agrees closely in size and appearance with the
type skeleton of Zztanotherium (Brontops) robustum of Marsh.’
The cheek teeth characters (pm.=4, m= 3) are also the same.
In the American Museum specimen the premaxillaries are imper-
fect, and we cannot determine the number of incisors in either
jaw. In Marsh’s type there are two upper incisors. In the
Museum collection there is also a fine skull (No. 492) with a very

1 Am. Journ. Sci., Oct., 1887, p. 4.

1895.| Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 349

long pair of horns. This agrees closely with Marsh’s type of
T. ( Titanops) elatum.’ It is noteworthy that the alleged distinct
species, Z. robustum and 7. elatum, and the American Museum
specimens similar to them, both occur upon the same level, and
were therefore contemporaneous. They agree in the length of
the nasals, in many minor details of skull structure, and in the
characters of the dentition. They differ mainly in the szze of
the horns, a character which is very generally of sexual signifi-
cance only. The conclusion appears very probable that the genus
and species Zittanops elatus is founded upon a male individual
of the genus and species Brontops robustus, the latter having been
established upon a female individual.

The species 7. robustum appears to differ somewhat from
the previously established 7. dolichoceras Scott and Osborn,”
in the flatter horn section and longer nasals, but it may subse-
quently appear that these differences are not of specific value.

Dimensions of Skeleton.

Feet. Inches.| Metres.

Length, tips of nasals to bend of tail................. he 29.236 4.15
“SIRI RG ONI¢ 5 2s Se coer a ay 0a ae oe He fe 2530
Me AtEL MAGFOSSPCLViS: |. . sc. eae s+ So dims ct oO ieds 3 Io 1.18
Hind limb, total length Fees inte SE ISE See Ce ee 5 6 1.67
POSTED, oS | RS me eno i a aaa -79
amass Po hie tiere Rab 0 Coie COE Sea ae eee 1 4% -42
Metatarsal ITI, length. . Ue ates So eae eee 8 205
Fore limb, total length, including ne 5 Sea eee 6, 9 2.05
Scapula go TE So sar oy SRO ORE» en ee 2 246. | 67
|S ner FG) Se See ee ee ee I 94 55
ECE TTS © tlie tine snes ee kei opal ges a a (Pe a .46
ina; including oleeranon= Wy. hy. He sw ss ke ss I 1144 .60
Mietacarpalv EME lencthy i. foe 2 a4 San ses ss. s 9 23
Skull, length, incisors to condyles ..........-.. .. a a ls .8o
Molars, Premolars, Canine inclusive .............. Teas 45
Vertebral column, total length, excluding caudals,
(including intervertebral spaces).............. gq 386°]
7 Cervicals, total, inferior centra.. Besta. te yaitys és DA tek Srp
fe SALS ee eee SARE PS ne oS. os 5 5 1.65
3 Lumbars, “s Be oe ae ro .28
4 Sacrals, 2S Gainrteal eee 5 eee 7% | 19
20 Caudals, ‘ He eR e8 aS. a ae 3 946 | 1.15
4th Dorsal Vertebra, length, with spine ............ 2 314 70
5th Rib, length, outer measure ...........-.. Sei 2 Br | .g6
Sth > x COS hei cee ti Ae eee 3. 76 fa Dake

1 Op. cit., p. o.
* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodél., Vol. XIII, 1887, p. 160.

359 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

The most characteristic features of the animal are the following :

Skull.— 'The nasals are of medium length; the horns are
short, forwardly projecting, and imperfectly ossified at the tips.
The zygomatic portion of the squamosal shows a decided poste-
rior bulge but no shelf-like projection. The supra-occipital
border is deeply indented.

Vertebre.—TVhe fine series of vertebree belonging to No. 518,
complete to the last lumbar but lacking the sacrals and caudals,
enables us to fully describe and illustrate the backbone. The
plate (Pl. [X) is taken from an enlarged drawing made just after
the vertebree were mounted. ‘The exceptional number of dorso-
lumbar vertebrae suggests the note that a fracture was found
through the center of the first lumbar, but there is no probability
that one of the lumbars is missing. The formula is:

Cervicals, 7 ; dorsalis, 175 himbatrs, 3 -sacralsie4:

The number of dorso-lumbars therefore coincides with that in
the Artiodactyla, namely, D.L. = 20, and is from three to four
less than that typical of the Perissodactyla, namely, D.L. = 23-4.
This corroborates a view already advanced by Osborn,’ that of
all Perissodactyla the Titanotheres present the greatest number
of affinities to the Artiodactyla; these affinities may now be sum-
marized-as follows: the artiodactyl type of fore foot, the artio-
dactyl type of superior molars, the vertebral formula character-
istic of the Artiodactyla. It is premature to infer more from
these facts than that if the Artiodactyla and Perissodactyla were
derived from a common stem form, as expressed in the larger
division Diplarthra of Cope, the Titanotheres have diverged less
from this stem than other Perissodactyls, at least in the develop-
ment of the above-mentioned characters. It is possible also that
the shortening of the backbone may be secondary, so that the
above generalization requires further verification by the discovery
of the vertebral formula in the ancestral ‘Titanotheres.

In details the vertebrae show many resemblances to those of
Paleosyops paludosus, as described by Earle. ‘The atlas has a
broad powerful transverse process with an inferior flange pierced
by the vertebrarterial canal; the suboccipital nerve issued just
above the anterior border of the process. ‘The axis has a peg-like

'* Rise of the Mammalia in North America,’ p. 34.

1895.| Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 351

odontoid and a powerful spine. The cervicals 3-6 are charac-
terized by a progressive increase in the height of the neural spine,
in the size of the transverse process and extension and depression
of its inferior lamella; the post-zygapophyses are flat, similar in
shape, and face downwards and outwards. The 7th cervical is

Fig. 3. 7%tanotherium robustum. Mounted skeleton seen from behind. Approximately
one-thirtieth natural size.

imperforate with a greatly reduced transverse process. The
dorsals are characterized by the sudden elevation, in d. 1-4, and
gradual sinking of the spines as we pass backwards. Every dorsal
from d. 1-f7 is characterized by a facet for both the head and
tubercle of the corresponding rib. The zygapophysial facets he
in a nearly horizontal plane from d. 1 tod. 11; they then gradually
shift to an oblique plane from d. 12 to d. 14; and into a nearly
vertical plane in d. 15-16. ‘The zygapophyses of the 17th dorsal and
rst lumbar vertebrz are distinguished from all the others by being
slightly concavo-convex. The post-zygapophysis of the 2d lumbar
is plane and slightly oblique in position. The lumbar metapophy-

352 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VIL,

ses are flat and horizontal. The 3d lumbar articulates by an
oblique facet and broad metapophysial process with the 1st sacral.
The sacrum is unfortunately missing. Marsh states that there are
four in this species.’ We find four in the perfectly preserved
pelvis (No. 492) associated with the supposed male skull. The
caudals are from a number of different individuals. The neural
spines apparently extend back to the 8th vertebrae. The transverse
processes die out upon the 6th. A well-developed chevron appears
upon the 2d, and perhaps in a perfect series would be found
upon the 3d.

Fore Limb.—The fore limb is of an extremely robust character.
The scapula shows a projection of the anterior border, a rounded
and rugose superior border, and a long incurved posterior border.
The most striking bone is the humerus with its huge plate-like
great tuberosity, strong deltoid ridge, and powerful ectocondylar
ridge. The shaft of the ulna is trihedral in section and stands
well out from that of the radius. The radius has a flattened shaft
and a well-marked inferior extensor groove. The structure of the
manus is typically pavaxonic or artiodactyl, the median axis of the
foot lying between the third and fourth digits. Other features of
the skeleton are well illustrated in the drawings.

Family EQUID.
Subfamily ANCHITHERIINZ,

Genus Mesohippus Jars.

Representatives of this genus are exceedingly abundant in the
White River formation, and as a result of the several expeditions
made by the Museum party into these beds an unusually fine
series of Horses of this epoch is contained in the collection.

Several definitions of the genus have been given, the latest of
which is by Scott,* in which he assigns the presence or absence of
the enamel pit in the superior incisors to distinguish it from the
John Day Horses, which he places under the generic title of
Miohippus. He ascribes to Mesohippus complete absence of any
enamel invagination in the upper incisors, but adds in a footnote,

1 Am. Journ. Sci., Feb., 1889, p. 1€4.
2 ‘Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., 1893, p. 70.

1895.] Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 353

“The upper incisors of this genus are not known, and future
discovery may show that it is not generically different from JZ7o-
hippus, but the generally less advanced character of the dentition
renders it probable that the character of the incisors is as
assumed above.”

There are in our collections two specimens in which the supe-
rior incisors are preserved in an almost perfect condition ; they both
show a very decided pitting of the enamel in the two outer teeth.
It will therefore be readily seen that the generic distinction
between the White River and John Day species fails, and we
really know of no characters of generic value by which they can
be distinguished. In a like manner the distinctions between
Mesohippus and Anchitherium disappear when one examines
carefully a large series of White River and John Day Horses.

Previous to the discovery of the Protoceras fauna in the upper
part of the White River beds, but a single species, A/. bairdit,
had been generally recognized’ in this formation, but with the
acquisition of a large amount of material from the upper level it
is now possible to demonstrate that there were two and probably
three species living in that region when the successive sediments
were laid down.

-y\ Synopsis OF SPECIES OF MESOHIPPUS.

M., batrdit. M. intermedius. M. copet.

1. Median pair of incisors | 1. Median pair of incisors | 1. Unknown.
not cupped. slightly cupped.

2. Length of median| 2. Length of median| 2. Unknown.
metapodial of fore- metapodial of fore-
foot, .o80-.095. foot, .130-.132.

3. Length of median) 3. Length of median) 3. Length of median
metapodial of hind- metapodial of hind- metapodial of hind-
foot, .107—.124. foot, .I5I-.152. foot, .189.

4. Parastyle of Sup. Pm. | 4. Parastyle of Sup. Pm. | 4.” Parastyle of Sup. Pm.
2, small. 2, enlarged. 2, slightly enlarged.

5. Intermediate cusps of 5. Intermediate cusps 5.° Intermediate cusps of
Sup. Ms. and Pms. | same asin M/.bairdit. Sup. Ms. and Pms.
little separated from well separated from
internal cusps. internal cusps.

6. Length of tibia, .240. | 6. Length of tibia, .317.

1 Several species have been proposed for remains from this horizon, but it seems probable from
the Be enpsons that they pertain only to individual varieties of the most prevalent species 17.
bairdii. Marsh has deccriee d M. celer,and Cope has described MW. cuneatum and M. exoletum
from the Miocene of Colorado.

2 These characters are taken from the second specimen, No, 683.

[ December, 1895.| 23

354 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII,

Mesohippus intermedius, sp. nov.

This species is based upon an almost complete skeleton (No.
1196) from the sandstones of the Protoceras layer of White River.
There are, moreover, numerous other specimens including perfect
feet, skulls, jaws and other parts of the skeleton from the same
layer of both the White and Cheyenne River localities contained
in the collection.

These specimens all agree very closely in size, and average
nearly one-third larger than JZ. dacrdiz from the lower or Oreodon
layer. A comparison of the length of the median metapodials in
different individuals is as follows :

M. bairdti. M. intermedius.

( M. M.
| .107 ee
Length of median metapodial, hind foot......... 4.114 4.151
feeendy, ee
| .124 .152
\ M. { M.
Length of median metapodial, fore foot ........ + .080 + .130
| .095 | .132

It will be seen from this table that there is marked increase
in the size and length of the metapodials of JZ. bairdiz, and it is
interesting to note that the smallest examples of the species in
our collection at least come from the lower layers, while the
largest examples were found in the highest levels of the Oreodon
stratum.

Not only do our specimens of J. éatrdii show great varia-
tion in size, but marked ¢vadividual variability in important struc-
tural characters as well. Fully fifty per cent. of the specimens
show coéssification of the three cuneiforms into a single bone ;
others have the middle and internal cuneiforms united, while
others again have all three bones free. The degree of reduction
of the lateral metapodials is subject to much variation, as is also
the extent of the development of the metapodial keels. The

teeth vary greatly in the details of their structure, some showing

much greater advancement than others.
In MW. intermedius the variation is apparently not so great,

especially as regards size. In some specimens the metapodials

a eh aglretinrhy

———————

1895.] Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 355

are thicker and stouter, the lateral ones being subcircular in sec-
tion near the middle, while in other specimens the metapodials
are decidedly more slender, the lateral ones being highly com-
pressed laterally and very elliptical in cross section. In contrast

Fig. 4. Right hind foot and left fore foot of Wesohippus intermedius, front and side views.
P. pisiform, Zz. lunar, sc. scaphoid, #z. magnum, «#7. unciform, cw. cuneiform, cé. cuboid, 7.
navicular, c3. external, c?. middle cuneiform, c/ facet for fibula. Slightly less than one-third
natural size.

with MW. dairdii the arrangement of the cuneiform bones seems
to be very constant ; the middle and internal are always united,
while the external is free.

Another important distinction between J/. batrdii and M.
intermedius is seen in the degree of the cupping of the incisors.
In M. bairdii the two outer incisors are very distinctly cupped,

356 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

but the median pair show no traces whatever of the enamel pit.
In MZ. intermedius, on the other hand, the median pair are slightly
but distinctly cupped. In this respect the incisors of JZ. inter-
medius stand exactly half-way between those of JZ. dazrdiz and the
John Day species, Anchitherium prestans, in which the median
incisors are always distinctly and almost as strongly cupped as the
two outer ones.

In the superior premolar dentition there are also important
differences which point strongly in the direction of the John Day
species, especially Anchitheritum prestans. In M. bairdii the
internal cingulum of the first superior premolar is but little
developed, and does not form with the principal cusp a distinct
basin; in WZ. zvtermedius the cingulum is more strongly developed
and a distinct basin is formed.

In the second superior premolar of JZ. dacrdiz the parastyle or
cingular cusp at the antero-external angle of the crown is small
and scarcely larger than those on the succeeding teeth. In JZ.
intermeatus this cusp of the second premolar is considerably en-
larged, giving to the crown an incipient triangular appearance.
In Anchitherium prestans the enlargement of this cusp is carried
still further, and in Protohippus and Eguus the crown of the tooth
is of a triangular shape in front.

The chief distinctions between MZ. intermedius and Anchithe-
rium prestans are seen in the cupping of the median pair of
incisors, the greater enlargement of the parastyle of the second
superior premolar, the union of the posterior cross-crest with the
outer wall in the superior molars and premolars, the greater
reduction of the lateral metapodials, and the larger size of the
latter species.

Mesohippus copéi, sp. nov.

This species is founded upon the complete half of a pelvis,
femur, tibia, and part of a hind foot (No. 1197), together with a
complete median metapodial, and one lateral metapodial of the
hind foot of another individual (No. 1198), a collateral type.
These remains indicate an animal much larger than JZ. znter-
medius, and this is, so far as we know, the largest horse of the
White River epoch, larger even than A. prestans of the John

.
——— eee

1895.] Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 357

Day. A comparison of the measurements of these bones with
those of JZ. intermedius is as follows :

M. copet. M. intermedius.
M. M.

Beret A ROpmtlld ata cp yan /4 lies eves ee leis ciecice ss ByiX5, .240
\ Nita hs egos Ye ¥S irae cor TINS ee Cee .O41 .035
ILigavedilal 82° 9 ge Ce ee a eee ee .048 .O41
Length of middle metapodial of hind foot..... .189 151
UME OO ee CLV enon ece.siolaP eps cininle erst, qed aie ti stause 334

PUENTE Ns bare c cisely vd evecare ve. a a ee 231

There are also in our collection two superior premolars (No.
683) of the right side, apparently the second and third of the
series, that are much larger than any specimens of MV. interme-
dius. We have therefore provis-
ionally referred these teeth to
this species. If this reference is
correct, these teeth indicate a
species quite different structur-
ally from JZ. intermedius. Be-
‘sides their greater size, the inter-
mediate cusps are much more
distinct, being separated from

ps p2
i : Fig. 5. Second and third right upper
the internal cusps by a wide, premolars of Wesohippus copez. Crown view.
, Ms. mesostyle, 4s. hypostyle, fs. protostyle.
deep notch, whereas in JZ. Natural size.
intermedius they form with the

internal cusps a high crest and are very little separated.

The measurements of these premolars are as follows :

M. copet. M. intermedius.

M. M.
Length of second and third superior premolars... .037 .030
Widthtotsecondipremolat.s.- 2: 2. =) =. ae ZOLS O15
Width of thirdspremolar.--.. 2. 4. CMEC 202i .O17

This species differs from Axchitherium prestans in the less
reduced character of the lateral metapodials, and in the lack of
completion of the cross-crests of the superior premolars, as well
as the distinctness of the intermediate cusps. ‘The two species are
nearly equal in size.

All of our material is from the Protoceras layer of the Cheyenne
River locality, but a large foot, probably of this species, was
found by Mr. J. B. Hatcher, of the Princeton expedition, in the
Oreodon Beds.

358 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION.

gree |
& = | <| John Day Beds. A. prestans,
=}
~ 4 fo)
S a a)
o S
fo)
§) 4
‘< Protoceras Beds. M. intermedius. M. copet.
ASE ills ee g 150 feet.
NS 4 . oo .
= 8 % Oreodon Beds. M, bairdii. ? M. cope.
S os 140 feet.
awe
= Titanotherium Beds. M. bairdii.
Q) 180 feet—total. ,

|
|

The above table represents the nearly continuous sedimentation
from the Titanotherium Beds into the John Day, having a total
thickness of about eight hundred feet.

_ There can be little doubt that the three types, Mesohippus
bairaii, M. intermedius and A. prestans, form a distinct and
closely connected phylogenetic series of animals slowly special-
izing and constantly increasing in size. So far as we know ¢here
ts not a single character missing tn the structural chain. Meso-
hippus or Anchitherium copet, on the other hand, is somewhat larger
than A. prestans, and forms a side branch, leading possibly into,
one of the numerous parallel species which Cope and Scott have

described from the John Day and Deep River Beds.

Family LOPHIODONTID.

(Sensu strictu.)

A family of lophodont Perissodactyls intermediate between the Tapiridz and
Hyracodontide. Superior molars, with paracone and metacone of same size but
differing in shape. Metacone pushed inwards, more or less concave. Paracone
lengthened. Metacone shortened.

Fleptodon. | — Lophiodon. Flelatletes. Colodon,
Incisors ,, pre- Incisors 3, pre- Incisors , pre- Incisors », pre-
molars }-4. Third molars 3, without} molars 4. Third) molars }. Second,

toes enlarged. |

1895.| Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 359

It now proves that Leidy was very near the truth in referring
to Cuvier’s genus Zophiodon certain Bridger (ZL. nanum) and
White River (Z. occidentalis) jaws and teeth. The discovery of
the superior molar series of Co/odon demonstrates beyond a doubt

f \ \ . ‘
i ‘ r t . / se
parastyle paracone metacone parastyle paracone metacone parastyle paracone metarone
\ " / \ i i \ é ,

‘ \ /

i ; °
\ \ ' 1 é crisla !
t Z t

i \
protoioph metaloph protoloph metaloph

7 \

i \ Xs I \ \ Za ;
metalophid hypolophid —_hypoconulia metalophid hypolophid htt metalophid hypolophid
Tapiroip. LopHIoDONT. HyRACODONT.

(Systemodon.) (Lophiodon.) (Hyrachyus.)

Fig. 6. Principat LopHioponr Morar TyPEs.

that true Lophiodontide, not in the loose sense of the term of
Cope, Lydekker and Flower,’ but in the strict phylogenetic or
true relationship sense, were represented in North America by
the animals hitherto grouped in the family Helaletide by Marsh
and Osborn. This family identity has been anticipated by
Osborn.? The true American Lophiodonts are now seen to be

1 “Mammals, Living and Extinct,’ 1891, p. 373. By these authors, Hyracotherium, Syste-
modon, Hyrachyus, in fact all lophiodont Perissodactylsin which the premolars are simpler than
the molars, are termed ‘Lophiodonts’ without regard to the wide gaps which separate them
from the true Lophiodon.

2* Fossil Mammals of the Wahsatch and Wind River Beds,’ Bull. Am. Mus., 18g2, p. 92.
Also ‘Rise of Mammalia in North America,’ 1893, p- 39-

360 Bulletin American Museum of Natural Fiistory. |Vol. VU,

Heptodon of our Wahsatch, He/aletes of the Bridger and Uinta,
and Colodon of the White River. It now appears that besides
Lophiodon, both Helaletes and Colodon probably occur in Europe
as the last representatives of the Lophiodon line.

Cuvier’s type, Z. tapirotdes, is a lower jaw found at Issel,’ an
horizon which contains Pachynolophus, and is approximately
equivalent to our Bridger. The Bridger species of /e/aletes,
namely : H. (Hyrachyus) nanus Leidy, H. boops Marsh, H. (Des-
matotherium) guyotit 8.& O., H.(Dilophodon) minusculus 8. & O., are
well known to differ from the Issel Lophiodons (Z. ¢apiroides
Cuvier, Z. ¢ssedensis Fischer) in the possession of rudimentary
transverse crests upon fwo superior premolars. In the higher
White River horizon the species of Colodon, namely, C. occiden-
talis Leidy, C. (2) longipes O. & W., C. dakotensis O. & W., C. pro-
cuspidatus O. & W., differ still further from ZLophzodon in the pos-
session of posterior crests upon ¢ree of the upper premolars.

The true molar pattern in Heptodon, Lophiodon, Helaletes and
Colodon is identical; the question arises, can we separate the
oldest American type, the Wind River or basal Bridger Hleptodon,
with its unmodified premolars, from Lophzodon? It now seems
that we can do so. So far as we know, Cope’s Heptodon is nearly

identical with Cuvier’s Zophiodon, the only distinction being one |

of size, and the number of upper premolars. The likeness is in
the identical pattern of the molar teeth and the absence of pos-
terior crests upon the premolars.

The skeleton of Hef/odon, as previously shown by the writers,”
is highly specialized, resembling that of the Hyracodons in many
respects, but tending still more to monodactylism. ‘The climax
of this tendency is shown in a White River hind-limb, which we
at first® referred to JZesohippus, but which now appears to belong
to a form probably related to Colodon. The extremities of Lophio-
don are not known, or have not been described. The nearest
approach to the Heptodon type of skeleton in the French Eocene
beds is that which has been referred to Paloplotherium minus by the
French paleontologists. The ?. minus tarsus and hind limb are
almost identical in size and in numerous minor characteristics

1 Ossem. Fossils, 2d edition, Vol. if: \P- 176, p

2 ‘Fossil Mammals of the Wabhsatch,’ Bull. ‘Mus., Vol. 1V, Sept., 1892, p. 131.
3 Bull. Am. Mus., 1894, p. 214.

My ttt a

(14 WN eG ch RI Mt Bi

1895.| Osbornand Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 361

with the Heptodon limb. We do not know whether the associa-
tion of the P. minus skeletal parts with the teeth of the Pa/oplo-
thertum type is absolutely demonstrated ; if it is not, it seems
quite probable that the so-called P. mznus feet belong not to the
Palzotheres (from which they differ so widely), but to some
small Lophiodont such as Hefptodon.

Genus Heptodon Cope.

For a full account of this Wind River type, see our paper upon
the Wahsatch Fossil Mammals, and Prof. Cope’s description in
the ‘ Tertiary Vertebrata.’

Genus Lophiodon Cuvier.

Under this genus should be included only those forms with
simple premolars which are ¢dentical in molar pattern with
Cuvier’s type, such as Z. ¢apirotdes Cuvier, L. tsselensis Fisher,
L. paristense Gervais, L. buchsovillanum Blainville.

We may confidently exc/ude all those European forms which
have the true Tapir, Rhinoceros, Hyracodon or Amynodon molar
pattern, and which undoubtedly belong to animals ancestral to
Cadurcothertum, to Protapirus, to Aceratherium, and possibly to
the Hyracodonts. This will remove from Lophivodon a host of
wrongly-referred species.

The question, What is Lophiodon?’ seems now nearer solu-
tion. It is intermediate in molar pattern and in skeletal charac-
ters between the Tapirs and Hyracodons or Rhinoceroses, and
shows a mingling of their characters, but represents a line of
descent entirely distinct from both.

Genus Helaletes Marsh.

For the synonomy and characteristics of this type, see Scott
and Osborn’s Memoir upon ‘Mammalia of the Uinta Formation,’
our paper upon the Wahsatch Mammals,’ and Wortman and
Earle’s paper upon ‘ Ancestors of the Tapir from the Lower Mio-
cene of Dakota.”

1 Osborn, American Naturalist, Sept., 1892, p. 763.

2 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, Sept., 1892, p. 127.
3 Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, August, 1893, pp. 159-180.

362 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. (Vol. VU,

Genus Colodon Marsh.

There is no evidence that the true Hyrachyus-Hyracodon \ine
existed in Europe; the Colodon genus or stage of Lophiodont
development, is probably represented in France by the animal
from St. Gérard de Puy, which Fihol has mistakenly referred to
Hyrachyus,' as H. douvillet.

In our former communication upon the American representa-

tives of this genus, we had no hesitancy in referring it to the
family Helaletide from the North American Eocene, and regard-
ing it as the probable successor of the Upper Eocene representa-
tive (Helaletes) of this family. Additional material, collected by
the Museum Expedition of last year, now enables us to not only
clear up the question of the species, but at the same time throws
a new light upon the probable family relationship of these ‘Tapir-
oids, as above detailed.
An analysis of the species may now be given as follows :
Size large ; length of last two lower Ms. and last two lower Pms., .072.
Postero-internal cusp of the last lower premolar double. Internal

cusps of superior premolars not fully distinct ; no external nor
internal cingula on premolars... ... Dye En Shes ee eee oe C. dakotensis.
Size large ; length of lower Pms. and Ms. ahknows 4 last inferior pre-

molar unknown. Internal cusps of second and third upper pre-
molars distinct and well separated; an external and internal

cingulum upon premolars............. 2; oss » iG. PROCUSPIAAlUs.
Size small; length of last two Ms. and last two lower Pms., .055.

Postero-internal cusp of last lower premolar single. Superior

premolars: unkDOWIM sone or) dhe ej a eee .. C. occidentalis.

Previously established upon foot characteristics only, possibly equivalent
HOO WIAA USE IGG SO ORLA HaOr ADUNNo WoeaDONdooo aa occ C. longipes.

Colodon dakotensis, sp. nov.

The type of this species consists of an entire superior molar
and premolar dentition lacking only the first premolar of the left
side (No. 1212). ‘To this we add as a collateral type a specimen
of another individual displaying the second and third lower pre-
molars, the second and third lower molars of the right side, and
the fourth upper premolar of the left side (No. 1213).

1 Annales des Sciences Geologiques, ‘T. xvii, pl. vi, fig. 13.
2 Wortman and Earle, ‘ Ancestors of the Tapir from the Lower Miocene of Dakota,’ Bull.
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, 1893, Art. XI, pp. 159-180.

.
i4

1895.| Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 363

The superior cheek teeth consist of four premolars and three
molars. The first premolar is small, having a triangular crown
with a single fully-developed external and internal cusp. ‘The
postero-external cusp (tritocone) is faintly indicated by a groove
in the main external cusp, as is also the antero-internal (deutero-
cone) represented by a small but distinct tubercle situated just in
advance of the large internal cusp.

Q paracone

parastyle I f 3

‘

metacone
7 N

er Ns Ss ¢ > / x
Fri metaloph feta rtocone deuterocone

Fig. 7. Upper molar and premolar series of Colodon dakotensis, internal and crown views.
Slightly larger than natural size.

The succeeding three premolars increase slightly in size from
before backwards ; their crowns are more or less quadrate in out-
line, and each displays a double external and internal cusp con-
nected by well-defined cross-crests. The internal cusps of the
premolars are not fully developed and distinct from each other in
this species, but are indicated by a deep vertical groove upon the
internal face of the crown. It is a matter of importance to note
that in the assumption of the double internal cusps of the pre-
molars, this species furnishes us with the incipient and transition
stages, and further, that this complication began in the second
premolar and proceeded backwards. ‘This is demonstrated by
the fact that the second premolar is more advanced in this respect
than the third, and the third is more advanced than the fourth.

The arrangement of the external cusps is somewhat different
from that of the true molars, in that the posterior external cusps
of the premolars are not pressed inwards and concave as they

364 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. V1I,

are in the molars. ‘The parastyle at the antero-external angle of
the crown is faintly but clearly indicated, and there can be said to
be no external or internal cingula developed upon any of the
premolars.

The structure of the true molars has already been described,’
and, so faras can be determined from the materials at hand, varies
but very little in the different species. It is, however, worthy of
remark that the cingulum in this species is but faintly if at all
indicated upon any of the molars.

Of the inferior molar dentition the structure is very similar to
that of C. occidentale in general appearance. An important struc-
tural difference between the species, however, is to be seen in the
last inferior premolar ; in C. dakotensis the posterior portion of
the crown widens rapidly, and the postero-internal cusp is double,
whereas in C,. occidentale this portion of the tooth is relatively
much narrower and the cusp is single. Associated with difference
of structure is a marked difference in size between the species ;
C. dakotensis is larger and more robust in every way. This is
made more apparent by a comparison of the following meas-

urements:
C. dakotensis. C. occidentalis.

M. M.
Length of last two lower molars .. .......... pare Onn .034
Length of last lower molar. ........... Sete Bes .025 -O19
Length of last two lower premolars......... .-... .027 .021
Width of crown of last lower premolar ........... .O10 .013
Rotallengthiotsupper molariseriess =. eevee oe .OgI =
engsthvofipremolars/abover yer icles etre Od —

This species is from the Metamynodon layer, and was found by
Mr. O. A. Peterson, a member of the party.

Colodon procuspidatus, sp. nov.

This species is proposed upon a complete superior maxillary
dentition of the right side, in which the last molar is wanting
(No. 1215). So far as the measurements are concerned, it agrees
very closely in size with C. dakotensis. The most important
difference between this species and C. dakotensis is seen in the

PLGC: Cit:.) Pet 75.

1895.] Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 365

degree of separation of the internal cusps of the premolars from
each other, and the more decided approach towards the structure
of the molars. In the second premolar the two internal cusps
are almost as distinct as they are in the molars; in the third
premolar they are less so, while in the fourth they are separated
by scarcely more than a vertical groove on the internal face of the

paracone
‘parastyle
/ ,

, paras ty

i a
¢

metacone

Fig. 8. Upper molar and premolar series of Colodon procuspidatus, internal and crown
views. Slightly larger than natural size.

crown. The cross-crests are more prominent than in the pre-
molars of C. dakotensis, but the two external cusps are apparently
not so distinct from each other as in that species. The external
and internal cingula are prominent and distinct. The only
means at present known of distinguishing C. procuspidatus from
C. occidentale is by the smaller size and generally less robust char-
acter of the latter.
Found in the Metamynodon layer by Mr. J. W. Gidley.

Lower Milk Molars of C. ocCIDENTALIS.—The inferior milk
molar dentition of this species is represented in our collections
by two fragmentary lower jaws (Nos. 1044 and 1044a). With the
exception of the first milk molar, which agrees very closely in
size and structure with its corresponding premolar, the remaining
two teeth of this series are of a more advanced pattern. They
resemble the true molars in that the posterior cross-crest is com-
plete and quite as well developed as the anterior. In the perma-

366 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. VII,

nent premolars the posterior crest is never complete, the heel of
the tooth preserving its primitive arrangement of a separate
external and internal cusp.

The total length of this series slightly exceeds that of the corre-
sponding premolars.

Colodon (?) longipes O. & IV.
SYN. Mesohippus longipes O. & W.

It seems proper in this connection to again call attention to the
specimen which we have described under this name.’ It is prob-
able that it is the foot of a species related to Colodon, although it
differs in some important particulars from the fragmentary materials
which we already know of Colodon occidentale. In some respects
it resembles the Horses, but at the same time it presents such
striking differences from any known members of this series as to
absolutely prohibit its reference to any of the Equide. These
differences may be summarized as follows: (1) The continuity of
the ectal and sustentacular facets of the astragalus, as in the
Rhinoceroses and Hyracodons generally ; (2) the great vertical
depth of the ectocuneiform; and (3) the articulation of meta-
carpal IV with the ectocuneiform, thus excluding the contact
between the cuboid and metacarpal III, an extremely constant
and highly diagnostic feature of all the Horses.

Its nearest prototype is apparently found in the foot of Hep/o-
don calcwculus of the Wahsatch. The two astragali are very
similar in their details of structure, and the whole foot is strik-
ingly similar in the two forms. Unfortunately the ectocuneiform ;
is not preserved in our specimen of A. calcicu/us. A comparison
of the foot of C. Jongipes with that of 77riplopus amarorum Cope,
reveals the closest similarity in all details of structure. There
can be very little doubt therefore that C. Jongipes is the direct
successor of some species of /Ve/aletes or Triplopus ; and whether
the foot in question is to be associated with any of the known
species of Colodon is still an open question. We have therefore
retained the specific name, and have provisionally referred it to
the genus Colodon.

1 Osborn and Wortman, Bull. Am. Mus, Vol. VI, 1804, Art. VII, p. 214.

1895.| Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 367

Family HYRACODONTID.

We insert here a description of the skull of Myrachyus from
the Bridger Eocene, which is important in its bearing upon the
relation of the primitive Hyracodonts to the true Aceratheres or
Rhinoceroses.

Hyrachyus agrarius Ze/d.

The skull of this important species has been known hitherto
only from specimens showing the upper and lower teeth, the jaws
and the posterior portion of the occiput in the Leidy (Philadel-
phia Academy) and Cope collections. The American Museum
collection from the Bridger includes many parts of the skeleton
and a nearly perfect skull and jaws (No. 1645), as represented in
Figs. 9, 10 and 11. It was figured upon a very small scale on
Plate II of our earlier paper.

Dentition.—All the teeth are preserved excepting the upper
incisors. ~The formula is typical, 3,4, 4,3. The swcisors are
compactly placed, and decrease in size from the median to the
outer pair. The median lower incisors (;;) are decidedly chisel-
shaped or spatulate and nearly procumbent; the outer incisors
(7a) are the smallest of the series, as well as the most erect and
pointed. The upper canine is slightly larger than the lower ;
both canines are vertically placed, laterally compressed and some-
what incisiform, rather than of the typical canine form ; in fact
they resemble a much enlarged lateral incisor. This is an impor-
tant character.

Upper Premolars.—The premolars in both jaws are simpler than
the molars, or pm.<m. The first is a small, laterally compressed
tooth, with an internal cingulum. ‘The second, third and fourth
premolars (®**) increase in complication, and present threé suc-
cessive stages of evolution toward the molar pattern; they are
all triangular, and exhibit a backwardly hooked protoloph and
thread-like posterior crest or rudimentary metaloph; there is also
a trace of an incipient reduplication of the protocone in &4, as
shown in the accompanying sketches. This regular progressive
evolution of the premolars from behind forwards is an impor-

a08 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. V1,

tant distinctive character, for it is zof what we find either in the
Aceratheres or in the true Lophiodontide, as here described.
In the Aceratheres the anterior premolars acquire their transverse
crests earlier than the posterior premolars.

protocone
1s

= = iid it
~—_— Sem
res SY

protoloph

gene

pr Pay

Fig. 9. Hyrachyus agrarius.

tritocone

Premolar series of left side.

protocone tritocone
¢

- metaloph

ae
~
deuterocone tetartocone

Diagram exhibiting the three

regular stages of progression from p. 2 to p- 4, in contrast with that of the Lophiodonts.

Lower Premolars.—These teeth exhibit a similar progression,
the last being decidedly the most complex; they show a high,
obliquely placed metalophid and a low, basin-shaped talonid,
which exhibits no trace of the hypolophid or posterior crest.

Molars.—The molars are incipiently but not fully rhinocero-
tine, because the elongation of the paracone, and consequent
asymmetry of the external cusps, which is the distinctive feature

parastyle

crista

metaloph
ve

Dia-

Fig. 10.
gram of second upper molar of the left
side.

Hyrachus agrarius.

of the rhinoceros molar, has not
progressed very far. The second
molar is the largest and most pro-
gressive tooth of the sériés 3 it
displays a prominent parastyle,
traces of a cingulum at the base of
the metacone, a prominent anterior
cingulum, a feeble posterior cingu-
lum, and an incomplete internal
cingulum, It exhibits a strong pro-
toloph, a more slender metaloph and
a delicate crista, but there is no
trace of an anticrochet or of a

1895.] Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 369

crochet. The convexity of the paracone is still marked upon the
outer surface of the ectoloph.

Skull—The skull is delicately proportioned, and the cranium
is surmounted by a prominent but thin crest. The total length is
12 inches (30.5 cm.) ; the greatest breadth across the zygomatic
arches is 544 inches (14 cm.). It is thus narrower in proportion
to its length than the skull of Co/onoceras agrestis, as figured by
Marsh.’ The deep facial region is in contrast with the small and
rather slender cranial region, as in the skull of the ruminant
Artiedactyla. As seen from above, the face appears twice as long
as the cranium, if we take the divergence of the sagittal crests as
the dividing point. But, taking the center of the orbits as the
middle point, we find that the face and cranium are exactly equal
in length. The extent of the frontals, parietals, occipitals and
squamosals is exhibited in Fig. rt.

In superior view, the skull exhibits long nasals tapering to slen-
der points and diverging anteriorly ; a broad, slightly arched sur-
face between the orbits ; a long, thin sagittal crest diverging into
low sagittal ridges ; thin and delicate zygomatic arches ; a small,
rounded brain-case, and a very narrow supra-occipital region. In
lateral view (Fig. 11) we observe that the premaxillaries extend
upon the sides of the nasals; the extent of the lachrymals cannot
be determined ; the skull also exhibits a deep, lateral notch upon
the anterior border of the nasals, which is also very characteristic
of the lower Miocene Rhinoceros (Aceratherium),; an infraorbital
foramen above the third premolar ; a large open orbit ; a wide
space between the post-glenoid and post-tympanic processes ;
the cranium pierced by numerous nutrient foramina; the occiput
slightly overhanging the condyles; a long, delicate paroccipital
process (partly broken off in this specimen) which is distinct or
separated inferiorly from the postglenoid process. It is difficult
to determine whether the mastoid portion of the periotic is ex-
posed or not. The palate is somewhat injured, but the zzferzor
view (Fig. rr) of the skull shows a considerable diastema_ be-
tween the canine and first premolar ; a prominence of the cranial
axis at the junction of the basi-occipital and _basi-sphenoid ;
elongate or laterally compressed periotic masses opposite the

1 * Dinocerata,’ p. 64, Fig. 70.

[December, 1895.) By

370 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VU,

N
Tw

Fig.11. Hyrachyus agrarius. Side view and base view of skull, No. 1645. Natural size,

‘

entrance of the external auditory meatus. The occiput is laterally
compressed ; it narrows superiorly and _ slightly overhangs the
condyles.

Foramina.—The alisphenoid canal pierces the sphenoid at the
base of the pterygoids. The foramen ovale is peculiar in being
very far back ; it lies upon the outer side, slightly in front of the
for. lac. medium. The for. lac. posterius is small. The post-
glenoid foramen, the mastoid foramen, and the condylar foramen
are well marked.

1895.| Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 371

Measurements.
M.
Tip of nasals to summit of occipital crest................. . 305
\IGUIR Gi? AVRCVITEYAISE 5.6m pects Betas ae aio pee eae eee . 140
[SITET P Gir CUO Beene Gbtinc Se-chts Oa Gee eee .073
eneuor maoiar-premOlan Series, 2... -..- ek eee 8 i
Length of lower jaw, angle to tips of incisors............. .270

Lower Jaws.—The jaws are 10% (27 cm.) inches in length.
They exhibit a very slightly convex condyle; a narrow, strongly
recurved coronoid process; a very deep, backwardly projecting
angle with a sharply defined external and internal border. The
rami taper anteriorly towards the shallow chin. The symphysis
is 6.3 cm. in length and decidedly narrow.

This skull certainly bears a very close resemblance in many
details to that of A. mzte, and suggests at once that it stands in
ancestral relationship to this true Acerathere, but the skeletal
characters of the two animals have been shown to be widely
different. The differences in dentition are also marked: (r)
HHyrachyus shows no traces of the unequal development of the
incisors and canines which we may confidently anticipate in the
direct ancestors of the Aceratheres at this period. (2) The pre-
molar evolution follows a different law from that seen in the
Aceratheres. (3) The molars exhibit a precocious development of
the ‘crista’ (Fig. 12), a feature acquired slowly in the Aceratheres.

The strong resemblance between the A/yrachyus agrartus and
Aceratherium mite skulls therefore is chiefly important, because it
demonstrates almost conclusively that the Hyracodons and
Aceratheres were derived from a common stem form.

Family RHINOCEROTID£.

Subfamily ACERATHERIIN.

Our list’ of Aceratheres, published in July, 1894, requires
revision. The specimens typical of A. mzte Cope, from Colorado,
exhibit a complete posterior crest in the fourth premolar, and are
thus more progressive than the three skulls we referred to A. mize.
In other respects the animals are closely similar. The 4. pumilum
Cope, from the Canada exposures, is as yet very imperfectly

1 Bull. Am. Mus., 1894, p 207.

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372 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. VII

1895.] Osborn and Wortman, Pertssodactyls of White River. 373

characterized. The Diceratherium proavitum’ of Hatcher proves
to be identical with our A. ¢ridactylum.

As regards geological distribution, it now appears certain that
the predominant species of the Oreodon Beds was A. occidentale
Leidy, although the 4. mzfe occurs in the lower portion of these
beds, and other species will undoubtedly be found in them.
Leidy’s type specimen, now in the Nationai Museum, is charac-
terized by a very simple condition of the fourth upper premolar,
and was probably found upon the Zower Oreodon level; the
grounds for this opinion are, (1) that No. r1o7 in our collection,
showing an identical stage of premolar development, was found
in the lower Oreodon level ; (2) that all the specimens from the
Middle and Upper Oreodon Beds show a more progressive condition
of the fourth premolar than Leidy’s type ; also a larger size of skull.

As regards specific succession, it is now certain that A. occ/den-
tale was directly ancestral to 4. ¢ridactylum, and it appears possi-
ble that 4. trigonodum gave rise to A. platycephalum ; in both, the
horizontal or procumbent lower teeth is a marked characteristic.
Much remains to be done upon the skeleton, and especially the
feet, before the phyletic relationship of these species can be
ascertained.

The large number of skulls in the collection belonging to
A. tridactylum demonstrates that the species ran to two extremes,
a high, long, narrow type, and a shorter, lower and broader type.
The latter exhibit very prominent rugosities upon the nasals,
which we might, with Hatcher, interpret as prophetic of Dzcera-
therium were it not for the fact that equally rugose areas are
found above the orbits and upon the zygomatic arches.

These two varieties of A. ¢ridacty/um are not due to age, but may
be partly sexual. The molar structure shows no constant differences.

Family AMYNODONTIDZ S. & O.

Genus Metamynodon S. & O.

Matamynodon planifrons S. & O.

PLATES X AND XI.

The Expedition of 1892 secured the skull and jaws of one

374 Bulletin American Museum of Natural History. |Vol. Vi,

greater part of a skeleton of another animal (No. 546): namely,
the vertebree as far back as the 1oth dorsal; many ribs of both
sides, including an unbroken series, R. 1-14, on the right side ;
the left fore and right hind limbs complete. A vigorous search
in 1894 supplemented these parts by a complete left hind foot
(No. 1100), and an almost complete right fore foot (No. 1095).
A complete left scapula (No. r0g2) was also found with a pelvis
belonging to an animal of slightly smaller size. These exceptional
materials were supplemented by a few ribs, phalanges and caudals
from other individuals. The spine of the axis is restored from
another perfect specimen. ‘The only parts of the skeleton which
are entirely conjectural are the spines of the last cervical, and of
four anterior dorsal vertebrz ; also the entire lumbar series.

The animal has been mounted with great care and skill by
Mr. Adam Hermann, as represented in the camera perspective
drawings (Plates X and XI).

The following are the chief dimensions :

DIMENSIONS OF SKELETON.

Feet. Inches.| Metres.
Length, tips of premaxillaries to bend of tail........... Oj 4 2.93
jg td 2p ghana Mapa ane rire Se aes 3 occ op eS 4 3% 1.30
Breadth, across pelvis (Skeleton No. 1092)...........- 2 Boy: .70
[Strinvel Wranloy, wowall Wena, chu sasgonccebec oScosspecac¢ 3 4% 1.03
[Rukesl aE sOVAKOVAMRTAMKE NOME oacadanss coSbesoser pac I og 55
IDtsiav Ui gee PORES Sin a ea micharisia Silo priaiae m Grom cioroinints © ress .50
Gil OVE een Seat eeu GA. cabo acon 4a GemigroeG or IO 45)
MISA AEM UMS Isis: 455 cas be sono woe No oeK Ss 4l¢ 115
Fore limb, total length, excluding scapula............. 3 544 1.05
Scapullag.)e oe perce ale ecient een ete Nee tarts ec ee i 2 35
UUMEHUS? © arena eheiicer oat one eine. aor mene ohare r 5% -43
PEGI Ui Bae eat raat tear chet, class dotracond aac 1 at 133
Wilnahaneludinesolecramonera-icy eerie ra tr 516 45
Meta car pallial Iii em othe erect t iter erie tio 6 644 LS
Skull length, premaxillaries to condyles ... .........-- T vigsy 255
Nisizreinrem@khe Sones Aossaces Adoctosuesacena79 9 2
Vertebral column, total length, including sacrals........ 6 10 2.09
PRCELVIGAISH Ee cis> Sori aise Cee er serene a Te oRG) 53
igey IDO REINS Ni ceo Gute b SS. TOOL Sceide eRe me ohaie onsen 3 96 1.16
PENG Nori ere ARS AME ASSIS e Re, us momar ca 10l4 20
Sactals (estimated)... tancetyes kine reese certo 544 .135
Caudals TEAL cal’, (alas sikh iiiestatva tayo acne ceeae erat eared 2 5% 735
Ribs, PSUR a a sheetcrkee esl econ ean cet eee Pederson te To) si 2355
BEHURID ede nore patie system te take ere i rani peieome hen esters ele: .76
UME sarees ME PAP RIN A Ue RETR Sires Acosta 28 81

1895.| _ Osborn and Wortman, Perissodactyls of White River. 375

°
The animal in life was over nine feet long, about three feet
broad through the chest, and nearly five feet high, for it is prob-
able that the anterior dorsal spines were longer than here repre-
sented. The general impression is of a very large skull with
formidable canine tusks, small but prominent eye-sockets, and
very broad, flat skull. The fore and hind limbs are quite power-
ful, but the metapodials are rather slender, especially in the
manus. ‘The most distinctive feature of course is the four com-
pletely functional digits, which widely separate this animal from
the true Rhinoceroses. The chest has a well-rounded barrel, and
the lower border of the abdomen must have been quite low. The
anterior ribs are flat, but from the R.7 backwards they become
rounded and rather slender.
The skeleton has already been described in some detail.’

1 * Fossil Mammals of the Lower Miocene White River Beds, Collection of 1892,’ Bull.
Am. Mus., Vol. VI, July; 1894, p. 2090.

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INDEX TO

ACERATHERIIN, 352, 371.
Aceratherium mite, 345, 371.
occidentale, 345, 372.
platycephalum, 345, 373.
pumilum, 371.
tridactylum, 345, 373.
trigonodum, 345, 373.
Achzenodon insolens, 75, 105.
Adelonycteris fusca, 247, 262, 273.
/Egoceros musimon, 192.
Aéllopus, 280, 294.
fadus, 280, 294.
tantalus, 280, 294.
Agriochcerus, 145-178.
antiquus, 177.
ferox, 178.
guyotianus, 149, 150, 164,166,
ny 7p
latifrons, 145, 150, 153, 154,
155,157,158, 164,165,177.
macrocephalus, 178.
major, 146, 168, 170, 178.
ryderianus, 178.
trifrons, 177.
Alces (Megaceros) fossilis, IgI.
Allen, J. A., on the species of the
genus Retthrodontomys, 107-
143; on the names of mam-
mals given by Kerr in his
‘Animal Kingdom,’ published
in 1792, 179-192; on a col-
lection of mammals from Ari-
zona and Mexico, made by
Mr. W. W. Price, with field
notes by the collector, 193-
258 ; list of mammals collec-
ted in the Black Hills region
of South Dakota and in West-
ern Kansas by Walter W.
Granger, with field notes by
the collector, 259-274; de-
scriptions of new American
mammals, 327-340.
Allodon, 5.
Almandite, 342.
Amblypoda, 43, 82.
Amorpha, 312, 318.
modesta, 312, 318.

VOLUME VII.

Amphion, 282, 294.
nessus, 282, 294.
Amynodon, 75.
advenus, 75.
intermedius, 75, 95.
Amynodontide, 95, 373.
Anacodon, 5, 27.
Anaptomorphide, 16.
Anaptomorphus, 5.
Anchitheriinz, 352.
Anchitherium copei, 358.
prestans, 344, 358.
Anisonchine, 52, 58.
Anisonchus, 60.
agapetillus, 9.
coniferus, 9, 63.
gillianus, 9, 63.
mandibularis, g, 61, 63.
sectorius, 9, 52, 63.
Anisonyx, 271.
(Ammospermophilus) _ harrisi,
240.
(Ammospermophilus) leucurus
cinnamomeus, 240.
(Ictidomys) tereticaudus, 197,
238.
(Otospermophilus)grammurus,
237.
(Xerospermophilus)canescens,
239.
(Xerospermophilus) spilosoma
macrospilotus, 239.
Antelope, 257, 263.
Anthropopithecus troglodytes, 185.
Antilocapra americana, 257, 263.
Antilope euchore, 192.
saltans, 192.
Antrozous pallidus, 249.
Apatite, 342.
Arctocyonidz, 26.
Arctomys dacota, 262, 272.
hudsonia, Igo.
suslica, 190.
zemni, 190.
Argeus, 288, 295.
labruscze, 288, 295.
Armadillo, American, 187.

378

INDEX.

Arvicola insperatus, 267.
leucopheeus, 219.
(Mynomes) alticolus, 219.
(Mynomes) longicaudus, 266.
Atalapha borealis, 246.
cinerea, 246.
Autunite, 342.
Axis, Great, IgI.

BADGER, 256, 274.

Bassariscus astutus, 252.
astutus flavus, 252.

Bat, Black-nosed, 248.
Blunt-nosed, 249.

Brown, 247, 273.
California, 248.
Clayton’s, 186.
Hoary, 247.
House, 246.
Little Pale, 273.
Long-eared, 249.
Molucca, 186.
Nevada, 245.
Pale, 249.
Peruvian, 186.
Pigmy, 247.
Red, 246.
Silvery-haired, 248.
Striped, 186.
Townsend’s, 272.

Bathyergus, 184. -
suillus, 184.

Batodon tenuis, 5.

Bear, Black, 255.
Silver-tipped, 255.

Beaver, 256, 272.

Beaver-rats, 183.

Webbed, 183.

Belier de Montagne, 258.

Bell-bird, 323.

Beutenmiiller, William, descriptive
catalogue of the Sphingidze
found within fifty miles of
New York City, 275-320.

Biche de barallon, 191.
des bois, Igt.
des polétuviers, 1gI.
des savanes, 192.

Blarina micrura, 339.
(Sorisciscus) micrura, 339.
(Sorisciscus) nigrescens, 339.
(Sorisciscus) orophila, 340.

Boat-bill, 324.

Bos arneé, 192.
barbatus, 192.
bubalis, 192.

Bradypus pentadactylus, 186.
ursinus, 186.

Brin-blanc, 325.
Bubalus bubalis, 192.

CACHICAME, 187.
Calliste desmaresti, 322.
Callithrix, 181.
Cancroma cochlearia, 324.
Canis antarcticus, 188.
latrans, 254, 274.
lupus albus, 188.
lupus mexicanus, 188, 254.
lupus niger, 187.
lupus nubilus, 254, 274.
vulpes alopex americanus, 188.
vulpes australis, 188.
vulpes chilensis, 188.
(Pseudalopex) australis, 188.
Carcinodon filholianus, 9.
Cariacou, IgI.
Cariacus, 200.
virginianus, var. 200.
virginianus, var. couesi, 200.
Castor canadensis, 256, 272.
fiber, 189.
fiber solitarius, 189.
Cat, Ring-tailed, 252.
Spotted, 256.
Cavia aguti cunicularis, 189.
magellanica, 189.
patachonica, 189.

Cebus, 181.
albulus, 186.
apella, 186.

griseus, 186.
hypoleucus, 186.
polykomos, 186.

Celeus elegans, 324.

Cenoplacentalia, 3, 6.

Ceratomia, 306, 312.
amyntor, 307, 312.
undulosa, 308, 312.

Cercocebus collaris, 185.
torquatus, 185.

Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, 188.

Cercopithecus diana, 186.
mulatta, 186.
patas, 185.

Cervus alces fossilis, 191.
anomalus, 192.
auritus, 257.
axis, IgI.
axis maculatus, IQ!.
axis major, IgI.
axis unicolor, IgI.
barallou, IgI.
caguete, 191.
campestris, IgI, 192.
canadensis, 257, 263.
cariacou, IgI.

INDEX. 379

Cervus cuguapara, IgI.
elaphus minutus, I9gI.
giganteus, IgI.
hemionus, 257.
hibernicus, 191.
indicus, 192.
leucogaster, I9I.
leucurus, 263.
macrotis, 257.
macrourus, 263.
mazame, I9gI.
megaceros, Ig!.
mexicanus, IgI, 200.
nemorosus, IgI.
paludosus, Iof.
porcinus, Iogf.
porcinus maculatus, 191.
pratensis, 192.
rufinus, I9I.
rufus, IgI.
squinaton, 192.
sylvaticus, IgI.
tarandus caribou, I9!.
tarandus greenlandicus, IgI.
temama, IoI.
unicolor, IgI.

Cheetura ‘cinereicauda, 324.
cinereiventris lawrencei, 324.
poliura, 324.
spinicauda, 324.

Chasmorhynchus variegatus, 323.

Chickaree, Black Hills, 271.
Mearns’s, 243.

Mount Graham, 244.

Chipmunk, Gila, 241.
Harris’s, 240.
Northern, 271.

Pale, 271.

Price’s, 333.

San Francisco Mt., 243.
White-tailed, 240.
Wortman’s, 335.

Chironectes minimus, 188.

Chirox, 2, 5.
molestus, 7.
plicatus, 7.

Chlenogramma, 306, 312.
jasminearum, 306, 312.

Chriacidz, 16, 20.

Chriacus, 21.
baldwini, 8, 21.
pelvidens, 8.
stenops, 8.
truncatus, 8.

Clenodon, 5, 26.
corrugatus, 8.
ferox, 8, 26.
protogonoides, 8.

Colobus badius, 186.
polykomos, 186.
temminckii, 186.

Colodon, 359, 362.
dakotensis, 360, 362.
longipes, 360, 362, 366.
occidentalis, 360, 362, 365.
procuspidatus, 360, 362, 364.

Condylarthra, 47.

Conoryctes, 5.
comma, 8.

Corynorhinus townsendi, 260, 272.

Coryphodon, 5.

Coyote, 254, 274.

Coypu, 183.

Cravat, 322.

Creodonta, 26, 77.

Cressonia, 316, 318.
juglandis, 317, 318.

Cricetus, 181, 183.
acredula, 183.
arenarius, 183.
furunculus, 183.
germanicus, 183.
germanicus niger, 153.
pheeus, 183.
songaricus, 183.

Cuguacu, IgI.

Cuguacu-apara, 191.

Cynocephalus hamadryas, 185.
mormon, 185.

Cynomys arizonensis, 237.
gunnisoni, 237.
ludovicianus, 260, 262, 271.

DasyPus giganteus, 187.
gigas, 187.
longicaudatus, 187.
longicaudus, 187.
maximus, 187.
novemcincta, 187.
peba, 187.

Dasyurus maculatus, 188, 159.
viverrinus, 189.

Deer, Black-tailed, 257, 263.
Mule, 263.

Sonoran, 200.
White-tailed, 263.

Deidamia, 284, 295.
inscripta, 284, 295.

Deilephila, 234, 295.
galii, var. intermedia, 286,295.
lineata, 285, 295.

Delphinus phoczna albus, 192.
phoczena fuscus, 192.

Deltatherium, 39.
fundaminis, 8, 39, 40.

Dicotyles tajasu, 192.

380

Didelphis caudivolvula, 189.
guianensis, 189.
maculata, 189.
marsupialis virginiana, 189.
murina, 189.
tridactyla, 189.
virginiana, 189.
viverrina, 189.
volans, 189.
vulpecula, 189.

Didelphops comptus, 5.

Didymictis haydenianus, 8.
primus, 8.

Dilophonta, 295, 311.
ello, 296, 311.

Diplacodon elatus, 75.

Diplobune, 174.

Dipodomys deserti, 212.
merriami, 213.
spectabilis, 212.

Dipus gyptius, 190.
circassicus, 191.
hudsonius, Tof.
labradorius, 191.
sibiricus, Igo.
sibiricus major, Igo.
sibiricus medius, Igo.
sibiricus minor, Igo.
sibiricus pumilio, 190.

Dissacus, 5, 30.
carnifex, 8, 30.
navajovius, 8.

Dog, Prairie, 197.

Arizona Prairie, 237.
Missouri Prairie, 271.

Dolba, 308, 311.
hyleeus, 308, 311.

Dolichotis magellanica, 189.

Dorcelaphus, 200.
couesi, 200.
hemionus, 257, 263.
virginianus macrourus, 263.

Dormouse, Earless, 190.
Dumortierite, 342.

EARLE, Charles. (See Osborn,

Henry Fairfield. )
Ectoconus, 5, 56.

ditrigonus, 9, 56.
Elainea pagana, 321.
Elephant, American, 187. -
Elephas americanus, 187.
Elk, 257, 263.
Ellipsodon inzquidens, 8.
Ellobius, 183.

talpinus, 184, Igo.
Elotherium uintense, 75, 102.
Epichriacus schlosserianus, 8.

INDEX.

Epihippus, 75, 98.
uintensis, 75, 98.
Evotomys gapperi brevicaudus,
262, 267.
rutilus, Igo.
Erethizon epizanthus, 262, 255.
Esthonyx, 5.
Euphonia trinitatis, 322.
Euprotogonia, 5, 64, 66.
calceolata, g.
plicifera, 9.
puercensis, 9, 65.
subquadrata, 64.
zuniensis, 9.
Everyx, 291, 295.
cheerilus, 291, 295.
myron, 292, 295.
versicolor, 293, 295.

FALCO rufigularis, 324.
Falcon, Red-throated, 324.
Felis aureus, 188.
bengalensis, 188.
caraca!, var. a, 6, c, 188.
caraca] 3 algiricus, 188.
caracal 0 bengalensis, 188.
caracal y nubicus, 188.
catus aureus, 188.
concolor, 188, 253.
cougar, 188.
leopardalis, 188,
maculata, 188.
mexicana, 188.
sp. ?, 256.
(Lynx) bengalensis, 188.
(Lynx) canadensis, 188.
(Lynx) lybiensis, 188.
(Lynx) montanus, 188.
(Lynx) nubiensis, 188.
(Lynx, vulgaris maculatus,
188.
Fiber zibethicus pallidus, 256, 262,
267.
Fox, Long-eared, 255.
Scott’s, 253.

GALICTIS vittata, 188.

Garnet, 342.

Genette de France, 188.

Geomys lutescens, 260, 265.

Georychus, 183.
capensis, 184.

Goniacodon gaudryanus, 5.
levisanus, 8.
rusticus, 8.

Gopher, Arizona, 205.
Fawn-colored, 203.
Gray Pocket, 265.
Lutescent Pocket, 265.

INDEX. 381

‘
Granger, Walter W. (See Allen,
J.)

HAPLOCONUS, 58.
angustus, 9.
cophater, 9, 63.
corniculatus, 9, 63.
entoconus, 9, 63.
lineatus, 9, 59, 63.
xiphodon, 9, 63.

Hare, Arizona Sage, 202.
Attwater’s Swamp, 327.
Black Hills Wood, 264.
Mountain Wood, 202.
Nuttall’s Wood, 264.

Prairie, 264.
Texan Wood, 264.

Harpyia cephalotes, 186.

Helaletes, 98, 358.
boops, 360.
guyoti, 75, 98.
(Desmatotherium) guyotii, 360.
(Dilophodon) minusculus, 360.
(Hyrachyus) nanus, 360.

Hemaris, 276.
axillaris, 279, 280.
axillaris, var. marginalis, 279,

280.
diffinis, 278, 280.
gracilis, 278, 280.
thysbe, 277, 280.

thysbe, var. floridensis, 277,
280.

thysbe, var. uniformis, 277,
280.

Hemiganus, 5.
Hemithlzeus, 60.
apiculatus, 9, 63.
kowalevskianus, 9g, 60, 63.
Heptodon, 358.
Herpestes griseus, 188.
Hesperomys carolinensis, 116.
humilis, 116.
leucopus deserticolus, 230, 231.
leucopus rufinus, 230.
leucopus sonoriensis, 231.
megalotis, 229.
sonoriensis, 229, 268.
sonoriensis, var. nebracensis,
268.
(Vesperimus) anthonyi, 226.
(Vesperimus) leucopus sono-
riensis, 229.
Hylobates lar, 185.
Hyomeryx breviceps, 145.
Hyopsodus gracilis, 75.
Hyrachyus, 359.
agrarius, 344, 367.

Hyracodontidz, 367.
Hyracotherium, 5, 359.
Hystrix mexicana, 189. *

INDRODON, 5, I6.
malaris, 7, 16.

Isectolophus, 98.
annectens, 75, 98.

JACK-RABBIT. (See Rabbit. )

KANGAROO-RAT, Banner-tailed,
212.

Chapman’s, 214.

Desert, 212.

Merriam’s, 213.

Kerivoula picta, 186.

Kerr, Robert, on the names of
mammals given by him in his
‘Animal Kingdom,’ published
in 1792, 179-192.

Kinglet, Ruby-crowned, 197.

LAPARA, 300, 312.

bombycoides, var. harrisi, 310,
Br2:
coniferarum, 310, 312.

Lasionycteris noctivigans, 245.

Legatus albicollis, 323.

Lemur murinus, 186.
podje, 186.
prehensilis, 186.
tarsier, 186.

Leptictida, 39.

Leptotragulus, 75.
proavus, 75.

Lepus alleni, 179, 201.
aquaticus attwateri, 327.
campestris, 260, 262, 264.
melanotis, 260, 264.
sylvaticus arizonz, 202.
sylvaticus bachmani, 260, 264.
sylvaticus grangeri, 262, 264.
sylvaticus nuttalli, 262, 264.
sylvaticus pinetis, 202.
texianus eremicus, 197, 202.

L’Exquima, 186.

Lion, Mountain, 253.

Lophiodon, 358.
buchsovillanum, 361.
isselensis, 361.
nanum, 359.
occidentalis, 359.
parisiense, 361.
tapiroides, 360.

Lophiodontidz, 358.

Loup-renard. 188.

Loxolophus hyattianus, 8.

Lurocalis semitorquatus, 324.

Lutra canadensis, 188.
felina, 188.

Lutreola vison, 274.

Lynx, 181, 182.
aureus, 188.
bayleyi, 253.
bengalensis, 152.

canadensis, 182, 188, 274.

caracal, 182.
chaus, 182.
lybiensis, 182.
montana, 182, 188.
nubiensis, 182.
ruta, 182,274).

rufus, var. maculatus, 158.

Sp. ?, 274.
texensis, 188.
vulgaris, 182.
vulgaris alba, 182.
vulgaris maculata, 182.
vulgaris melba, 182.
Lynx, American, 182.
Barbary, 182.
Bengal, 182.
Booted, 182.
Canadian, 182.
Caspian, 182.
Common, 182.
Mountain, 182.
Persian, 182.
Plateau, 253.
Thibet, 182.
White, 182.
Yellow, 182.

Macacus pileatus, 185.
silenus, 185.
Mangabey a collier blanc, 185.
Marmot, Black Hills, 272.
Tailless, 190.
Mastodon, 187.
americanus, 187.
giganteum, 187.
Maucauco, Little, 186.
Mazama tema, IgI.
temama, IOI.
Mazame, Igt.
Mellivora indica, 189.
Melursus ursinus, 186.
Meniscoéssus, 5, IT.
Meniscotheriidz, 47, 49.
Mephitis estor, 250.
mesomelas, 260, 274.
Merula phzeopyga, 322.
Mesohippus, 352.
bairdii, 344, 353, 358.
celer, 353:
copei, 344, 353, 356, 358.
cuneatum, 353.

INDEX.

Mesohippus exoletum, 353.

intermedius, 344, 353, 354,
358.
longipes, 344.

Mesonychidee, 30.

Mesonyx, 75, 79.
obtusidens, 75.
uintensis, 75, 79.

Mesoplacentalia, 3, 6.

Metamynodon, 373.
planifrons, 373.

Miacis uintensis, 75, 77.
vulpinus, 75.

Microcleenodon assurgens, 8.

Microsciurus, 332.

Microsyops, 5.
uintensis, 75, 77.

Microtus alticolus, 219.
haydeni, 262, 267.
insperatus, 262, 266.
leucophzeus, 219.
longicaudus, 262, 260.

Mink, 274.

Mioclenidz, 48, 49.

Mioclzenus, 48, 51, 67.
acolytus, 9.
ferox, 48.
interruptus, 9.
minimus, 9g.
opisthacus, 9.
pentactus, 67.
turgidunculus, 9.
turgidus, 9, 50.
zittelianus, 9.

Mixodectes, 5.
crassiusculus, 7.
pungens, 7.

Mixodectidz, 16.

Mole, Silvery, 273.

Monkey, Goat, 186.

Tawney, 186.

Moschus pygmeeus leverianus, IgT.
sinensis, IgI.

Mouse, Alpine White-footed, 232.
Arctic White-footed, 266.
Arizona Scorpion, 224.
Attwater’s Cliff, 330.
Big-eared Harvest, 234.
Black Hills Meadow, 267.
Black Hills Red-backed, 267.
Chiricahua Harvest, 235.
Desert, 226.

Desert Scorpion, 225.
Desert White-footed, 231.
Fulvous White-footed, 265.
Hayden’s Meadow, 267.
House, 236, 270.

Irazu Harvest, 328.

Large Pocket, 266.

"> a

INDEX.

Mouse, Leaf-eared Cliff, 229.
Long-tailed Meadow, 266.
Maximilian’s Pocket, 266.
Miller’s White-footed, 227.
Missouri Grasshopper, 268.
Mountain Meadow, 219.

Rocky Mountain Jumping,

266.
Rowley’s White-footed, 227.
Silky Cliff, 226.
Sonoran Harvest, 235.
Sonoran White-footed, 229.
Texan White-footed, 269.
White-bellied Meadow, 219.
Multituberculata, 11-15.
Mus accedula, 183.
egyptius, 190.
agrarius americanus, 189.
americanus, 189.
arenarius, 183.
arvalis nigricans, 189
aspalax, 184.
capensis, 183.
carolinensis, 108, 116, 118.
citellus, Igo.
cricetus, 183.
cricetus niger, 183.
decumanus, 260, 270.
furunculus, 183.
humilis, 108, 116.
humulis, 108, 116, 117, 118.
lecontii, 108, 116.
lemmus sibiricus, 190,
-lenze, 190.
lenensis, Igo.
leucopus, 189.
maritimus, 184.
messorius, 18Q.
mexicanus, IgO.
microcephalus, 184.
migratorius, 183.
minutus, 189.
minutus flavus, 189.
moschatus, 189.
musculus, 236, 260, 270.
myospalax, 184.
nigricans, 190.
pheeus, 183.
pilorides fulvus, 189.
rutilus minor, Igo.
songaricus, 183.
suslica, Igo.
talpina, 183.
tazamaca, 135.
tschelag, Igo.
virginianus, Igo.
(Myotalpa) talpina nigra,
190.
Muscovite, 342.

Muskrat, 183.

Pallid, 256, 266.

Musquash, 183.

Mustela afra, 188.
americana, 188.
guianensis, 188.
javanica, 188.
laniger, 188.
lutra canadensis, 188.
melina, 189.
pennanti, 158.
zibellina americana, 188.
zibellina nigra, 188.
(Lutra) canadensis, 188.
(Lutra) chilensis, 188.
(Lutra) guianensis, 188.
(Lutra) paraguensis, 188.

Myocastor, 181, 182.
coypus, 181, 183.
zibethicus, 183.

Myopotamus, 181, 182.

Myotalpa, 181, 183.
aspalax, 184.
capensis, 183, 184.
maritima, 184.
myospalax, 184.
talpina, 183, 184.
talpina nigra, 183.
typhla, 184.

Myoxus africanus, Igo.
inauris, Igo.

Myrmecophaga jubata sima, 187.
pentadactyla, 187.
striata, 187.

NASALIS nasalis, 186.
nasica, 186.
nasuus, 1386.

Neoplagiaulax, 5.
americanus, 7.

Neotoma californica, 223.
campestris, 260, 269.
cinerea occidentalis, 224.
cinnamomea, 331.
floridana, 223.
grangeri, 262, 270.
mexicana, 221.
micropus, 224.
rupicola, 262, 270.

Noctilio leporinus, 186.

Nyctibius jamaicensis, 320.

Nyctinomus brasiliensis, 246.
nevadensis, 245.

OCHETODON, 109, 115.
humilis, 109, 120, 125.
longicauda, Log, 129.
megaiotis, 109.
mexicanus, 109, 123, 135, 137.

384 INDEX.

Ochetodon montanus, 109.
sumichrasti, 109.

Onychodectes, 5, 40.

? rarus, 8, 42.
tissoniensis, 8, 40.

Onychomys leucogaster, 260, 268.
leucogaster pallescens, 225.
pallescens, 225.
torridus, 224.

Oreodon culbertsoni, 164.

Oryzomys cherriei, 329.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, fossil
mammals of the Uinta Basin,
Expedition of 1894, 71-105.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, and
Charles Earle, fossil mam-
mals of the Puerco Beds,
Collection of 1892, I-70.

Osborn, Henry Fairfield, and
J. L. Wortman, Perissodactyls
of the Lower Miocene White
River Beds, 343-375.

Oxyacodon, 25.
apiculatus, 9, 25.

Oxycleenus cuspidatus, g.

Ovis ammon europzea, 192.
canadensis, 258.
cervina, 258, 263.
europea, 192.
montana, 258.
musimon, 192.

PACHY NA, 5.
Palosyopinz, 82.
Panther, 253.
Pantolambda, 2, 5, 43.
bathmodon, 9, 43.
cavirictus, 9.
Pantolamdide, 43.
Paradoxodon rutimeyeranus, 9.
Paradoxurus gallica, 188.
hermaphroditus, 188.
typus, 188.
Paramys uintensis, 75, 81.
Pentacodon inversus, 9.
Periptichidz, 49, 52.
Periptichine, 52.
Periptychus, 47, 53.
brabensis, 9, 54.
coarctatus, 9, 54.
rhabdodon, 9, 53.
Perodipus chapmani, 214.
richardsoni, 260, 262, 265.
Perognathus apache, 216.
bimaculatus, 216.
conditi, 219.
fasciatus, 262, 266.
flavus, 215.

Perognathus obscurus, 216.
paradoxus, 260, 262, 266.
pricei, 216.

Peromyscus attwateri, 330.
auripectus, 226.
eremicus, 226.
leucopus, 189.
leucopus arcticus, 262, 268.
leucopus deserticolus, 231.
leucopus nebrascensis, 202,265
leucopus rufinus, 197.
leucopus sonoriensis, 229,231.
leucopus texanus, 260, 269.
megalotis, 229.
rowleyi, 227.
rowleyi pinalis, 197, 227.

Petauroides volans, 189.

Petaurus norfolcensis, Igo.
sciurea, 190.

Petchary, Black-banded, 323.

Peterson, O. A., on the geology of
the Uinta Basin, 72-74.

Phaéthornis guyi, 325. ;

Phenacodontide, 49, 64.

Phenacodus, 47.

Phlegothontius, 296, 3IT.
carolina, 298, 311.
cingulatus, 298, 311.
quinquemacuiatus, 297, 311.
rusticus, 300, 311.

Phoca chilensis, 187.
groenlandica, 187.
groenlandica nigra, 187.
hispida quadrata, 187.
laniger, 187.
maculata, 187.
mutica, 187.
nigra, 187.
punctata, 187.
testudo, 187.

Pholus, 288, 295.
achemon, 289, 295.
linnei, 291, 295.
pandorus, 288, 295.
vitis, 290, 295.

Piranga hemalea, 323.

Pitangus sulphuratus, 321.

Plagiaulacide, I1.

Plagiaulacinze, IT.

Plagiaulax, IT.

Plesiarctomys sciuroides, 75.

Pocket-mouse, Apache, 216.
Arizona, 216.

Brown, 216.
Condit’s, 219.

Polymastodon, 2, 5, 11.
attenuatus, 7, 12, 13.
fissidens, 7, 12, I4.
foliatus, 7, II.

INDEX. 385
er a es — | Eh, arg 9 A ea

selenodus, 7, I2, I4.

taoénsis, 7, II, 13, 14.
Polymastodontine, II.
Poor-me-one, 326.

Porcupine, Yellow-haired, 265.

Potorous tridactylus, 189.

Prairie-dog. (See Dog.)

Price, W. W. (See Allen, J. A.)

Primates, 15, 76.

Prionodon maximus, 187.

Procyon lotor hernandezii, 250.

Protochriacus, 22.
attenuatus, 8, 22.
priscus, 8, 22.
simplex, 8, 23.

Protogonia, 64.

Protogonodon, 5, 12, 67, 70.
lydekkerianus, 9.
pentacus, 9, 67.

Protoreodon, 175, 176.

Polymastodon latimolis, 7, 11, 12. | Rabbit, Mearns’s Cotton, 220.
'
:

Merriam’s Kangaroo, 213.
Mexican Wood, 221.

Plains Wood, 269.
Richardson’s Kangaroo, 265.

' Reithrodon, 109, 115.

australis, 328.
carolinensis, 109, 116.
humilis, 116.
lecontii, 116.
longicauda, 109, 129.
megalotis, 107, 109, 125.
mexicanus, 109, 135.
montanus, 107, 109, 123.
sumichrasti, 109, 135.
Reithrodontomys, 107, 109, I15.
aztecus, 109, I10, 125.
arizonensis, I13, II5, 134, 235.
costaricensis, I13, 115, 139.
dychei, 112, 114, 120, 236.
dychei nebracensis, 112, 114,

parvus, 75. 122, 260.
Proviverridz, 39. fulvescens, 113, 115, 138, 235.
Prude, 186. humilis, 116.
Pseudochirus peregrinus, 189. lecontii) 110; "512; 114; 116;
Psittacotherium, 5, 42. 14I.

aspasciz, 8. longicauda, I10, I12, 115,129,

megalodus, 8. 134, 142.

multifragum, 8, 42. longicauda pallidus, 113, 115,
Ptilodus, 5. TBE eA Ss:

medizevus, 7.
trovessartianus, 7.

Puerco Beds, fossil mammals of,
I-70 ; stratigraphy of, 1.
Puerco Fauna, mainly Mesozoic,
3; synopsis and vertical dis-
tribution of, 7-10 ; systematic

megalotis, 107, 110, 112, I14,
125, 141, 234.

megalotis deserti, 112, I14,
127i 142:

merriami, IIO, I12, II4, 11g.

mexicanus, I13, I15, 135.

mexicanus aurantius, 113, 115,

description of, I1-70. 137, 143.
Putorius, sp. ?, 255. mexicanus fulvescens, IIo,
longicaudus, 262, 273. 138, 235. :
mexicanus intermedius, 113,
115, 136.
RapBit, Allen’s Jack, 201. montanus, 107, TIO, 112, (14,
Arizona Jack, 202. ok

Eastern Black-eared Jack, 264.

White-tailed Jack, 264.
Raccoon, Black-footed, 250.
RKamphocelus jacapa, 321.
Rangifer tarandus caribou, IgI.

tarandus grcenlandicus, Igr.
Rat, Arizona Cotton, 220.

Bad Lands, 270.

Banner-tailed Kangaroo, 212.

Black Hills Wood, 270.

Brown, 270.

Chapman’s Kangaroo, 214.

Cherrie’s Cotton, 329.

Desert Kangaroo, 212.

Fulvous Wood, 331.

pallidus, r10, 131.

sumichrasti, I10.
Rhinocerotidz, 371.
Rougette, Lesser, 186.

SAGOINUS, I81.

Sapajou gris, 166.

Sapajus, 181.

Sarcothraustes, 28.
antiquus, 8, 29.
bathygnathus, 8, 30.
crassicuspis, 8.
coryphzus, 8, 29.

Scalops aquaticus, 189.
aquaticus argentatus, 260, 273.

386

INDEX.

Sciurus aberti, 244.
zestuans, 190.
aestuans fasciatus, 190.
albipes, 190.
arizonensis, 245.
arizonensis huachuca, 197,

245.
badjing, 190.
bancrofti, 190.
capensis, 190.
guianensis, 190.
hudsonicus dakotensis, 262,
27 his

hudsonicus grahamensis, 244.
hudsonicus mogollonensis, 243.
niger, 190.
niger albirostro, 190.
niger cinereus, 1gO.
niger ludovicianus, 260, 270.
petaurista, 190.
plantani, Igo.
scrotalis, 190.
sp. as 259. Vs
variegatus minor, Igo.
Virginianus, 190.
(Microsciurus) alfari, 333.
(Petaurus) norfolcensis, 190.
(Petaurus) petaurista, 190.

(Petaurus) petaurista niger,

190.

(Petaurus) virginianus, 190.
Sciuropterus volans, Igo.
Sheep, Mountain, 258, 263.
Shrew, Forster’s, 273.
Sigmodon hispidus arizonz, 220.

minimus, 220.

Simia annulata, 186.
antiquensis, 186.
cinerea, 185.
comosa, 186.
dentata, 185.
ferox, 185.
ferruginea, 186.
flavescens, 186.
fulva, 186.
hircina, 186.
lar argentatus, 185.
lar minor, 185.
leucopheea, 185.
mona, 185.
nasalis, 186.
nasica, 186.
pileata, 185. -
satyrus, 185.
satyrus jocko, 185.
satyrus pongo, 185.
sublutea, 185.
suillus, 185.
sylvicola, 185.

Simia (Cercopithecus) cethiops tor-
quatus, 185.
(C.) aygula monea, 185.
(C.) badius, 186.
(C.) capistratus, 186.
(C. ) exquima, 186.
.) fulvus, 186.
.) fuscus, 186.
.) hamadryas ursinus, 186,
>.) hircinus, 186.
.) luteolus, 186.
.) nasuus, 186.
-.) nictitans barbartus, 186.
S.) regalis, 186.
.) ruber albofasciatus, 185.
.) ruber nigrofasciatus, 185.
.) silenus albibartus, 185.
‘.) silenus purpuratus, 185.
.) silenus tie-tie, 185.
.) Sinicus pileatus, 185.
(C.) talapoin niger, 185.
(C.) veter albibartus, 185.
(C.) viridens, 186,
(Papio) cinerea, 185.
(P.) cristata, 185.
(P.) livea, 185.
(P.) sylvicola, 185.
_ (P.) variegata, 185.
(Sagoinus) jacchus moschatus,
186.
(Sapajus) capucinus albulus,
186,
(S.) trepidus fulvus, 186.
(S.) variegatus, 186.
Siskin, Pine, 197.
Siphneus, 184.
Sitomys americanus arizonz, 229,
231.
americanus rufinus, 197.
auripectus, 226.
rowleyi, 227.
rowleyi pinalis, 197, 227.
Skunk, Arizona, 250.
Black-tailed Striped, 274.
Little Striped, 252.
Texas ova.
Smerinthus, 313, 318.
astylus, 316, 318.
exceecatus, 314, 318.
geminatus, 313, 318.
myops, 315, 318.
Sorex albipes, 189.
arcticus, 189.
arcticus cinereus, 189.
ceeruleus, 189.
ceerulescens, 189.
carinatus, 189.
constrictus, 189.
forsteri, 262, 273.

ananananacanaaaa

INDEX.

Sorex liricaudatus, 189.
mexicanus, 189.
micrurus, 339.
quadricaudatus, 189.
sp. ? 255.
tetragonurus, 189.
unicolor, 189.
vulgaris, 189. .
(Crocidura) czruleus,

189.

Spalax, 184.
microphthalmus, 184.
typhlus, 184.

Spermophile, Black Hills,

337-
Hoary, 239.
Line-tailed, 237.
Pale Striped, 271.
Round-tailed, 238.
Small Striped, 337.

Spermophilus cryptospilotus,

197.
macrospilotus, 197.
tereticaudus, 197.
tridecemlineatus, 338.
tridecemlineatus olivaceus,
337, 339.
tridecemlineatus pallidus, 260,
2625 27016330;
tridecemlineatus parvus, 337,
339.

Sphecodina, 283, 294.
abbotii, 283, 294.

Sphenoccelus uintensis, 75, 98.

Sphingidze, 275.

Sphinx, 300, 311.
canadensis, 304, 311.
chersis, 303, 311.
drupiferarum, 300, 311.
eremitus, 304, 3il.
gordius, 302, 311.
kalmiz, 301, 311.
lucitiosa, 302, 311.
plebius, 305, 311.

Spilogale gracilis, 252.
interrupta, 260, 274.

Squirrel, Abert’s, 244.
Alfaro’s, 333.

Arizona, 245.
Huachuca, 245.
Say’s Ground, 241.
Western Fox, 270.

Sukotyrus, 181.
indicus, 187.

Sus tajassu minor, 192.
tajassu patira, 192.

Synallaxis carri, 323.

Synetheres mexicanus, 189.

Systemodon, 359.

387

TALIGRADA, 43.
Talpa flava, 189.

flavescens, 189.

fusca, 189.
Tama-macame, IgI.
Tamandua, 187.

Tamias cinereicollis, 243.

dorsalis, 241.

lateralis, 241.

minimus, 262, 271.

quadrivittatus borealis, 262,

Parfit

pricei, 333.

wortmani, 335.

Tanager, Rufous, 323.
Tarsier, 186.

Tatou a neuf bandes, 187.
Tatusia longicaudatus, 187.
Taxidea taxus, 261, 274.

taxus berlandieri, 256.
Telmatotherium, 82, 84.

cornutum, 75, 83, 90.

cultridens, 83, 95.

diploconum, 75, 83, 85.

hyognathum, 75, 83, 87.

megarhinum, 75, 83, 84.

vallidens, 83, 87.

validum, 82, 83, 94.

(Lurocephalus) cultridens, 83.

(Palazosyops) hyognathum, 83. -

(P.) megarhinum, 83.
Tetraclenodon floverianus, 8.
Thamnophilus albicrissus, 324.

cirrhatus, 325.

major, 324. ;

major albicrissus, 324.

trinitatis, 325.

Theretra, 287, 295.

tersa, 287, 295.
Thomomys cervinus, 203.

fulvus, 205.

talpoides, 262, 265.
Thrush, White-throated, 322.
Tillodonta, 4o.
Titanotheriidz, 82, 346.
Titanotherium, 346.

dolichoceras, 349.

elatum, 349.

proutii, 347, 348.

robustum, 346.

(Brontops) robustum, 347,348.

(Titanops) elatum, 349.
Tricentes, 23.

bucculentus, 8, 23.

crassicollidens, 8.

? subtrigonus, 8.
Trichechus manatus siren, 187.
Trichosurus vulpecula, 189.
Trigonolestes, 5.

388 INDEX.

Triisodon, 28.
biculminatus, 8, 28.
heilprinianus, 8.
quivirensis, 8.

Triisodontide, 28.

Triplopus, 75.
obliquidens, 75.

Triptogon, 281, 294.
lugubris, 281, 294.

Torbenite, 342.

Tourmaline, 342.

Tucan of Fernandez, 189.

‘Tyrannus melancholichus satrapa,

3218

Uinta Basin, fossil mammals of,
71-105 ; geology of, 72-74;
the three faunal levels of, 75 ;
succession of species in, 74.

Uintatherium, 75.

Urocyon cinereo-argenteus scottii,

ce
virginianus scottil, 255.

Ursus americanus, 255.
horribilis ?, 255.
indicus, 189.

VESPERIMUS americanus sonorien-
sis, 231.

Vespertilio americanus, 186.
cephalotes melinus, 186.
ciliolabrum, 262, 273.
evotis, 240.
labialis, 186.

Vespertilio lucifugus, 249.
melanorhinus, 248.
nitidus, 248.
pictus rubellus, 186.
vampyrus helvus, 186.

Vesperugo hesperus, 247.

Vireo chivi agilis, 321.

Viverra gallica, 188.
maculata, 188, 189.
nems, 188.
nigra, 188.
prehensilis, 188.

Vulpes macrotis, 255.
macrourus ?, 274.

WEASEL, 255.
Long-tailed, 273.

Wolf, Gray, 254, 274.

Woodpecker, Yellow-headed, 324.

Worthless, 322.

Wortman, J. L., field notes on the
Puerco Beds, 1 ; on the osteol-
ogy of Agriocherus, 145-178.
(See also Osborn, Henry Fair-
field. )

XENOTINE, 341.
Xerus capensis, 190.
inauris, Igo. |

ZApus hudsonius, 181.

princeps, 262, 266.
Zetodon gracilis, 9.
7AGCON S42:

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